How the mysterious dark net is going mainstream | Jamie Bartlett

Translator: Jette Derriche Reviewer: Sune Vilsted Østergaard

If you want to buy high-quality, low-price cocaine,

Vil du købe kokain af høj kvalitet,

there really is only one place to go,

er der egentligt kun et sted at gå hen,

and that is the dark net anonymous markets.

og det er de anonyme markeder på det mørke net.

Now, you can't get to these sites

Du kan ikke tilgå disse hjemmesider

with a normal browser -- Chrome or Firefox --

med en normal browser -- Chrome eller FireFox --

because they're on this hidden part of the Internet,

fordi de befinder sig på en skjult del af nettet,

known as Tor hidden services,

også kaldet for anonyme Tor-netværk,

where URLs are a string of meaningless numbers and letters that end in .onion,

med underlige adresser af tal og bogstaver med endelsen .onion,

and which you access with a special browser

og som man får adgang til med en speciel browser,

called the Tor browser.

der hedder Tor-browseren.

Now, the Tor browser was originally a U.S. Naval intelligence project.

Tor-browseren var oprindeligt et projekt fra U.S. Navals efterretningstjeneste.

It then became open source,

Den blev så frigivet

and it allows anybody to browse the net

og nu kan enhver besøge dette netværk

without giving away their location.

uden at afsløre deres placering.

And it does this by encrypting your IP address

Den fungerer ved, at kryptere din IP-adresse

and then routing it via several other computers around the world

og sende det igennem flere andre computere over hele verden,

that use the same software.

der bruger den samme software.

You can use it on the normal Internet,

Du kan bruge den på det almindelige internet,

but it's also your key to the dark net.

men den er også din adgang til det mørke net.

And because of this fiendishly clever encryption system,

Og som resultat af det smarte krypteringssystem,

the 20 or 30 -- we don't know exactly -- thousand sites that operate there

kan de 20 eller 30 -- det vides ikke helt -- tusinde hjemmesider, som eksisterer der

are incredibly difficult to shut down.

være ekstremt svære at lukke ned.

It is a censorship-free world visited by anonymous users.

Det er en censurfri verden besøgt af anonyme brugere.

Little wonder, then, that it's a natural place to go

Intet under, at de der har noget at skjule finder det naturligt

for anybody with something to hide,

at færdes der,

and that something, of course, need not be illegal.

og det behøver ikke være for at begå ulovligheder.

On the dark net, you will find

På det mørke net, finder du

whistle-blower sites, The New Yorker.

whistleblower-sider, The New Yorker.

You will find political activism blogs.

Du finder blogs af politiske aktivister

You will find libraries of pirated books.

Du finder biblioteker med pirat-bøger.

But you'll also find the drugs markets,

Men du finder også narkotika,

illegal pornography, commercial hacking services,

illegal pornografi, kommercielle hacking services,

and much more besides.

blandt meget andet.

Now, the dark net is one of the most interesting, exciting places

Det mørke net er et af de mest interessante og spændende steder

anywhere on the net.

overhovedet på nettet.

And the reason is, because although innovation, of course,

Grunden til dette er naturligvis at selvom innovation

takes place in big businesses,

sker i store virksomheder,

takes place in world-class universities,

og på verdens bedste universiteter,

it also takes place in the fringes,

sker det også i periferien,

because those on the fringes -- the pariahs, the outcasts --

for dem ude i grænselandet -- pariaerne, de udstødte --

they're often the most creative, because they have to be.

er ofte de mest kreative, fordi det er en nødvendighed.

In this part of the Internet,

På denne del af internettet

you will not find a single lolcat,

finder du ingen sjove katte,

a single pop-up advert anywhere.

eller nogen popup-reklamer.

And that's one of the reasons why I think

Jeg tror det er en af årsagerne til, at mange af jer

many of you here will be on the dark net fairly soon.

meget snart, vil benytte det mørke net

(Laughter)

(Latter)

Not that I'm suggesting anyone in this audience would use it

Jeg påstår ikke, at nogen her blandt publikum vil bruge det til

to go and procure high-quality narcotics.

at skaffe narkotika af høj kvalitet.

But let's say for a moment that you were.

Men lad os bare antage, at I ville.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

Bear with me.

