Evgeny Morozov: How the Internet strengthens dictatorships

60,521 views ・ 2009-09-22

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Nakho Kim κ²€ν† : Gyoung-tae Kim
00:12
Good morning. I think, as a grumpy Eastern European,
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μ•ˆλ…•ν•˜μ„Έμš”. λΆˆλ§Œνˆ¬μ„±μ΄μΈ λ™μœ λŸ½κΆŒ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λ‹€ λ³΄λ‹ˆ
00:17
I was brought in to play the pessimist this morning. So bear with me.
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였늘 μ•„μΉ¨ μ„Έμ…˜μ—μ„œ μ œκ°€ λΉ„κ΄€λ‘ μž 역할을 맑게 된 λ“― ν•˜λ„€μš”. κ°μ•ˆν•΄μ£Όμ‹œκΈΈ.
00:21
Well, I come from the former Soviet Republic of Belarus,
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뭐, μ €λŠ” ꡬ μ†ŒλΉ„μ—νŠΈ μ—°λ°©μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ 벨라루슀 μΆœμ‹ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
which, as some of you may know,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ” μ•„μ‹œλ“―
00:27
is not exactly an oasis of liberal democracy.
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그닀지 자유주의적 민주주의의 μ˜€μ•„μ‹œμŠ€λŠ” μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:30
So that's why I've always been fascinated
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λ°”λ‘œ 그렇기에 μ €λŠ” 항상
00:34
with how technology could actually reshape
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기술이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ œκ°€ μ†ν•œ κ·Έ κ³³ 같은
00:37
and open up authoritarian societies like ours.
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κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜ μ‚¬νšŒλ“€μ„ μž¬νŽΈν•˜κ³  κ°œλ°©μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ”κ°€λΌλŠ” μ£Όμ œμ— λ§€λ£Œλ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
00:40
So, I'm graduating college
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” λŒ€ν•™μ„ μ‘Έμ—…ν•˜κ³ 
00:42
and, feeling very idealistic,
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μ΄μƒλ‘ μœΌλ‘œ μΆ©λ§Œν•΄μ„œ
00:44
I decided to join the NGO
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μ–΄λ–€ NGO에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
which actually was using new media
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 뉴미디어λ₯Ό 톡해
00:48
to promote democracy and media reform
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κ΅¬μ†Œλ ¨μ˜ 상당 뢀뢄에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ
00:50
in much of the former Soviet Union.
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λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ™€ λ―Έλ””μ–΄ κ°œν˜μ„ μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:53
However, to my surprise,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, λ†€λžκ²Œλ„,
00:55
I discovered that dictatorships
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μ €λŠ” λ…μž¬λž€
00:57
do not crumble so easily.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ‰½κ²Œ λ¬΄λ„ˆμ§€μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
In fact, some of them actually
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사싀 κ·Έ 쀑 λͺ‡λͺ‡μ€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ
01:02
survived the Internet challenge,
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μ‚¬νšŒλ³€ν™”μ˜ λ„μ „μ—μ„œ μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨μ•˜κ³ 
01:04
and some got even more repressive.
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” 심지어 더 얡압적이 λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
01:07
So this is when I ran out of my idealism and
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κ·Έ λŒ€λͺ©μ—μ„œ 제 이상둠은 κ³ κ°ˆλ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
01:10
decided to quit my NGO job
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μ €λŠ” NGO일을 κ·Έλ§Œλ‘μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
and actually study how the Internet could impede democratization.
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그리고 인터넷이 λ―Όμ£Όν™”λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°©ν•΄ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
Now, I must tell you that this was never
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이런 λ°œμƒμ€ μ–΄λŠ λ•Œμ—λ„ κ²°μ½”
01:19
a very popular argument,
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μΈκΈ°μžˆλŠ” μ£Όμž₯은 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ£ .
01:22
and it's probably not very popular yet
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ μ—¬μ „νžˆ
01:24
with some of you sitting in this audience.
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관객석에 계신 λͺ‡λͺ‡ λΆ„λ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 인기가 없을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
It was never popular with many political leaders,
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λ§Žμ€ μ •μΉ˜ μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ—κ²Œλ„ 인기가 μ—†μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
01:29
especially those in the United States
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특히 미ꡭ의 μ •μΉ˜μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ κ·Έλž¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
who somehow thought that new media
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μ–΄μ§Έμ„œμΈμ§€ 그뢄듀은 뉴미디어가
01:33
would be able to do what missiles couldn't.
