Evgeny Morozov: How the Internet strengthens dictatorships

60,521 views ใƒป 2009-09-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
Good morning. I think, as a grumpy Eastern European,
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ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ืจืื” ืœื™, ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื ืจื’ืŸ,
00:17
I was brought in to play the pessimist this morning. So bear with me.
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ื”ื•ื‘ืืชื™ ื”ื ื” ืขืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ืžื™ืกื˜. ืื– ืงืฆืช ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช.
00:21
Well, I come from the former Soviet Republic of Belarus,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื ืžื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืจื•ืก,
00:24
which, as some of you may know,
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ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
00:27
is not exactly an oasis of liberal democracy.
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ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช.
00:30
So that's why I've always been fascinated
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ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืงืกืžืชื™
00:34
with how technology could actually reshape
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ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
00:37
and open up authoritarian societies like ours.
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ื•ืœืคืชื•ื— ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื•.
00:40
So, I'm graduating college
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ืื– ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื’'
00:42
and, feeling very idealistic,
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ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืื™ื“ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžืื“
00:44
I decided to join the NGO
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
00:46
which actually was using new media
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื“ื™ืฉื™ื
00:48
to promote democracy and media reform
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
00:50
in much of the former Soviet Union.
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.
00:53
However, to my surprise,
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ืืœื ืฉืœื”ืคืชืขืชื™
00:55
I discovered that dictatorships
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื•ืช
00:57
do not crumble so easily.
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ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
00:59
In fact, some of them actually
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ื—ืœืงืŸ ืืคื™ืœื•
01:02
survived the Internet challenge,
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ืฉืจื“ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช,
01:04
and some got even more repressive.
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ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ื ืขืฉื• ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื›ืื ื™ื•ืช.
01:07
So this is when I ran out of my idealism and
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ื’ืžืจ ืœื™ ื”ืื™ื“ืืœื™ื–ื
01:10
decided to quit my NGO job
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™,
01:12
and actually study how the Internet could impede democratization.
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ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
01:17
Now, I must tell you that this was never
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื”
01:19
a very popular argument,
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ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:22
and it's probably not very popular yet
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™
01:24
with some of you sitting in this audience.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ.
01:26
It was never popular with many political leaders,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ ืืฆืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
01:29
especially those in the United States
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
01:31
who somehow thought that new media
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ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉื•ื-ืžื” ืฉืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื“ื™ืฉ
01:33
would be able to do what missiles couldn't.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
01:37
That is, promote democracy in difficult places
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื
01:40
where everything else has already been tried and failed.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื—ืจ ื ื•ืกื” ื•ื ื›ืฉืœ.
01:44
And I think by 2009,
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืขื“ 2009,
01:46
this news has finally reached Britain,
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
01:49
so I should probably add Gordon Brown to this list as well.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืขืœื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ืืช ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ.
01:52
However, there is an underlying argument about logistics,
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ืืš ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื—ืช-ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”,
01:57
which has driven so much of this debate. Right?
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื” ื—ืœืง ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืŸ?
02:00
So if you look at it close enough,
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ืื– ืื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงืจื•ื‘,
02:02
you'll actually see that much of this
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืœืงื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:04
is about economics.
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ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
02:07
The cybertopians say, much like fax machines
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ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื›ืžื• ื”ืคืงืก
02:10
and Xerox machines did in the '80s,
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ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ืจื•ืงืก ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80,
02:13
blogs and social networks
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ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
02:15
have radically transformed the economics of protest,
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ืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžื—ืื”.
02:18
so people would inevitably rebel.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชืžืจื“ื•.
02:21
To put it very simply,
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช,
02:23
the assumption so far has been
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ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื™ืชื”
02:25
that if you give people enough connectivity,
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ืฉืื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
02:28
if you give them enough devices,
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ืื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื,
02:31
democracy will inevitably follow.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืข.