Bær over med mig.

The first thing you will notice on signing up to one of these sites

Det første I vil bemærke ved, at registere jer på en af disse sider

is how familiar it looks.

er hvor velkendt det ser ud.

Every single product --

Alle produkter --

thousands of products --

tusinder af produkter --

has a glossy, high-res image,

har store flotte billeder,

a detailed product description, a price.

detaljeret produktbeskrivelse, en pris.

There's a "Proceed to checkout" icon.

Der er et "Gå til kassen" ikon.

There is even, most beautifully of all,

Der er endda - og det er ret fantastisk

a "Report this item" button.

- en "Anmeld denne vare" knap

(Laughter)

(Latter)

Incredible.

Utroligt.

You browse through the site, you make your choice,

Du kigger rundt på siden, vælger hvad du har lyst til,

you pay with the crypto-currency bitcoin,

og betaler med valutaen bitcoin,

you enter an address -- preferably not your home address --

du giver en adresse -- helst ikke din egen hjemmeadresse --

and you wait for your product to arrive in the post,

og så venter du på at pakken ankommer med posten,

which it nearly always does.

hvad den næsten altid gør.

And the reason it does is not because of the clever encryption.

Og grunden til dette skyldes ikke den smarte kryptering.

That's important.

Det er vigtigt.

Something far simpler than that.

Det er noget meget mere simpelt.

It's the user reviews.

Det er brugeranmeldelserne.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

You see, every single vendor on these sites

Ser du, alle sælgere på disse sider

uses a pseudonym, naturally enough,

bruger naturligt nok et pseudonym,

but they keep the same pseudonym to build up a reputation.

men de bruger altid det samme pseudonym til at opbygge et godt ry.

And because it's easy for the buyer to change allegiance whenever they want,

Og fordi det er nemt for brugeren, at flytte sin loyalitet, når de har lyst,

the only way of trusting a vendor

så er den eneste måde man kan stole på en sælger,

is if they have a good history of positive feedback

hvis de har en god historik af positiv tilbagemeldning

from other users of the site.

fra andre bruger af hjemmesiden.

And this introduction of competition and choice

Og denne konkurrence og frie valg

does exactly what the economists would predict.

gør nøjagtig hvad økonomer forudsiger.

Prices tend to go down, product quality tends to go up,

Priserne går ned, og kvaliteten går op,

and the vendors are attentive,

og sælgerne er opmærksomme,

they're polite, they're consumer-centric,

de er høflige og kundevenlige,

offering you all manner of special deals, one-offs,

og laver alle typer tilbud, udsalg,

buy-one-get-one-frees, free delivery,

gratis fragt,

to keep you happy.

for at gøre kunderne glade.

I spoke to Drugsheaven.

Jeg talte med Drugsheaven.

Drugsheaven was offering excellent and consistent marijuana

Drugsheaven tilbød fremragende marijuana af stabil kvalitet

at a reasonable price.

til en fornuftig pris.

He had a very generous refund policy,

Han havde endda en meget generøs refunderings politik,

detailed T's and C's,

detaljerede vilkår og betingelser,

and good shipping times.

og hurtig levering.

"Dear Drugsheaven," I wrote,

"Kære Drugsheaven", skrev jeg,

via the internal emailing system that's also encrypted, of course.

via det interne mailsystem, der naturligvis også er krypteret.

"I'm new here. Do you mind if I buy just one gram of marijuana?"

"Jeg er ny her. Har du noget imod, at jeg kun køber 1 gram marijuana?"

A couple of hours later, I get a reply.

Et par timer senere kom der svar.

They always reply.

De svarer altid.

"Hi there, thanks for your email.

"Hej, tak for din mail.

Starting small is a wise thing to do. I would, too, if I were you."

Det er fornuftigt, at starte i det små. Det ville jeg også gøre i dit sted."

(Laughter)

(Latter)

"So no problem if you'd like to start with just one gram.

"Det er intet problem, hvis du køber et enkelt gram.

I do hope we can do business together.

Jeg håber, at vi kan lave en handel.

Best wishes, Drugsheaven."

De bedste hilsner, Drugsheaven."

(Laughter)

(Latter)

I don't know why he had a posh English accent, but I assume he did.