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λ―Έμ‚¬μΌλ‘œ 해내지 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 일듀을 ν•΄λ‚Ό 것이라 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
01:37
That is, promote democracy in difficult places
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즉 λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ“  방법듀을 이미 μ‹œλ„ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ μ‹€νŒ¨ν•œ
01:40
where everything else has already been tried and failed.
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"μ–΄λ €μš΄ 상황"에 μžˆλŠ” μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ 민주주의λ₯Ό ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
And I think by 2009,
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2009년에 이λ₯΄λŸ¬μ„œλŠ”
01:46
this news has finally reached Britain,
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이 μ†Œμ‹μ΄ μ˜κ΅­μ—λ„ λ„λ‹¬ν–ˆμ£ .
01:49
so I should probably add Gordon Brown to this list as well.
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κ³ λ“  브라운 총리도 κ·Έ λͺ©λ‘μ— μ•„λ§ˆ μΆ”κ°€ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
However, there is an underlying argument about logistics,
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ, 이런 λ…ΌμŸλ“€μ€ 주둜 μœ ν†΅μ΄λΌλŠ”
01:57
which has driven so much of this debate. Right?
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츑면을 기반으둜 μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ–΄ μ™”μ§€μš”.
02:00
So if you look at it close enough,
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즉 μžμ„Ένžˆ 듀여닀보면
02:02
you'll actually see that much of this
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이런 μ£Όμž₯의 상당뢀뢄은
02:04
is about economics.
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κ²½μ œμ„±μ— κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
The cybertopians say, much like fax machines
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μ‚¬μ΄λ²„μœ ν† ν”Όμ•„λ‘ μžλ“€μ€, 마치 80λ…„λŒ€μ—
02:10
and Xerox machines did in the '80s,
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νŒ©μŠ€μ™€ 볡사기가 κ·Έλž¬λ“―
02:13
blogs and social networks
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λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έμ™€ μ†Œμ…œλ„€νŠΈμ›λ“€μ΄
02:15
have radically transformed the economics of protest,
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μ‹œμœ„μ˜ κ²½μ œμ„±μ„ 극적으둜 λ³€ν™”μ‹œμΌ°λ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
so people would inevitably rebel.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ ν•„μ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ μ €ν•­ν•˜λ©° 일어날 것이라고 말이죠.
02:21
To put it very simply,
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κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄,
02:23
the assumption so far has been
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€μ˜ 가정은
02:25
that if you give people enough connectivity,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ 연결성을 λΆ€μ—¬ν•΄μ£Όκ³ ,
02:28
if you give them enough devices,
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μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ 도ꡬλ₯Ό 곡급해주면,
02:31
democracy will inevitably follow.
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λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜λŠ” ν•„μ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ λ”°λΌμ˜¬ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
And to tell you the truth,
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사싀,
02:35
I never really bought into this argument,
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μ €λŠ” 이 μ£Όμž₯을 ν•œλ²ˆλ„ 믿은 적 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
in part because I never saw three American presidents
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μ•„λ§ˆ, μ„œλ‘œ λ™μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 일이 μ—†λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήλ“€μ΄
02:41
agree on anything else in the past.
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이 κ±΄μ—μ„œλ§ŒνΌμ€ 3λͺ…μ΄λ‚˜ λ™μ˜ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒ 그런 생각이 λ“€μ—ˆλ‚˜ λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:47
But, you know, even beyond that,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ
02:49
if you think about the logic underlying it,
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그런 μ£Όμž₯의 근간에 μžˆλŠ” λ…Όλ¦¬λŠ”
02:51
is something I call iPod liberalism,
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μ œκ°€ 'μ•„μ΄νŒŸ 자유주의'라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
where we assume that every single Iranian or Chinese
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κ·Έ λ…Όλ¦¬μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”,
02:58
who happens to have and love his iPod
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자기 μ•„μ΄νŒŸμ„ μ†Œμœ ν•˜κ³  μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ΄λž€μΈμ΄λ‚˜ 쀑ꡭ인은
03:00
will also love liberal democracy.
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자유주의적 λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜λ„ μ‚¬λž‘ν•  것이라고 κ°€μ •ν•˜μ£ .
03:04
And again, I think this is kind of false.
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μ €λŠ” 그것이 ν‹€λ Έλ‹€κ³  λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
But I think a much bigger problem with this
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 더 큰 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
is that this logic --
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이 논리, 즉
03:12
that we should be dropping iPods not bombs --
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"폭탄 λŒ€μ‹  μ•„μ΄νŒŸμ„ 뿌리자"
03:15
I mean, it would make a fascinating title
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뭐 이런 ν‘œμ–΄λ©΄
03:18
for Thomas Friedman's new book.
