How the mysterious dark net is going mainstream | Jamie Bartlett

翻译人员: Mingxu Chen 校对人员: Zhiting Chen

If you want to buy high-quality, low-price cocaine,

如果你想买一些物美价廉的可卡因，

there really is only one place to go,

你只能去一个地方:

and that is the dark net anonymous markets.

那就是暗网匿名市场。

Now, you can't get to these sites

但是你不能通过

with a normal browser -- Chrome or Firefox --

一个普通的浏览器：谷歌或者火狐， 来进入这种网站 --

because they're on this hidden part of the Internet,

因为他们是在因特网的 一个隐秘的角落：

known as Tor hidden services,

叫做 Tor 隐藏服务，

where URLs are a string of meaningless numbers and letters that end in .onion,

它把URL变成一串没有任何意义的数字和字母， 以.onion（洋葱）结尾，

and which you access with a special browser

你要用一个特殊的浏览器来连接它：

called the Tor browser.

Tor 浏览器。

Now, the Tor browser was originally a U.S. Naval intelligence project.

Tor 浏览器原本 是一个美国海军情报项目，

It then became open source,

之后它便被公开了，

and it allows anybody to browse the net

任何人都能浏览网页，

without giving away their location.

并且不让自己的位置被他人所知。

And it does this by encrypting your IP address

它通过转换你的IP地址，

and then routing it via several other computers around the world

并且在全世界 都在用这个软件的电脑中

that use the same software.

不断变换来做到这一点。

You can use it on the normal Internet,

你可以用它上普通的网页，

but it's also your key to the dark net.

但是它也是通往暗网的钥匙。

And because of this fiendishly clever encryption system,

因为这个机智到可恶的转换系统，

the 20 or 30 -- we don't know exactly -- thousand sites that operate there

两万或三万 -- 我们不知道到底有多少 -- 在它上面运营的成千上万的网页

are incredibly difficult to shut down.

都基本不可能被关闭。

It is a censorship-free world visited by anonymous users.

这是一个没有审查的世界 被匿名的人们浏览着。

Little wonder, then, that it's a natural place to go

没有疑问，如果有人要隐藏什么东西，

for anybody with something to hide,

它自然是最好的选择，

and that something, of course, need not be illegal.

那个东西，当然了， 也许并不是违法的。

On the dark net, you will find

在暗网上，你会找到

whistle-blower sites, The New Yorker.

告发丑闻的爆料网站，纽约客。

You will find political activism blogs.

你会找到政治激进分子的博客。

You will find libraries of pirated books.

你会找到盗版书图书馆。

But you'll also find the drugs markets,

但是你也会找到毒品交易市场，

illegal pornography, commercial hacking services,

违法成人影片， 商业黑客服务，

and much more besides.

等等。

Now, the dark net is one of the most interesting, exciting places

现在，暗网已经成为了互联网上

anywhere on the net.

最有趣最刺激的地方。

And the reason is, because although innovation, of course,

因为，尽管我们一直认为 只有大的商业企业

takes place in big businesses,

或者综合性的顶级大学

takes place in world-class universities,

才会一直在追求创新发展，

it also takes place in the fringes,

创新其实也发生在 一些社会边缘人群中，

because those on the fringes -- the pariahs, the outcasts --

因为那些边缘人群 -- 社会底层人群，那些被排斥的存在--

they're often the most creative, because they have to be.

常常是最有创造力的， 因为他们不得不这样。

In this part of the Internet,

在这一部分的网络中，

you will not find a single lolcat,

你不会发现任何一只猫图 （互联网流行文化lolcat）

a single pop-up advert anywhere.

任何一个弹窗广告

And that's one of the reasons why I think

这是其中一个原因为什么我认为

many of you here will be on the dark net fairly soon.

在座的很多人很快就会开始使用暗网。

(Laughter)

（笑）

Not that I'm suggesting anyone in this audience would use it

别误会，我并没有建议 在座所有人应该去用暗网，

to go and procure high-quality narcotics.