02:33
And to tell you the truth,
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ื•ืื ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช,
02:35
I never really bought into this argument,
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ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืงื ื” ืื•ืชื™,
02:38
in part because I never saw three American presidents
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ 3 ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื
02:41
agree on anything else in the past.
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ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืื™-ืคืขื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•.
02:43
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:47
But, you know, even beyond that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš,
02:49
if you think about the logic underlying it,
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื”,
02:51
is something I call iPod liberalism,
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืคื•ื“",
02:54
where we assume that every single Iranian or Chinese
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ืœืคื™ื• ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ืจืื ื™ ืื• ืกื™ื ื™
02:58
who happens to have and love his iPod
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื™ืคื•ื“ ืื”ื•ื‘
03:00
will also love liberal democracy.
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ื’ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.
03:04
And again, I think this is kind of false.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช.
03:08
But I think a much bigger problem with this
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ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื”
03:10
is that this logic --
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”--
03:12
that we should be dropping iPods not bombs --
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ืฉืœืคื™ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ื™ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ืคืฆืฆื•ืช--
03:15
I mean, it would make a fascinating title
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช
03:18
for Thomas Friedman's new book.
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ืœืกืคืจื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืก ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ.
03:20
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
03:21
But this is rarely a good sign. Right?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:25
So, the bigger problem with this logic
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
03:29
is that it confuses the intended
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื
03:31
versus the actual uses of technology.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื-ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
03:35
For those of you who think that
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ืืœื• ืžื›ื ืฉืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื
03:37
new media of the Internet
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ืฉืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
03:39
could somehow help us avert genocide,
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืจืฆื—-ืขื,
03:42
should look no further than Rwanda,
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืจื•ืื ื“ื”.
03:44
where in the '90s it was actually two radio stations
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืฉืชื™ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื•
03:47
which were responsible for fueling much of the ethnic hatred in the first place.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื“ืื’ื• ืœืคืžืคื ืืช ื”ืฉื ืื” ื”ืืชื ื™ืช ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
03:51
But even beyond that, coming back to the Internet,
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ืืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ืื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
03:54
what you can actually see
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื‘ืขืฆื ืจื•ืื™ื
03:56
is that certain governments
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
03:58
have mastered the use of cyberspace
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ื”ืชืžื—ื• ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™
04:01
for propaganda purposes. Right?
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ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:03
And they are building what I call the Spinternet.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ืกืคื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜".
04:05
The combination of spin, on the one hand,
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ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ "ืกืคื™ืŸ",
04:08
and the Internet on the other.
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ื•ืฉืœ "ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜".
04:10
So governments from Russia to China to Iran
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ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืื™ืจืŸ
04:13
are actually hiring, training and paying bloggers
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื›ืจื•ืช, ืžืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื
04:16
in order to leave ideological comments
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืื™ืจื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
04:19
and create a lot of ideological blog posts
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ื•ื™ืขืœื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
04:21
to comment on sensitive political issues. Right?
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ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื, ื›ืŸ?
04:24
So you may wonder, why on Earth are they doing it?
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
04:28
Why are they engaging with cyberspace?
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ืžื” ืœื”ืŸ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ื‘ืจืกืคื™ื™ืก?
04:30
Well my theory is that
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ื•ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื
04:32
it's happening because censorship actually
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ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”
04:35
is less effective than you think it is in many of those places.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
04:38
The moment you put something critical in a blog,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืขืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœื‘ืœื•ื’,
04:42
even if you manage to ban it immediately,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“,
04:45
it will still spread around thousands and thousands of other blogs.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืืœืคื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
04:49
So the more you block it,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื—ืกื•ื ืื•ืชื•,
04:51
the more it emboldens people to actually avoid the censorship
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”
04:54
and thus win in this cat-and-mouse game.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ-ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
04:57
So the only way to control this message
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ืื– ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื›ื–ื•
05:01
is actually to try to spin it
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ืกืคื™ืŸ
05:03
and accuse anyone who has written something critical
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ื•ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช
05:06
of being, for example, a CIA agent.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืกื™-ืื™ื™-ืื™ื™.