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ν† λ§ˆμŠ€ ν”„λ¦¬λ“œλ¨Όμ˜ μ‹ κ°„ 제λͺ©μœΌλ‘œ λ”±μ΄κ΅°μš”.
03:20
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:21
But this is rarely a good sign. Right?
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뭐 보톡 λ³„λ‘œ 쒋은 징후가 μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ .
03:25
So, the bigger problem with this logic
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μ—¬ν•˜νŠΌ 이 λ…Όλ¦¬μ˜ 보닀 큰 λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
03:29
is that it confuses the intended
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기술의 μ˜λ„λœ μ‚¬μš©λ²•κ³Ό
03:31
versus the actual uses of technology.
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μ‹€μ œ μ‚¬μš©λ²•μ„ ν˜Όλ™ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
For those of you who think that
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ κ°€μš΄λ°,
03:37
new media of the Internet
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μΈν„°λ„·μ΄λΌλŠ” 뉴미디어가
03:39
could somehow help us avert genocide,
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λŒ€λŸ‰μ‚΄μƒμ„ 막아내도둝 λ„μšΈ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹œλŠ” 뢄은
03:42
should look no further than Rwanda,
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λ₯΄μ™„λ‹€ 사둀λ₯Ό ν•œλ²ˆ λ³΄μ‹œκΈ° λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
where in the '90s it was actually two radio stations
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90λ…„λŒ€μ— κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ 인쒅적 증였λ₯Ό μž”λœ© μ§€νŽ΄λ†“μ•˜λ˜ 일에 λŒ€ν•œ μ±…μž„μ€
03:47
which were responsible for fueling much of the ethnic hatred in the first place.
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λ°”λ‘œ 두 개의 λΌλ””μ˜€ 방솑ꡭ에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
But even beyond that, coming back to the Internet,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ, λ‹€μ‹œ 인터넷 이야기λ₯Ό ν•˜μžλ©΄
03:54
what you can actually see
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μ‹€μ œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 광경은
03:56
is that certain governments
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μ–΄λ–€ 정뢀듀은
03:58
have mastered the use of cyberspace
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사이버곡간을
04:01
for propaganda purposes. Right?
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선동을 λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ ν™œμš©ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μˆ™μ§€ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
04:03
And they are building what I call the Spinternet.
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그듀이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” 것을 μ €λŠ” 'μŠ€ν•€ν„°λ„·'(spinternet)이라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
The combination of spin, on the one hand,
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이슈λ₯Ό μ‘°μž‘ν•˜λŠ” 것(spin),
04:08
and the Internet on the other.
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그리고 μΈν„°λ„·μ΄λΌλŠ” 두 단어λ₯Ό ν•©μ„±ν–ˆμ£ .
04:10
So governments from Russia to China to Iran
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λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ™€ 쀑ꡭ과 μ΄λž€κΉŒμ§€ 이λ₯΄λŠ” λ‚˜λΌλ“€μ˜ 정뢀듀은
04:13
are actually hiring, training and paying bloggers
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λΈ”λ‘œκ±°λ“€μ„ κ³ μš©ν•˜κ³  ν›ˆλ ¨μ‹œν‚€κ³  λˆμ„ μ§€λΆˆν•΄μ„œ
04:16
in order to leave ideological comments
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λ―Όκ°ν•œ μ •μΉ˜μ  μ΄μŠˆμ— κ΄€ν•΄
04:19
and create a lot of ideological blog posts
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이념적 λŒ“κΈ€μ„ 남기고
04:21
to comment on sensitive political issues. Right?
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이념적 λΈ”λ‘œκ·ΈκΈ€μ„ μž”λœ© 쓰도둝 ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
So you may wonder, why on Earth are they doing it?
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λ„λŒ€μ²΄ μ™œ 그런 짓을 ν• κΉŒ, κΆκΈˆν•΄ ν•˜μ‹€μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
Why are they engaging with cyberspace?
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μ™œ 사이버곡간에 λ›°μ–΄λ“€κΉŒμš”?
04:30
Well my theory is that
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제 이둠은
04:32
it's happening because censorship actually
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κ·Έ κ°€μš΄λ° λ§Žμ€ κ³³λ“€μ—μ„œ,
04:35
is less effective than you think it is in many of those places.
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검열이 생각보닀 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ•½ν•΄μ„œ κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€κ³  λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
The moment you put something critical in a blog,
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λΉ„νŒμ  λ‚΄μš©μ„ λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έμ— μ˜¬λ¦¬λŠ” μˆœκ°„,
04:42
even if you manage to ban it immediately,
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비둝 κ·Έ 글을 λ°”λ‘œ μ°¨λ‹¨μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€κ³  해도,
04:45
it will still spread around thousands and thousands of other blogs.