去拿高质量的毒品。

But let's say for a moment that you were.

但是让我们假装现在你们都这样做。

(Laughter)

（笑）

Bear with me.

忍一下吧！

The first thing you will notice on signing up to one of these sites

当你在这些网页上注册的时候，

is how familiar it looks.

你会感到这些页面很眼熟。

Every single product --

每一个产品 --

thousands of products --

上千个产品 --

has a glossy, high-res image,

都有一个高清的图片，

a detailed product description, a price.

一个详细的产品介绍和价格。

There's a "Proceed to checkout" icon.

有一个 ”去结算“按钮。

There is even, most beautifully of all,

甚至还有一个，非常漂亮惊人的，

a "Report this item" button.

”举报这个物品“按钮。

(Laughter)

（笑）

Incredible.

难以置信。

You browse through the site, you make your choice,

当你浏览这些网页的时候， 你要做出选择，

you pay with the crypto-currency bitcoin,

你用比特币支付，

you enter an address -- preferably not your home address --

你输入一个地址 -- 应该不会是你的家庭住址 --

and you wait for your product to arrive in the post,

你等着你的物品被送到你手里，

which it nearly always does.

它们总会被送到的。

And the reason it does is not because of the clever encryption.

之所以它们会被送到， 是因为那个机智的转换加密系统。

That's important.

这很重要。

Something far simpler than that.

还有一个更简单的事情：

It's the user reviews.

用户评价。

(Laughter)

（笑）

You see, every single vendor on these sites

你知道，每一个卖家在这些网页上，

uses a pseudonym, naturally enough,

很自然都会用一个假名，

but they keep the same pseudonym to build up a reputation.

但是他们会用同一个假名来 累计名声。

And because it's easy for the buyer to change allegiance whenever they want,

因为买家往往会随心所欲地 更改他们的昵称，

the only way of trusting a vendor

唯一的一个办法能让他们信任一个卖家，

is if they have a good history of positive feedback

就是那个卖家 在这个网页其他用户反馈中，

from other users of the site.

有一个很好的声誉和交易历史。

And this introduction of competition and choice

这种竞争与选择的关系，

does exactly what the economists would predict.

会完全按照 经济学家的预测的那样发展下去。

Prices tend to go down, product quality tends to go up,

价格会下降， 与此同时产品质量上升。

and the vendors are attentive,

卖家对买家关注度很高，

they're polite, they're consumer-centric,

他们很有礼貌，以顾客为中心，

offering you all manner of special deals, one-offs,

给你介绍所有的特殊优惠，

buy-one-get-one-frees, free delivery,

买一赠一，免费运送，

to keep you happy.

让你开心。

I spoke to Drugsheaven.

我和“毒品天堂”聊过一次。

Drugsheaven was offering excellent and consistent marijuana

“毒品天堂“提供物美价廉的

at a reasonable price.

大麻。

He had a very generous refund policy,

他有一个很慷慨的退货政策，

detailed T's and C's,

详细的介绍和条款，

and good shipping times.

以及非常好的邮寄时间。

"Dear Drugsheaven," I wrote,

“亲爱的毒品天堂”，我写道，

via the internal emailing system that's also encrypted, of course.

在网络的匿名邮件系统中。

"I'm new here. Do you mind if I buy just one gram of marijuana?"

“我是新来的。 你能卖给我一克的大麻吗？”

A couple of hours later, I get a reply.

几小时后，我得到了回复。

They always reply.

他们绝对会回复你。

"Hi there, thanks for your email.

“你好，谢谢你的邮件，

Starting small is a wise thing to do. I would, too, if I were you."

从小剂量开始是很聪明的做法。 如果我是你，我也会这么做。”

(Laughter)

（笑）

"So no problem if you'd like to start with just one gram.

“所以如果你只想买一克， 是没有问题的。

I do hope we can do business together.

希望我们能够一起做生意。

Best wishes, Drugsheaven."