05:08
And, again, this is happening quite often.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
05:11
Just to give you an example of how it works in China, for example.
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ืื ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ:
05:15
There was a big case in February 2009
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2009,
05:19
called "Elude the Cat."
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ืฉื ืงืจื "ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ื—ืชื•ืœ".
05:21
And for those of you who didn't know, I'll just give a little summary.
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ื•ืœืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ื ื” ืชืงืฆื™ืจ.
05:25
So what happened is that a 24-year-old man,
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืŸ 24.
05:28
a Chinese man, died in prison custody.
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ื’ื‘ืจ ืกื™ื ื™, ืžืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœื.
05:31
And police said that it happened
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื”
05:34
because he was playing hide and seek,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืง ืžื—ื‘ื•ืื™ื
05:36
which is "elude the cat" in Chinese slang,
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ืฉื–ื” "ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ื—ืชื•ืœ" ื‘ืขื’ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช,
05:39
with other inmates and hit his head
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ืขื ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ื˜ ืืช ืจืืฉื•
05:41
against the wall,
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ื‘ืงื™ืจ.
05:43
which was not an explanation which sat well with many Chinese bloggers.
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ื•ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื.
05:50
So they immediately began posting a lot of critical comments.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
05:54
In fact, QQ.com, which is a popular Chinese website,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืงื™ื•-ืงื™ื•-ืงื•ื, ืืชืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™,
05:58
had 35,000 comments
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ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• 35,000 ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช
06:00
on this issue within hours.
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ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช.
06:02
But then authorities did something very smart.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืขืฉื• ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื—ื•ื›ื ืžืื“.
06:05
Instead of trying to purge these comments,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
06:08
they instead went and reached out to the bloggers.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื,
06:11
And they basically said, "Look guys. We'd like you to become netizen investigators."
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืืžืจื• ืœื”ื, "ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”, ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™-ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜"
06:16
So 500 people applied,
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ืื– 500 ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืจืฉืžื•
06:19
and four were selected to actually go and tour the facility in question,
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ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืืจื‘ืขื”, ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ,
06:23
and thus inspect it and then blog about it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื“ืงื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’.
06:27
Within days the entire incident was forgotten,
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ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ื ืฉื›ื—ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงืจื™ืช,
06:30
which would have never happened if they simply tried to block the content.
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื™ืœื• ื ื™ืกื• ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื:
06:33
People would keep talking about it for weeks.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
06:36
And this actually fits with another interesting theory
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช
06:40
about what's happening in authoritarian states
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื•ืช,
06:43
and in their cyberspace.
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ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
06:45
This is what political scientists call authoritarian deliberation,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื“ื ื™".
06:48
and it happens when governments are actually reaching out to their critics
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืœ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื”ื
06:53
and letting them engage with each other online.
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ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
06:55
We tend to think
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
06:57
that somehow this is going to harm these dictatorships,
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ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื™ื–ื™ืง ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
07:00
but in many cases it only strengthens them.
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ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืจืง ืžื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชืŸ.
07:03
And you may wonder why.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข.
07:05
I'll just give you a very short list of reasons
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืงืฆืจืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
07:07
why authoritarian deliberation
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื™
07:10
may actually help the dictators.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืจื•ื“ื ื™ื.
07:12
And first it's quite simple.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœืžื“ื™.
07:14
Most of them operate in a complete information vacuum.
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืง ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื™ื“ืข.
07:17
They don't really have the data they need
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื
07:20
in order to identify emerging threats facing the regime.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ.