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κ·Έ λ‚΄μš©μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έ 수천개둜 νΌμ Έλ‚˜κ°€μ£ .
04:49
So the more you block it,
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차단을 더 μ‹œν‚€λ©΄ μ‹œν‚¬μˆ˜λ‘
04:51
the more it emboldens people to actually avoid the censorship
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ 검열을 피해가도둝 영ν–₯을 μ£Όκ³ ,
04:54
and thus win in this cat-and-mouse game.
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그리고 κ²°κ΅­,그듀은 이 μ«“κ³  μ«“κΈ°λŠ” κ²Œμž„μ—μ„œ μŠΉλ¦¬ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:57
So the only way to control this message
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그렇기에 λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” μœ μΌν•œ 방법은
05:01
is actually to try to spin it
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그것을 μ‘°μž‘ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
and accuse anyone who has written something critical
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λΉ„νŒμ  글을 μ“΄ μ‚¬λžŒμ„
05:06
of being, for example, a CIA agent.
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CIA μš”μ›μ΄λΌκ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λ“ μ§€ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:08
And, again, this is happening quite often.
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이런 일이 κ½€ μ’…μ’… λ²Œμ–΄μ§€κ³€ ν•˜μ£ .
05:11
Just to give you an example of how it works in China, for example.
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μ€‘κ΅­μ—μ„œ 이런 방법이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ κ·Έ 사둀λ₯Ό 보죠.
05:15
There was a big case in February 2009
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2009λ…„ 2월에 큰 사건이 ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:19
called "Elude the Cat."
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"고양이 ν”Όν•˜κΈ°" μ‚¬κ±΄μœΌλ‘œ 뢈리곀 ν•˜μ£ .
05:21
And for those of you who didn't know, I'll just give a little summary.
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λͺ¨λ₯΄μ‹œλŠ” 뢄듀을 μœ„ν•΄ κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ μš”μ•½ν•˜μžλ©΄
05:25
So what happened is that a 24-year-old man,
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24μ„Έμ˜ 쀑ꡭ 남성이
05:28
a Chinese man, died in prison custody.
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감μ˜₯μ—μ„œ μ‚¬λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
And police said that it happened
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그런데 경찰이 λ°œν‘œν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό
05:34
because he was playing hide and seek,
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κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ£„μˆ˜λ“€κ³Ό μˆ¨λ°”κΌ­μ§ˆ 놀이λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‹€κ°€,
05:36
which is "elude the cat" in Chinese slang,
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- μˆ¨λ°”κΌ­μ§ˆμ΄ μ€‘κ΅­μ—μ„œ μ€μ–΄λ‘œ "고양이 ν”Όν•˜κΈ°(躲猫猫)"μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ -
05:39
with other inmates and hit his head
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머리λ₯Ό 벽에 λΆ€λ”ͺν˜€
05:41
against the wall,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ£ .
05:43
which was not an explanation which sat well with many Chinese bloggers.
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λ§Žμ€ 쀑ꡭ λΈ”λ‘œκ±°λ“€μ„ μ΄ν•΄μ‹œν‚¬λ§Œν•œ ν•΄λͺ…이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ£ .
05:50
So they immediately began posting a lot of critical comments.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λΉ„νŒμ μΈ λŒ“κΈ€μ΄ μ˜¬λΌμ™”μ£ .
05:54
In fact, QQ.com, which is a popular Chinese website,
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유λͺ…ν•œ 쀑ꡭ μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈμΈ QQ.comμ—λŠ”
05:58
had 35,000 comments
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뢈과 λͺ‡μ‹œκ°„ λ§Œμ— 이 μ΄μŠˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄
06:00
on this issue within hours.
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3만5천개의 λŒ“κΈ€μ΄ λ‹¬λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
But then authorities did something very smart.
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그런데 μ΄λ•Œ κ΄€κ³„μžλ“€μ΄ 맀우 지λŠ₯적인 λŒ€μ²˜λ₯Ό ν–ˆμ£ .
06:05
Instead of trying to purge these comments,
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κ·Έ λŒ“κΈ€λ“€μ„ μ§€μš°λŠ” 방법을 νƒν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ ,
06:08
they instead went and reached out to the bloggers.
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λΈ”λ‘œκ±°λ“€μ—κ²Œ 손을 λ‚΄λ°€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
And they basically said, "Look guys. We'd like you to become netizen investigators."
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기본적으둜 이런 μ œμ•ˆμ„ ν–ˆμ£ . "자, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ λ„€ν‹°μ¦Œ μˆ˜μ‚¬λŒ€κ°€ λ˜μ£Όμ‹­μ‹œμ˜€."
