How the hyperlink changed everything | Small Thing Big Idea, a TED series

171,559 views ใƒป 2018-11-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Camille Martรญnez Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
I remember thinking to myself,
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™,
00:14
"This is going to change everything about how we communicate."
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"ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื".
00:17
[Small thing.]
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[ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ.]
00:18
[Big idea.]
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[ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.]
[ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ื’ื•ืœื“ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืคืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ]
00:21
[Margaret Gould Stewart on the Hyperlink]
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00:23
A hyperlink is an interface element,
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ื”ื™ืคืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืง,
00:26
and what I mean by that is,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,
00:27
when you're using software on your phone or your computer,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ืคืœืืคื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:31
there's a lot of code behind the interface
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืง
00:33
that's giving all the instructions for the computer on how to manage it,
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ืฉืžื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืชืคืขืœ ืื•ืชื•,
00:36
but that interface is the thing that humans interact with:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื:
00:39
when we press on this, then something happens.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืจื”.
00:42
When they first came around, they were pretty simple
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
00:45
and not particularly glamorous.
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ื•ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื.
00:47
Designers today have a huge range of options.
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ืœืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:51
The hyperlink uses what's called a markup language -- HTML.
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ื”ื”ื™ืคืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉืคืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื - HTML.
00:56
There's a little string of code.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉื•ืจืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ืงืฆืจื”.
00:58
And then you put the address of where you want to send the person.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืืœื™ื” ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืื“ื.
01:02
It's actually remarkably easy to learn how to do.
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ืžืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
01:04
And so, the whole range of references to information elsewhere on the internet
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ื•ื›ืš, ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
01:10
is the domain of the hyperlink.
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ื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืจ-ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ.
01:12
Back when I was in school --
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ --
01:14
this is before people had wide access to the internet --
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ --
01:17
if I was going to do a research paper,
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ืื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื—ืงืจ,
01:19
I would have to physically walk to the library,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืœื›ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืœืกืคืจื™ื”,
01:22
and if they had the book that you needed, great.
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ืžืขื•ืœื”.
01:24
You sometimes had to send out for it,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•,
01:26
so the process could take weeks.
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ืื– ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
01:28
And it's kind of crazy to think about that now,
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ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
01:31
because, like all great innovations,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
01:34
it's not long after we get access to something
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ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืฉื”ื•
01:36
that we start to take it for granted.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื›ืืœ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•.
01:39
Back in 1945,
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ื‘-1945, ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืื ื‘ืืจ ื‘ื•ืฉ.
01:40
there was this guy, Vannevar Bush.
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01:43
He was working for the US government,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
01:45
and one of the ideas that he put forth was,
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื”,
01:47
"Wow, humans are creating so much information,
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"ื•ืื•ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข,
01:50
and we can't keep track of all the books that we've read
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"ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืงืจืื ื•
01:53
or the connections between important ideas."
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"ืื• ื”ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื".
01:56
And he had this idea called the "memex,"
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื• ื”"ืžืžืงืก",
01:58
where you could put together a personal library
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ืœืคื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืกืคืจื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช
02:00
of all of the books and articles that you have access to.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื”ื.
02:04
And that idea of connecting sources captured people's imaginations.
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
02:09
Later, in the 1960s,
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60,
02:11
Ted Nelson launches Project Xanadu,
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ื˜ื“ ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืง ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื ืื“ื•,
02:14
and he said,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
02:15
"Well, what if it wasn't just limited to the things that I have?
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™?
02:18
What if I could connect ideas across a larger body of work?"
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"ืžื” ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ?"
02:23
In 1982, researchers at the University of Maryland
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ื‘-1982, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžืจื™ืœื ื“
02:25
developed a system they called HyperTIES.
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ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื” HyperTIES.
02:28
They were the first to use text itself as a link marker.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืกืžืœื™ืœ ืžืงืฉืจ.
02:31
They figured out that this blue link on a gray background
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืืคื•ืจ
02:34
was going to work really well in terms of contrast,
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ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช,
02:37
and people would be able to see it.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
02:39
Apple invented HyperCard in 1987.
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืคืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืจ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื‘-1987.
02:42
You had these stacks of cards,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื,
02:44
and you could create links in between the cards.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื.
02:46
HyperCard actually created the ability to jump around in a story.
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ื”ื™ืคืจ-ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
02:52
These kinds of notions of nonlinear storytelling
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ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื -ืœื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื
02:55
got a huge boost when the hyperlink came along,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื”ื™ืคืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข,
02:57
because it gave people the opportunity to influence the narrative.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘.
03:02
These ideas and inventions, among others,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ,
03:04
inspired Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web.
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ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื ืจืก-ืœื™, ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
03:09
The hyperlink almost feels like a LEGO block,
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ื”ื”ื™ืคืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืŸ ืœื’ื•,
03:11
this very basic building block to a very complex web of connections
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ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื‘ื ืชื” ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
03:16
that exists all around the world.
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ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:17
Because of the way that hyperlinks were first constructed,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืคืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
03:20
they were intended to be not only used by many people,
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ื”ื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื ืจืง ืœืฉืžืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:24
but created by many people.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:26
To me, it's one of the most democratic designs ever created.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืื™ ืคืขื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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