Jeg antager, at han havde en snobbet engelsk accent.

Now, this kind of consumer-centric attitude

Denne kundevenlighed

is the reason why, when I reviewed 120,000 pieces of feedback

er årsagen til, at jeg ved gennemgang af 120.000 tilbagemeldinger,

that had been left on one of these sites over a three-month period,

der var blevet givet på en af disse hjemmesider igennem en 3-måneders periode,

95 percent of them were five out of five.

var 95 procent af dem blevet givet fem ud af fem.

The customer, you see, is king.

Kunden har altid ret.

But what does that mean?

Men hvad betyder dette?

Well, on the one hand,

På den ene side,

that means there are more drugs, more available, more easily,

er der mere lettilgængelig narkotika

to more people.

til flere mennesker.

And by my reckoning, that is not a good thing.

Det synes jeg ikke nødvendigvis er en god ting.

But, on the other hand, if you are going to take drugs,

Men hvis du på den anden side absolut vil købe narkotika,

you have a reasonably good way

har du en forholdsvis god mulighed

of guaranteeing a certain level of purity and quality,

der garanterer et vist niveau af renhed og kvalitet,

which is incredibly important if you're taking drugs.

hvilket er utroligt vigtigt hvis du bruger narkotika.

And you can do so from the comfort of your own home,

Du kan gøre det hjemmefra

without the risks associated with buying on the streets.

uden den risiko, der er forbundet med at købe på gaden.

Now, as I said,

Men som jeg sagde,

you've got to be creative and innovative to survive in this marketplace.

man skal være kreativ og opfindsom for at overleve på dette marked.

And the 20 or so sites that are currently in operation --

De omkring 20 hjemmesider der er aktive i øjeblikket --

by the way, they don't always work, they're not always perfect;

og forresten, de fungerer ikke altid perfekt;

the site that I showed you was shut down 18 months ago,

Hjemmesiden jeg viste jer blev lukket for 1½ år siden,

but not before it had turned over a billion dollars' worth of trade.

men ikke før omsætningen på det tidspunkt var på over en milliard dollars.

But these markets,

Men fordi disse markeder

because of the difficult conditions in which they are operating,

opererer under svære omstændigheder,

the inhospitable conditions,

ugæstfri omstændigheder,

are always innovating, always thinking of ways of getting smarter,

er de altid opfindsomme og udtænker smartere metoder,

more decentralized, harder to censor,

mere decentraliserede og sværere at censurere,

and more customer-friendly.

og mere kundevenlige.

Let's take the payment system.

Lad os se på betalingssystemet.

You don't pay with your credit card,

Du betaler ikke med dit kreditkort,

of course -- that would lead directly back to you.

da det naturligvis, ville lede direkte tilbage til dig.

So you use the crypto-currency bitcoin,

Så du bruger valutaen bitcoin,

which is easily exchanged for real-world currencies

som er nem at omsætte til rigtige penge

and gives quite a high degree of anonymity to its users.

og giver en høj grad af anonymitet til brugerne.

But at the beginning of these sites, people noticed a flaw.

Men i starten, stødte man på en fejl.

Some of the unscrupulous dealers were running away with peoples' bitcoin

Nogle skuppelløse sælgere stak af med folks bitcoins,

before they'd mailed the drugs out.

inden de sendte varen.

The community came up with a solution, called multi-signature escrow payments.

Fællesskabet kom frem til en løsning kaldet multi-signatur spærret betalinger.

So on purchasing my item,

Så når jeg køber en vare,

I would send my bitcoin

sender jeg min bitcoin

to a neutral, secure third digital wallet.

til en neutral, sikker digital pengepung.

The vendor, who would see that I'd sent it,

Sælgeren kan se jeg har sendt pengene,

would be confident that they could then send the product to me,

og kan trygt sende varen til mig.

and then when I received it,

Når jeg så modtager forsendelsen

at least two of the three people engaged in the transaction --

vil mindst to af de tre der er involveret i transaktionen --

vendor, buyer, site administrator --

sælger, køber og administrator --

would have to sign the transaction off

underskrive den

with a unique digital signature,

med en unik digital signatur,

and then the money would be transferred.

og pengene bliver overført.