06:16
So 500 people applied,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 500λͺ…이 지원을 ν–ˆκ³ ,
06:19
and four were selected to actually go and tour the facility in question,
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κ·Έ 쀑 4λͺ…이 μ„ μ •λ˜μ–΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 문제의 μ‹œμ„€μ„ λ°©λ¬Έν•˜κ³ 
06:23
and thus inspect it and then blog about it.
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μ‹œμ°°λ₯Ό ν•˜μ—¬ κ·Έ λ‚΄μš©μ„ λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έμ— 남기도둝 ν•˜λŠ” μ‹μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
Within days the entire incident was forgotten,
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λ©°μΉ  μ΄λ‚΄λ‘œ, 사건 전체가 μžŠν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:30
which would have never happened if they simply tried to block the content.
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κ·Έλƒ₯ κ·Έ λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ°¨λ‹¨ν•˜λ €κ³  ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄ κ²°μ½” κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆκ² μ£ .
06:33
People would keep talking about it for weeks.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μˆ˜μ£Όλ™μ•ˆ κ·Έ 이야기λ₯Ό 계속 ν–ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
And this actually fits with another interesting theory
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이 사건은, κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜ ꡭ가와
06:40
about what's happening in authoritarian states
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ‚¬μ΄λ²„κ³΅κ°„μ—μ„œ λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λŠ” 일에 κ΄€ν•œ
06:43
and in their cyberspace.
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λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ ν₯미둜운 이둠과도 λ§žλ¬Όλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
This is what political scientists call authoritarian deliberation,
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μ •μΉ˜ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 'κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜μ  μˆ™κ³ '라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 것이죠.
06:48
and it happens when governments are actually reaching out to their critics
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μ •λΆ€κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λΉ„νŒμžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 손을 λ‚΄λ°€μ–΄
06:53
and letting them engage with each other online.
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μ„œλ‘œ λŒ€κ²°ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 해쀄 λ•Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:55
We tend to think
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν”νžˆ, κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄
06:57
that somehow this is going to harm these dictatorships,
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λ…μž¬μ •κΆŒμ— ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό 쀄 것이라고 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³€ ν•˜λŠ”λ°
07:00
but in many cases it only strengthens them.
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였히렀 κ°•ν™”ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
And you may wonder why.
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ°κ°€, κΆκΈˆν•˜μ‹€ 수 있죠.
07:05
I'll just give you a very short list of reasons
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μ™œ κ·„μœ„μ£Όμ˜μ  μˆ™κ³ κ°€
07:07
why authoritarian deliberation
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λ…μž¬μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 도움이 λ˜λŠ”μ§€
07:10
may actually help the dictators.
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λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 짧은 μ΄μœ λ“€μ„ 듀어보죠.
07:12
And first it's quite simple.
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첫번째 μ΄μœ λŠ” κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:14
Most of them operate in a complete information vacuum.
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κ·Έλ“€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ μ •λ³΄μ˜ μ™„μ „ν•œ κ²°μ—¬μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ μž‘λ™ν•˜κ³€ ν•˜μ£ .
07:17
They don't really have the data they need
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μ •κΆŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œ λΆ€μƒν•˜λŠ” μœ„ν˜‘λ“€μ„ νŠΉμ •μ§€μ„ 만큼의
07:20
in order to identify emerging threats facing the regime.
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데이터가 사싀 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:23
So encouraging people to actually go online
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그렇기에 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ˜¨λΌμΈμ— λ›°μ–΄λ“€μ–΄
07:26
and share information and data
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λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έμ™€ μœ„ν‚€μ—μ„œ
07:28
on blogs and wikis is great
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정보와 데이터λ₯Ό κ³΅μœ ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ„ νƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:30
because otherwise, low level apparatchiks and bureaucrats
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그렇지 μ•Šλ‹€λ©΄, ν•˜κΈ‰ κ΄€λ£Œλ“€κ³Ό 싀무진듀이
07:33
will continue concealing what's actually happening in the country, right?
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μ‹€μ œ κ·Έ λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 상황이 λ²Œμ–΄μ§€κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ€νν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
07:37
So from this perspective, having blogs and wikis
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이런 κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ 보자면, λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έμ™€ μœ„ν‚€λ‘œ
07:39
produce knowledge has been great.