此致敬礼，毒品天堂。”

(Laughter)

（笑）

I don't know why he had a posh English accent, but I assume he did.

我不知道为什么他有英国的上层社会口音， 但是我认为他有。

Now, this kind of consumer-centric attitude

现在，这种以顾客为中心的态度，

is the reason why, when I reviewed 120,000 pieces of feedback

解释了为什么， 当我浏览12万条用户反馈，

that had been left on one of these sites over a three-month period,

在三个月的时间内留下的留言时，

95 percent of them were five out of five.

95%给了五星。

The customer, you see, is king.

顾客，是王。

But what does that mean?

但是这又意味着什么？

Well, on the one hand,

一方面，

that means there are more drugs, more available, more easily,

这意味着现在有更多的毒品 可以更加便捷更容易

to more people.

被更多的人买到。

And by my reckoning, that is not a good thing.

我想， 这不是一件好事。

But, on the other hand, if you are going to take drugs,

但是，另一方面， 如果你想要吸毒，

you have a reasonably good way

你会有一个很好的办法

of guaranteeing a certain level of purity and quality,

来确保你的毒品的纯度和质量，

which is incredibly important if you're taking drugs.

如果你要吸毒，这是非常重要的。

And you can do so from the comfort of your own home,

你可以安安心心的 在家里买到毒品，

without the risks associated with buying on the streets.

而不是冒险在街上购买。

Now, as I said,

现在，就像我所说的，

you've got to be creative and innovative to survive in this marketplace.

你要有创造力和创新力 才能在这个市场中生存下来。

And the 20 or so sites that are currently in operation --

在20多家正在营业的店铺网站中 --

by the way, they don't always work, they're not always perfect;

顺便说一下，他们并不是一直都会开业， 也不是一直都很完美；

the site that I showed you was shut down 18 months ago,

刚才我给你们展示的网站， 在18个月前就被关闭了，

but not before it had turned over a billion dollars' worth of trade.

但是在此之前， 它已经进行了近十亿美金的交易了。

But these markets,

但是这些市场，

because of the difficult conditions in which they are operating,

因为他们的营业环境很是复杂困难，

the inhospitable conditions,

高风险，

are always innovating, always thinking of ways of getting smarter,

他们一直在创新， 一直在想办法更机智地营销。

more decentralized, harder to censor,

分散化，不要被审查到，

and more customer-friendly.

更以顾客为中心。

Let's take the payment system.

我们看一看支付系统。

You don't pay with your credit card,

你不用你的信用卡付款，

of course -- that would lead directly back to you.

当然了 -- 这会让你的身份暴露。

So you use the crypto-currency bitcoin,

所以你用网络货币比特币，

which is easily exchanged for real-world currencies

很容易就能换成现实世界的现金，

and gives quite a high degree of anonymity to its users.

并且能高度保护用户隐私。

But at the beginning of these sites, people noticed a flaw.

刚开始有这些网站的时候， 人们发现了一个漏洞。

Some of the unscrupulous dealers were running away with peoples' bitcoin

一些可恶的卖家携款逃跑，

before they'd mailed the drugs out.

而不给你寄毒品。

The community came up with a solution, called multi-signature escrow payments.

这个团体想出了一个解决方法： 多重签名第三方契约系统。

So on purchasing my item,

当我购买物品，

I would send my bitcoin

我能把我的比特币寄出去，

to a neutral, secure third digital wallet.

到一个中立的安全的第三方电子钱包。

The vendor, who would see that I'd sent it,

卖家，会看到我已经寄出去了，

would be confident that they could then send the product to me,

就相信他们可以把毒品寄给我了，

and then when I received it,

当我收到的时候，

at least two of the three people engaged in the transaction --

至少2-3人参与了这次交易－－

vendor, buyer, site administrator --

卖家，买家，网站管理者，

would have to sign the transaction off

要联手签名通过这次交易，

with a unique digital signature,

通过一个独特的电子签名，

and then the money would be transferred.