07:23
So encouraging people to actually go online
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ืื– ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
07:26
and share information and data
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ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
07:28
on blogs and wikis is great
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ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘"ื•ื™ืงื™" ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืขื•ืœื”
07:30
because otherwise, low level apparatchiks and bureaucrats
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ื›ื™ ืื—ืจืช ื”ืืคืืจื˜ืฆ'ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื˜ืจื™ื
07:33
will continue concealing what's actually happening in the country, right?
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ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:37
So from this perspective, having blogs and wikis
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื•, ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•"ื•ื™ืงื™"
07:39
produce knowledge has been great.
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ื™ืคื™ืงื• ื™ื“ืข, ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ.
07:41
Secondly, involving public in any decision making
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืœืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
07:44
is also great
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ
07:46
because it helps you to share the blame
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืืฉืžื”
07:48
for the policies which eventually fail.
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ืœื›ืฉืœื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
07:50
Because they say, "Well look, we asked you,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ืืžืจื•, "ื”ืจื™ ืฉืืœื ื• ืืชื›ื,
07:52
we consulted you, you voted on it.
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ื ื•ืขืฆื ื• ื‘ื›ื, ืืชื ื”ืฆื‘ืขืชื ืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื”.
07:54
You put it on the front page of your blog.
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ืฉืžืชื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื›ื.
07:56
Well, great. You are the one who is to blame."
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ื™ื•ืคื™. ืื– ืืชื ื”ืืฉืžื™ื."
07:59
And finally, the purpose of
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื˜ืจื”
08:02
any authoritarian deliberation efforts
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืืžืฅ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื“ื ื™
08:04
is usually to increase the legitimacy of the regimes, both at home and abroad.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“"ื› ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœืžืžืฉืœ, ืžื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ.
08:07
So inviting people to all sorts of public forums,
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ื•ืื ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
08:11
having them participate in decision making,
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช,
08:13
it's actually great.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื”.
08:15
Because what happens is that then
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื–
08:17
you can actually point to this initiative and say,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ืœื•ืžืจ,
08:19
"Well, we are having a democracy. We are having a forum."
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"ื”ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ืื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืคื•ืจื•ื."
08:22
Just to give you an example,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
08:24
one of the Russian regions, for example,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ,
08:26
now involves its citizens
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ืžืฉืชืฃ ืืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•
08:28
in planning its strategy up until year 2020.
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ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2020.
08:32
Right? So they can go online
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื? ืื– ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
08:34
and contribute ideas on what that region would look like by the year 2020.
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ื•ืœืชืจื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืจืื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020.
08:38
I mean, anyone who has been to Russia would know
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ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข
08:40
that there was no planning in Russia for the next month.
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ืฉื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘.
08:43
So having people involved in planning for 2020
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ื•ืœืขืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ืฉื ืช 2020
08:46
is not necessarily going to change anything,
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ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืชืฉื ื” ืžืฉื”ื•.
08:48
because the dictators are still the ones who control the agenda.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืื’'ื ื“ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื“ืŸ.
08:52
Just to give you an example from Iran,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืื™ืจืŸ.
08:54
we all heard about the Twitter revolution
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”"ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ"
08:56
that happened there,
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืฉื.
08:58
but if you look close enough, you'll actually see
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ืืš ืื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืžืงืจื•ื‘, ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื
09:00
that many of the networks and blogs
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื
09:02
and Twitter and Facebook were actually operational.
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ื•"ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ" ื•"ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง", ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคืขื™ืœื™ื.
09:05
They may have become slower,
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื ืขืฉื• ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
09:07
but the activists could still access it
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ืืš ืœืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื”ื
09:09
and actually argue that having access to them
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืคืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื”
09:11
is actually great for many authoritarian states.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื•ืช.
09:14
And it's great simply because
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืคื ื™
09:17
they can gather open source intelligence.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—.
09:21
In the past it would take you weeks, if not months,
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืื ืœื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
09:24
to identify how Iranian activists connect to each other.
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
09:27
Now you actually know how they connect to each other
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื
09:29
by looking at their Facebook page.