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지식을 μƒμ‚°ν•˜λŠ” 것은 무척 도움이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:41
Secondly, involving public in any decision making
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ, μ˜μ‚¬κ²°μ •μ— λŒ€μ€‘μ„ κ΄€μ—¬μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것은
07:44
is also great
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κ²°κ΅­ μ‹€νŒ¨ν•˜κ³  말 정책듀에 λŒ€ν•œ
07:46
because it helps you to share the blame
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λΉ„λ‚œμ„ λΆ„μ‚°μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆκΈ°μ—
07:48
for the policies which eventually fail.
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맀우 μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
Because they say, "Well look, we asked you,
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"κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 말야, 우린 λ‹Ήμ‹ μ—κ²Œ 미리 λ¬Όμ–΄λ΄€κ³ 
07:52
we consulted you, you voted on it.
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쑰언을 κ΅¬ν–ˆκ³  κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 당신이 μ°¬μ„±ν‘œλ₯Ό λ˜μ‘Œμ–΄.
07:54
You put it on the front page of your blog.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 당신은 κ·Έκ±Έ λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έ 메인에 μ˜¬λ Έμ§€.
07:56
Well, great. You are the one who is to blame."
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뭐 그래. 당신이 잘λͺ»ν•œκ±°λ„€"
07:59
And finally, the purpose of
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그리고 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ,
08:02
any authoritarian deliberation efforts
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λͺ¨λ“  κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜μ  μˆ™κ³ μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œλŠ”
08:04
is usually to increase the legitimacy of the regimes, both at home and abroad.
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ꡭ내와 ν•΄μ™Έ λͺ¨λ‘μ—μ„œ μ •κΆŒμ˜ 정당성을 κ°•ν™”ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:07
So inviting people to all sorts of public forums,
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그렇기에 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ˜¨κ°– 곡곡 ν¬λŸΌμ— μ΄ˆμ²­ν•˜κ³ 
08:11
having them participate in decision making,
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μ˜μ‚¬κ²°μ •μ— μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것은
08:13
it's actually great.
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사싀 κ½€ μœ λ¦¬ν•œ 일이죠.
08:15
Because what happens is that then
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•  λ•Œ
08:17
you can actually point to this initiative and say,
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그런 과정듀을 가리킀며
08:19
"Well, we are having a democracy. We are having a forum."
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"μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ•Ό. ν¬λŸΌλ„ μ—΄μž–μ•„" 라고 ν•  수 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
08:22
Just to give you an example,
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ν•œ 가지 사둀λ₯Ό λ“€μžλ©΄
08:24
one of the Russian regions, for example,
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λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„ μ–΄λŠ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ”
08:26
now involves its citizens
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2020λ…„λ„κΉŒμ§€μ˜ μ •μ±…μ „λž΅μ„ μˆ˜λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” 것에
08:28
in planning its strategy up until year 2020.
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μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ„ μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:32
Right? So they can go online
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κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ? 이제 μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ€ μ˜¨λΌμΈμ— μ ‘μ†ν•΄μ„œ
08:34
and contribute ideas on what that region would look like by the year 2020.
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2020λ…„κΉŒμ§€ κ·Έ 지역이 μ–΄λ–€ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄ λ˜μ•Όν• μ§€ 아이디어λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ•λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:38
I mean, anyone who has been to Russia would know
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이게 μ°Έ, λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ— κ°€λ³Έ 적이 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λΌλ©΄ λˆ„κ΅¬λΌλ„
08:40
that there was no planning in Russia for the next month.
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λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ—λŠ” λ‹€μŒ 달에 λŒ€ν•œ κ³„νšμ‘°μ°¨ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:43
So having people involved in planning for 2020
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즉 2020년을 κ³„νšν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것이
08:46
is not necessarily going to change anything,
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κΌ­ λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ² λ‹€λŠ” μ–˜κΈ°κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
08:48
because the dictators are still the ones who control the agenda.
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의제λ₯Ό ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ λ…μž¬μžλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
Just to give you an example from Iran,
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μ΄λ²ˆμ—λŠ” μ΄λž€μ˜ 사둀λ₯Ό 듀어보죠.
08:54
we all heard about the Twitter revolution
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우리 κ·Έ κ³³μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚¬λ‹€λŠ”
08:56
that happened there,
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νŠΈμœ„ν„° 혁λͺ… 이야기λ₯Ό λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:58
but if you look close enough, you'll actually see
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μžμ„Ένžˆ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ©΄,
09:00
that many of the networks and blogs
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λ„€νŠΈμ›κ³Ό λΈ”λ‘œκ·Έμ™€
09:02
and Twitter and Facebook were actually operational.
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νŠΈμœ„ν„°μ™€ 페이슀뢁 μƒλ‹Ήμˆ˜κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μž‘λ™μ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŒμ„ μ•Œ 수 있죠.