然后，钱就能被转账到卖家那里的。

Brilliant!

厉害！

Elegant.

优雅。

It works.

实用。

But then they realized there was a problem with bitcoin,

但是他们意识到比特币有个问题，

because every bitcoin transaction

因为每次的比特币交易

is actually recorded publicly in a public ledger.

都会被一个公共账簿记录下来，

So if you're clever, you can try and work out who's behind them.

所以如果你足够聪明， 你就能发现谁在幕后操作。

So they came up with a tumbling service.

所以他们研究出了一种滚动转移服务。

Hundreds of people send their bitcoin into one address,

上百人把他们的比特币转到一个地址下，

they're tumbled and jumbled up,

它们”翻滚“并杂乱地混在一起，

and then the right amount is sent on to the right recipients,

然后，正确的金额 被转账到正确的接受人那里，

but they're different bitcoins:

但这些是不同的比特币了：

micro-laundering systems.

微型洗钱系统。

(Laughter)

（笑）

It's incredible.

这很不可思议。

Interested in what drugs are trending right now on the dark net markets?

对现在毒品销售在暗网上的趋势感兴趣？

Check Grams, the search engine.

试一下Grams，一个搜索引擎。

You can even buy some advertising space.

你甚至可以买一些广告位。

(Laughter)

（笑）

Are you an ethical consumer worried about what the drugs industry is doing?

你是一个有道德的顾客， 担忧现在制毒产业的发展情形？

Yeah.

是的。

One vendor will offer you fair trade organic cocaine.

一个卖家能给你 价格公道的有机可卡因。

(Laughter)

（笑）

That's not being sourced from Colombian druglords,

这些不是从哥伦比亚的毒枭那里买的，

but Guatemalan farmers.

而是从瓜地马拉的农民那里拿到的。

They even promised to reinvest 20 percent of any profits

他们甚至承诺会把利润的20%

into local education programs.

投资到当地教育中。

(Laughter)

（笑）

There's even a mystery shopper.

甚至还有一个神秘的买家。

Now, whatever you think about the morality of these sites --

不管你对这些网站的道德作风 有何想法 --

and I submit that it's not actually an easy question --

我承认建立这样的网站 都不是一个容易的问题 --

the creation of functioning, competitive, anonymous markets,

它是一个运转流畅， 竞争激烈的匿名市场，

where nobody knows who anybody else is,

在那里每个人都不知道对方是谁，

constantly at risk of being shut down by the authorities,

一直承受着被当局关掉的风险，

is a staggering achievement,

这是一个惊人的成就，

a phenomenal achievement.

一个伟大的成就。

And it's that kind of innovation

就是这种创新，

that's why those on the fringes

让那些边缘产业和人们，

are often the harbingers of what is to come.

成为未来的先知。

It's easy to forget

很容易就被忘记的是，

that because of its short life,

因为它很短命，

the Internet has actually changed many times

互联网其实已经经历了几次改变，

over the last 30 years or so.

在30年的时间中。

It started in the '70s as a military project,

它在70年代由一个军事项目而启动，

morphed in the 1980s to an academic network,

在1980年代转变成了学术网络，

co-opted by commercial companies in the '90s,

90年代被商业公司合作经营，

and then invaded by all of us via social media in the noughties,

现在被我们所有人以社交网络入侵，

but I think it's going to change again.

但是我觉得它还会改变。

And I think things like the dark net markets --

我认为一些东西 就像暗网市场 --

creative, secure, difficult to censor --

富有创造力，安全，很难去审查 --

I think that's the future.

这是未来。

And the reason it's the future

为什么呢，

is because we're all worried about our privacy.

因为我们都很在意我们的隐私。

Surveys consistently show concerns about privacy.

调查一直在显示对于隐私保护的关注。

The more time we spend online, the more we worry about them,

我们花更多时间上网 我们就更担心，

and those surveys show our worries are growing.