Brilliant!

Strålende!

Elegant.

Elegant.

It works.

Det virker.

But then they realized there was a problem with bitcoin,

Men så fik man øje på et problem med bitcoin,

because every bitcoin transaction

fordi enhver transaktion

is actually recorded publicly in a public ledger.

registreres offentligt.

So if you're clever, you can try and work out who's behind them.

Så hvis du er lidt snild, kan du udlede hvem der står bag.

So they came up with a tumbling service.

Derfor fandt man på at blande dem.

Hundreds of people send their bitcoin into one address,

Hundreder sender deres bitcoin til én adresse,

they're tumbled and jumbled up,

her blandes de godt og grundigt,

and then the right amount is sent on to the right recipients,

og derefter sendes de korrekte beløb, til de rigtige modtagere,

but they're different bitcoins:

men det er forskellige bitcoins:

micro-laundering systems.

mikro-hvidvaskning.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

It's incredible.

Det er utroligt.

Interested in what drugs are trending right now on the dark net markets?

Interesseret i hvilke narkotika, der er oppe i tiden på de mørke markeder?

Check Grams, the search engine.

Se på Grams-søgemaskinen.

You can even buy some advertising space.

Du kan endda købe reklameplads.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

Are you an ethical consumer worried about what the drugs industry is doing?

Er du en etisk forbruger, der bekymrer sig om narkotikaindustrien?

Yeah.

Ja.

One vendor will offer you fair trade organic cocaine.

Der er en sælger, der tilbyder fairtrade økologisk kokain.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

That's not being sourced from Colombian druglords,

Det kommer ikke fra columbianske narkokarteller,

but Guatemalan farmers.

men fra bønder i Guatemala.

They even promised to reinvest 20 percent of any profits

De forpligter sig endda til at reinvestere 20 procent af overskuddet

into local education programs.

i lokale uddannelsesprojekter.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

There's even a mystery shopper.

De har endda markedsundersøgelser.

Now, whatever you think about the morality of these sites --

Uanset din mening om moralen af disse hjemmesider --

and I submit that it's not actually an easy question --

og jeg erkender, at dette ikke er et nemt spørgsmål --

the creation of functioning, competitive, anonymous markets,

skabelsen af fungerende og konkurrerende anonyme markeder,

where nobody knows who anybody else is,

hvor ingen ved hvem de andre er,

constantly at risk of being shut down by the authorities,

konstant i risiko for at blive lukket ned af myndighederne,

is a staggering achievement,

er en svimlende præstation,

a phenomenal achievement.

en fænomenal præstation.

And it's that kind of innovation

Det er den type innovation,

that's why those on the fringes

der betyder at dem der befinder sig på grænsen

are often the harbingers of what is to come.

ofte giver os et hint om hvad vi kan forvente.

It's easy to forget

Man kan let glemme

that because of its short life,

at internettet i sin korte levetid,

the Internet has actually changed many times

har ændret sig mange gange

over the last 30 years or so.

i løbet af de sidste 30 år.

It started in the '70s as a military project,

Det startede i 70'erne som et militært projekt,

morphed in the 1980s to an academic network,

og udviklede sig til et akademisk netværk,

co-opted by commercial companies in the '90s,

og herefter blandet med virksomheder i 90'erne.

and then invaded by all of us via social media in the noughties,

Derefter blev internet invaderet af os alle via sociale medier i 00'erne,

but I think it's going to change again.

men jeg tror, at det vil ændre sig igen.

And I think things like the dark net markets --

Og jeg tror, at ting som det mørke nets markeder --

creative, secure, difficult to censor --

kreative, sikre og svære at censurere --

I think that's the future.

Jeg tror, at det er fremtiden.

And the reason it's the future

Og grunden til at det er fremtiden

is because we're all worried about our privacy.

er fordi at vi alle bekymrer os om vores privatliv.

Surveys consistently show concerns about privacy.

Målinger underbygger konsevent bekymringer omkring privatlivet.

The more time we spend online, the more we worry about them,

Jo mere tid vi bruger online, des mere betænkelige er vi,

and those surveys show our worries are growing.

og undersøgelser viser, at det stiger.

We're worried about what happens to our data.