09:05
They may have become slower,
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더 λŠλ €μ§€κΈ°μ•Ό ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
09:07
but the activists could still access it
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ν™œλ™κ°€λ“€μ΄ μ—¬μ „νžˆ 접속할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
09:09
and actually argue that having access to them
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 접속할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것은
09:11
is actually great for many authoritarian states.
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사싀 λ§Žμ€ κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜ ꡭ가에 도움이 λœλ‹€κ³  ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:14
And it's great simply because
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ μœ λ¦¬ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ”
09:17
they can gather open source intelligence.
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곡개된 좜처λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 정보듀을 λͺ¨μ„ 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
09:21
In the past it would take you weeks, if not months,
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κ³Όκ±°μ—λŠ” μ΄λž€μ˜ ν™œλ™κ°€λ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œ μ ‘μ΄‰ν•˜λŠ” 방식을 μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
09:24
to identify how Iranian activists connect to each other.
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수주, μˆ˜κ°œμ›”μ΄ ν•„μš”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:27
Now you actually know how they connect to each other
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μ΄μ œλŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 페이슀뢁 νŽ˜μ΄μ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ
09:29
by looking at their Facebook page.
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μ„œλ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œ 수 있죠.
09:31
I mean KGB, and not just KGB,
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μ˜›λ‚ μ— KGBλŠ”, μ•„λ‹ˆ KGB뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 어디라도,
09:33
used to torture in order to actually get this data.
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이런 데이터λ₯Ό μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 고문을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
Now it's all available online.
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μ΄μ œλŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μ˜¨λΌμΈμ— λ„λ €μžˆμ£ .
09:38
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
09:40
But I think the biggest conceptual pitfall
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‚¬μ΄λ²„μœ ν† ν”Όμ•„λ‘ μžλ“€μ΄ 저지λ₯Έ
09:42
that cybertopians made
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κ°€μž₯ μ»€λ‹€λž€ κ°œλ…μ  였λ₯˜λŠ”
09:44
is when it comes to digital natives, people who have grown up online.
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μ˜¨λΌμΈμ„ μ ‘ν•˜λ©° μ„±μž₯ν•œ '디지털 원주민'듀에 κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:47
We often hear about cyber activism,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν”νžˆ 사이버 μ‹€μ²œμ£Όμ˜λΌλŠ” 말을 μ ‘ν•˜κ³€ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
how people are getting more active because of the Internet.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 인터넷 덕뢄에 더 적극적으둜 μš΄λ™μ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€λŠ” 말이죠.
09:53
Rarely hear about cyber hedonism, for example,
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사이버 ν–₯락주의, 즉
09:55
how people are becoming passive.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 더 μˆ˜λ™μ μ΄ λœλ‹€λŠ” μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” λ“£κΈ°κ°€ νž˜λ“€μ–΄μš”.
09:57
Why? Because they somehow assume that the Internet
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μ™œμΌκΉŒμš”? 그듀은 μ–΄μ§Έμ„œμΈμ§€,
09:59
is going to be the catalyst of change
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인터넷이 λ³€ν™”μ˜ μ΄‰λ§€λ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•΄μ„œ
10:01
that will push young people into the streets,
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μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€μ„ 거리둜 λͺ°λ €λ‚˜μ˜€κ²Œ ν•˜λ¦¬λΌκ³  κ°€μ •ν•΄λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
while in fact it may actually be the new opium for the masses
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 인터넷은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ '인민의 μ•„νŽΈ'일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:06
which will keep the same people in their rooms downloading pornography.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 방에 ν‹€μ–΄λ°•ν˜€ 포λ₯΄λ…Έλ‚˜ λ‹€μš΄λ°›λ„λ‘ λ§Œλ“ λ‹€λ“ μ§€ 말이죠.
10:09
That's not an option being considered too strongly.
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그닀지 κ°•λ ₯ν•˜κ²Œ κ³ λ €λ˜λŠ” κ²¬ν•΄λŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ .
10:13
So for every digital renegade that is revolting in the streets of Tehran,
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즉 κΈΈκ±°λ¦¬μ—μ„œ μ €ν•­ν•˜λŠ” 디지털 λ°˜ν•­μ•„ ν•œ λͺ… λ§ˆλ‹€
10:16
there may as well be two digital captives
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WoWμ—μ„œλ§Œ μ €ν•­ν•˜λŠ”
10:18
who are actually rebelling only in the World of Warcraft.