这些调查显示 我们的焦虑正在增长。

We're worried about what happens to our data.

我们关心我们的数据会怎样。

We're worried about who might be watching us.

我们担心谁在监视着我们。

Since the revelations from Edward Snowden,

因为爱德华·斯诺登的爆料，

there's been a huge increase in the number of people

现在越来越多的人们，

using various privacy-enhancing tools.

开始使用加强隐私保护的工具。

There are now between two and three million daily users

现在有两百到三百万的日常用户

of the Tor browser,

使用Tor浏览器。

the majority of which use is perfectly legitimate,

大部分用来做完全合法的事情，

sometimes even mundane.

有时候只是用于很普通的浏览。

And there are hundreds of activists around the world

全世界有数百个积极分子

working on techniques and tools to keep you private online --

使用技术和工具来 帮助你保护隐私 --

default encrypted messaging services.

默认信息加密服务。

Ethereum, which is a project which tries to link up

Ethereum，一个尝试去把

the connected but unused hard drives of millions of computers around the world,

上百万的连接在一起却没被使用的硬盘 联机起来的项目

to create a sort of distributed Internet that no one really controls.

来创造一个发散性的网络， 没有人能够控制。

Now, we've had distributed computing before, of course.

现在，我们以前当然有过 发散性的系统。

We use it for everything from Skype to the search for extraterrestrial life.

我们用它做很多事情 从Skype聊天到搜索外星生命。

But you add distributed computing and powerful encryption --

但是如果你把发散性系统和 强大的加密系统联系在一起

that's very, very hard to censor and control.

就会非常非常难以审查和控制。

Another called MaidSafe works on similar principles.

另一个叫做MadiSafe， 是相似的系统。

Another called Twister, and so on and so on.

还有一个叫做Twister， 等等，等等。

And here's the thing --

就是这样 --

the more of us join,

更多人的加入

the more interesting those sites become,

让它变的更有趣，

and then the more of us join, and so on.

然后更多人就回去加入， 周而复始。

And I think that's what's going to happen.

我觉得这是马上要发生的事情。

In fact, it's already happening.

实际上，它已经发生了。

The dark net is no longer a den for dealers

暗网已经不是交易者的窝点

and a hideout for whistle-blowers.

或者违法者的藏匿处。

It's already going mainstream.

它已经变成主流了。

Just recently, the musician Aphex Twin released his album as a dark net site.

最近，音乐家Aphex Twin 把他新专辑用暗网网站的方式发行。

Facebook has started a dark net site.

脸书已经有了一个暗网网站地址。

A group of London architects have opened a dark net site

一群伦敦的建筑师 已经建立了一个暗网网站，

for people worried about regeneration projects.

给担心再生空间计划的人们。

Yes, the dark net is going mainstream,

是的，暗网正在成为主流。

and I predict that fairly soon, every social media company,

我预言，很快， 每一个社交网站公司，

every major news outlet,

甚至大型新闻公司，

and therefore most of you in this audience,

以及大部分的你们， 在这里听我说话，

will be using the dark net, too.

都会开始使用暗网。

So the Internet is about to get more interesting,

所以网络正在变得更加有趣，

more exciting, more innovative,

更激动人心，更创新，

more terrible,

更可怕，

more destructive.

更有毁灭力量。

That's good news if you care about liberty.

如果你在乎自由，

It's good news if you care about freedom.

这是好消息。

It's good news if you care about democracy.

如果你在乎民主，这是好消息。

It's also good news

如果你想看非法成人影像，

if you want to browse for illegal pornography

这也是个好消息。

and if you want to buy and sell drugs

若你想买卖毒品

with impunity.

并且逃脱制裁。

Neither entirely dark, nor entirely light.

并不是全黑暗，也并不光彩。

It's not one side or the other that's going to win out, but both.

黑暗和光明将会并存于这里。

Thank you very much, indeed.

谢谢。真的。

(Applause)

（掌声）