Vi frygter hvad der sker med vores data.

We're worried about who might be watching us.

Hvem der kigger os over skulderen.

Since the revelations from Edward Snowden,

Siden afsløringerne fra Edward Snowden,

there's been a huge increase in the number of people

har antallet er mennesker stiget,

using various privacy-enhancing tools.

som bruger værktøjer til beskyttelse af privatlivet.

There are now between two and three million daily users

Der er nu mellem to og tre millioner daglige brugere

of the Tor browser,

af Tor-browseren.

the majority of which use is perfectly legitimate,

De fleste af disse benytter den til helt legitime formål,

sometimes even mundane.

nogle gange helt banale.

And there are hundreds of activists around the world

Og der er hundredevis af aktivister over hele verden,

working on techniques and tools to keep you private online --

som arbejder på teknikker og værktøjer for at beskytter dit privatliv online --

default encrypted messaging services.

krypteret kommunikation.

Ethereum, which is a project which tries to link up

Ethereum, som er et projekt der forsøger, at forbinde

the connected but unused hard drives of millions of computers around the world,

de ubrugte drev på millioner af computere verden over,

to create a sort of distributed Internet that no one really controls.

til at oprette et distribueret internet som ingen kan kontrollere.

Now, we've had distributed computing before, of course.

Vi har naturligvis tidligere haft distribuerede computere.

We use it for everything from Skype to the search for extraterrestrial life.

Vi bruger det til alt lige fra Skype til søgning efter liv i rummet.

But you add distributed computing and powerful encryption --

Men kombinerer du distribuering og kryptering --

that's very, very hard to censor and control.

så er det meget meget svært at censurere og kontrollere.

Another called MaidSafe works on similar principles.

Et andet projekt der hedder MaidSafe fungerer efter lignende principper.

Another called Twister, and so on and so on.

Endnu et hedder Twister, osv. osv.

And here's the thing --

Sagen er den --

the more of us join,

at når flere af os kommer til,

the more interesting those sites become,

bliver disse hjemmesider mere interessante,

and then the more of us join, and so on.

og så kommer endnu flere til, osv.

And I think that's what's going to happen.

Det er hvad jeg tror vil ske.

In fact, it's already happening.

Faktisk sker det allerede.

The dark net is no longer a den for dealers

Det mørke net er ikke længere en rede for narkohandlere

and a hideout for whistle-blowers.

og et skjulested for whisteblowere.

It's already going mainstream.

Det er ved at blive mainstream.

Just recently, the musician Aphex Twin released his album as a dark net site.

Musikeren Aphex Twin, frigav fornylig sit album som hjemmeside på det mørke net.

Facebook has started a dark net site.

Facebook har også en side derinde.

A group of London architects have opened a dark net site

En gruppe arkitekter i Londen har åbnet en side på det mørke net

for people worried about regeneration projects.

for mennesker der er betænkelige ved byudviklingsprojekter

Yes, the dark net is going mainstream,

Ja, det mørke net bliver mainstream,

and I predict that fairly soon, every social media company,

og jeg forudsiger at enhver på markedet for sociale medier,

every major news outlet,

enhver nyhedsside,

and therefore most of you in this audience,

og derfor også de fleste af jer blandt publikum,

will be using the dark net, too.

også vil bruge det mørke net.

So the Internet is about to get more interesting,

Internettet bliver snart mere interessant,

more exciting, more innovative,

mere spændende, mere innovativt,

more terrible,

mere skrækkeligt,

more destructive.

mere destruktivt.

That's good news if you care about liberty.

Det er gode nyheder,

It's good news if you care about freedom.

hvis du holder af frihed.

It's good news if you care about democracy.

Det er gode nyheder, hvis du holder af demokrati.

It's also good news

Det er også gode nyheder,

if you want to browse for illegal pornography

hvis du er til illegal pornografi

and if you want to buy and sell drugs

og hvis du vil handle med narkotika

with impunity.

straffefrit.

Neither entirely dark, nor entirely light.

Ikke kun mørkt, men heller ikke kun lyst.

It's not one side or the other that's going to win out, but both.

Det er ikke enten eller, men begge dele.

Thank you very much, indeed.

Rigtig mange tak.

(Applause)

(Bifald)