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디지털 λ…Έμ˜ˆλ“€μ΄ 두 λͺ…μ”© μžˆμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:21
And this is realistic. And there is nothing wrong about it
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이μͺ½μ΄ ν˜„μ‹€μ μ΄μ£ . 그게 λ”±νžˆ 잘λͺ»λœ 것도 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:23
because the Internet has greatly empowered many of these young people
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μ–΄μ¨Œκ±°λ‚˜ 인터넷은 λ§Žμ€ μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ 큰 νž˜μ„ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:27
and it plays a completely different social role for them.
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그런데 인터넷은 κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ, μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬νšŒμ  역할을 ν•˜κ³€ ν•˜μ£ .
10:29
If you look at some of the surveys
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μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€μ΄ μΈν„°λ„·μ—μ„œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ–»μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” νš¨μš©μ— κ΄€ν•œ
10:31
on how the young people actually benefit from the Internet,
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μ„€λ¬Έμžλ£Œλ“€μ„ λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 보면,
10:34
you'll see that the number of teenagers in China, for example,
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인터넷이 μ„±μƒν™œ ν™•μž₯에 도움이 λœλ‹€λŠ” 닡변을 ν•œ
10:37
for whom the Internet actually broadens their sex life,
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쀑ꡭ μ‹­λŒ€λ“€μ˜ μˆ˜μΉ˜κ°€
10:40
is three times more than in the United States.
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미ꡭ의 κ²½μš°λ³΄λ‹€ 3λ°°λ‚˜ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:43
So it does play a social role,
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즉 μ‚¬νšŒμ  역할을 ν•˜λŠ” 건 λ§žλŠ”λ°,
10:45
however it may not necessarily lead to political engagement.
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그게 λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ μ •μΉ˜μ  μ°Έμ—¬λ‘œ μ΄μ–΄μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒλ§Œμ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:48
So the way I tend to think of it
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그렇기에 μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³€ ν•˜λŠ” 방식은
10:50
is like a hierarchy of cyber-needs in space,
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μΌμ’…μ˜ μ‚¬μ΄λ²„μš•κ΅¬μ˜ μœ„κ³„ κ΅¬λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:52
a total rip-off from Abraham Maslow.
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맀슬둜우의 μš•κ΅¬ 5단계 이둠을 λ² κΌˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:54
But the point here is that
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 핡심은
10:56
when we get the remote Russian village online,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ˜ κΉ‘μ΄Œμ— μ˜¨λΌμΈμ„ λ³΄κΈ‰ν•˜λ©΄
10:59
what will get people to the Internet
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μΈν„°λ„·μœΌλ‘œ λΆˆλŸ¬λ‚΄λŠ” 것은
11:01
is not going to be the reports from Human Rights Watch.
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인ꢌ기ꡬ λ³΄κ³ μ„œ 같은 것듀이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:03
It's going to be pornography, "Sex and the City,"
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포λ₯΄λ…Έ, μ„ΉμŠ€μ•€λ”μ‹œν‹°,
11:06
or maybe watching funny videos of cats.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 우슀운 고양이 λ™μ˜μƒ 같은 것듀이죠.
11:09
So this is something you have to recognize.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κΌ­ μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•  μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:11
So what should we do about it?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
11:13
Well I say we have to stop thinking
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μš°μ„ , μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
11:15
about the number of iPods per capita
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가ꡬ당 μ•„μ΄νŒŸ λ³΄κΈ‰μˆ˜λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ©ˆμΆ°μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:18
and start thinking about ways in which
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄
11:20
we can empower intellectuals,
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지식인듀, λΉ„νŒλ‘ μžλ“€,
11:23
dissidents, NGOs and then the members of civil society.
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NGOλ“€, μ‹œλ―Όμ‚¬νšŒμ˜ μ„±μ›λ“€μ—κ²Œ νž˜μ„ λΆ€μ—¬ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€ 생각해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:26
Because even what has been happening up 'til now
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ λͺ¨λ“  일듀에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
11:29
with the Spinternet and authoritarian deliberation,
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μŠ€ν•€ν„°λ„·κ³Ό κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜μ  μˆ™κ³ κ°€ μžˆλŠ” ν•œ
11:31
there is a great chance that those voices will not be heard.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λͺ©μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ 퍼지지 μ•Šμ„ κ°€λŠ₯성이 맀우 크기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:34
So I think we should shatter some of our utopian assumptions
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ˜ μœ ν† ν”Όμ•„μ  κ°€μ • 쀑 일뢀λ₯Ό λΆ€μˆ˜κ³ 
11:37
and actually start doing something about it.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 그것을 μœ„ν•΄ 무언가λ₯Ό ν•΄λ‚˜κ°€μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:39
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:41
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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