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ืœืคื™ ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื”ื.
09:31
I mean KGB, and not just KGB,
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ื”ืจื™ ื”ืง-ื’-ื‘, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ื•ื, ื ื”ื’
09:33
used to torture in order to actually get this data.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืฅ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื–ื”.
09:36
Now it's all available online.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื›ืœ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
09:38
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
09:40
But I think the biggest conceptual pitfall
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ืืš ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ
09:42
that cybertopians made
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ืฉื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจืกืคื™ื™ืก ื™ืฆืจื•
09:44
is when it comes to digital natives, people who have grown up online.
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ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
09:47
We often hear about cyber activism,
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ืื ื• ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
09:50
how people are getting more active because of the Internet.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
09:53
Rarely hear about cyber hedonism, for example,
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ืื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ื ื”ื ืชื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ,
09:55
how people are becoming passive.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
09:57
Why? Because they somehow assume that the Internet
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื•ื-ืžื” ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
09:59
is going to be the catalyst of change
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ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื– ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
10:01
that will push young people into the streets,
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
10:03
while in fact it may actually be the new opium for the masses
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื•ืคื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื.
10:06
which will keep the same people in their rooms downloading pornography.
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ื•ืื•ืชื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืคื•ืจื ื•.
10:09
That's not an option being considered too strongly.
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™.
10:13
So for every digital renegade that is revolting in the streets of Tehran,
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืจื“ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืžืชืคืจืข ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื”ืจืŸ,
10:16
there may as well be two digital captives
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื
10:18
who are actually rebelling only in the World of Warcraft.
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ืฉื”ืžืจื“ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ "ื•ื•ืจืงืจืืคื˜".
10:21
And this is realistic. And there is nothing wrong about it
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืš
10:23
because the Internet has greatly empowered many of these young people
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ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืžืื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
10:27
and it plays a completely different social role for them.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
10:29
If you look at some of the surveys
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ืื ืชื‘ื—ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกืงืจื™ื
10:31
on how the young people actually benefit from the Internet,
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ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
10:34
you'll see that the number of teenagers in China, for example,
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ืชื’ืœื• ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
10:37
for whom the Internet actually broadens their sex life,
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ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
10:40
is three times more than in the United States.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
10:43
So it does play a social role,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
10:45
however it may not necessarily lead to political engagement.
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ืืฃ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
10:48
So the way I tend to think of it
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš
10:50
is like a hierarchy of cyber-needs in space,
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ื›ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืจื’ ืฉืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื.
10:52
a total rip-off from Abraham Maslow.
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ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืืกืœื•.
10:54
But the point here is that
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ืืš ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื
10:56
when we get the remote Russian village online,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืขืœื™ื ืœืจืฉืช ื›ืคืจ ื ื™ื“ื— ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”,
10:59
what will get people to the Internet
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
11:01
is not going to be the reports from Human Rights Watch.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—.
11:03
It's going to be pornography, "Sex and the City,"
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ืกืงืก ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”?
11:06
or maybe watching funny videos of cats.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืขืฉืขื™ื ืขื ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื.
11:09
So this is something you have to recognize.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื•.
11:11
So what should we do about it?
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ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš?
11:13
Well I say we have to stop thinking
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
11:15
about the number of iPods per capita
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื™ืคื•ื“ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช
11:18
and start thinking about ways in which
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ
11:20
we can empower intellectuals,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื,
11:23
dissidents, NGOs and then the members of civil society.
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ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœื-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”
11:26
Because even what has been happening up 'til now
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ื›ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืขื“ ื›ื”
11:29
with the Spinternet and authoritarian deliberation,
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ืขื ื”ืกืคื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื™,
11:31
there is a great chance that those voices will not be heard.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืžืขื•.
11:34
So I think we should shatter some of our utopian assumptions
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ืชืฅ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื•ืช
11:37
and actually start doing something about it.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
11:39
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
11:41
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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