How the mysterious dark net is going mainstream | Jamie Bartlett

Prevoditelj: Marija Saric Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

If you want to buy high-quality, low-price cocaine,

Ako želite kupiti visokokvalitetan, jeftini kokain,

there really is only one place to go,

idete samo na jedno mjesto,

and that is the dark net anonymous markets.

a to su anonimna tržišta dark neta.

Now, you can't get to these sites

Do ovih stranica ne možete doći

with a normal browser -- Chrome or Firefox --

normalnim preglednicima -- Chromeom ili Firefoxom --

because they're on this hidden part of the Internet,

jer se nalaze u skrivenom dijelu interneta

known as Tor hidden services,

poznatom kao Torove skrivene usluge

where URLs are a string of meaningless numbers and letters that end in .onion,

gdje su url-ovi nizovi besmislenih brojeva i slova koji završavaju na .onion

and which you access with a special browser

i kojima pristupate posebnim preglednikom

called the Tor browser.

koji se zove Tor preglednik.

Now, the Tor browser was originally a U.S. Naval intelligence project.

Preglednik Tor originalno je bio projekt obavještajne službe Mornarice SAD-a.

It then became open source,

Nakon toga, otvoren mu je kod

and it allows anybody to browse the net

i svima omogućuje surfanje na Internetu

without giving away their location.

bez odavanja njihove lokacije.

And it does this by encrypting your IP address

Čini ovo šifriranjem vaše IP adrese

and then routing it via several other computers around the world

i preusmjeravanjem preko nekoliko računala diljem svijeta,

that use the same software.

koja koriste isti softver.

You can use it on the normal Internet,

Možete ga koristiti za normalan internet,

but it's also your key to the dark net.

ali je ključan za dark net.

And because of this fiendishly clever encryption system,

Zbog ovog zlokobno pametnog sustava šifriranja

the 20 or 30 -- we don't know exactly -- thousand sites that operate there

20 ili 30 -- ne znamo točno -- tisuća stranica koje se tamo nalaze

are incredibly difficult to shut down.

nevjerojatno je teško ugasiti.

It is a censorship-free world visited by anonymous users.

Ovo je svijet bez cenzure, kojeg posjećuju anonimni korisnici.

Little wonder, then, that it's a natural place to go

Nije čudno da je to i prirodno mjesto na kojeg idu

for anybody with something to hide,

svi koji imaju nešto za sakriti,

and that something, of course, need not be illegal.

a to, naravno, ne mora biti nezakonito.

On the dark net, you will find

Na dark netu, naći ćete

whistle-blower sites, The New Yorker.

stranice zviždača, The New Yorker.

You will find political activism blogs.

Naći ćete blogove za politički aktivizam.

You will find libraries of pirated books.

Naći ćete knjižnice piratiziranih knjiga.

But you'll also find the drugs markets,

Ali naći ćete i tržišta droge,

illegal pornography, commercial hacking services,

nezakonitu pornografiju, komercijalne usluge hakiranja

and much more besides.

i još mnogo toga.

Now, the dark net is one of the most interesting, exciting places

Dark net je jedno od najzanimljivijih, najuzbudljivijih mjesta

anywhere on the net.

na Internetu.

And the reason is, because although innovation, of course,

Razlog tome je što, iako se inovacija javlja

takes place in big businesses,

u velikim tvrtkama

takes place in world-class universities,

i na poznatim sveučilištima,

it also takes place in the fringes,

događa se i na rubovima,

because those on the fringes -- the pariahs, the outcasts --

jer oni koji su na rubovima -- izgnani i odbačeni --

they're often the most creative, because they have to be.

oni su često najkreativniji jer moraju biti.

In this part of the Internet,

U ovom dijelu Interneta,

you will not find a single lolcat,

nećete naći smiješne mačke

a single pop-up advert anywhere.

ili skočne reklame.

And that's one of the reasons why I think

To je jedan od razloga zašto mislim da će

many of you here will be on the dark net fairly soon.

mnogi od vas uskoro prijeći na dark net.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Not that I'm suggesting anyone in this audience would use it

Ne mislim da će ga netko iz publike koristiti

to go and procure high-quality narcotics.

za pronalaženje visokokvalitetnih narkotika.

But let's say for a moment that you were.

No, recimo da želite to napraviti.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Bear with me.

Poslušajte me.

The first thing you will notice on signing up to one of these sites

Prvo što ćete primijetiti kada se registrirate na takve stranice

is how familiar it looks.

je kako poznato izgledaju.

Every single product --

Svaki proizvod --

thousands of products --

tisuće proizvoda --

has a glossy, high-res image,

imaju sjajnu sliku u visokoj rezoluciji,

a detailed product description, a price.

detaljan opis proizvoda, cijenu.

There's a "Proceed to checkout" icon.

Imate ikonu "Završi kupovinu".

There is even, most beautifully of all,

Najbolje od svega, imaju čak i

a "Report this item" button.

dugme "Prijavi ovaj proizvod".

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Incredible.

Nevjerojatno.

You browse through the site, you make your choice,

Pregledavate stranicu, odaberete proizvod,

you pay with the crypto-currency bitcoin,

platite kriptovalutom bitcoinom,

you enter an address -- preferably not your home address --

upišete adresu -- po mogućnosti ne svoju kućnu --

and you wait for your product to arrive in the post,

i čekate da vaš proizvod dođe poštom,

which it nearly always does.

a gotovo uvijek i dođe.

And the reason it does is not because of the clever encryption.

Razlog što on dođe nije pametno šifriranje.

That's important.

To je važno.

Something far simpler than that.

Nego je nešto puno jednostavnije od toga.

It's the user reviews.

Ocjene korisnika.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

You see, every single vendor on these sites

Svaki prodavač na ovim stranicama

uses a pseudonym, naturally enough,

koristi pseudonim, naravno,

but they keep the same pseudonym to build up a reputation.

no drži se istog pseudonima kako bi izgradio reputaciju.

And because it's easy for the buyer to change allegiance whenever they want,

Zato što kupac lako može otići dalje kada to želi,

the only way of trusting a vendor

jedini način kako vjerovati prodavaču je

is if they have a good history of positive feedback

ako ima dobru povijest pozitivnih ocjena

from other users of the site.

od drugih korisnika na stranici.

And this introduction of competition and choice

Ovo uvođenje natjecanja i izbora

does exactly what the economists would predict.

radi upravo ono što bi ekonomisti pretpostavili.

Prices tend to go down, product quality tends to go up,

Cijene idu dolje, kvaliteta proizvoda ide gore,

and the vendors are attentive,

a prodavači su pažljivi,

they're polite, they're consumer-centric,

oni su pristojni, usmjereni na kupca,

offering you all manner of special deals, one-offs,

nude vam svakakve posebne ponude,

buy-one-get-one-frees, free delivery,

kupite jedan, uzmite dva, besplatne dostave,

to keep you happy.

sve da biste bili sretni.

I spoke to Drugsheaven.

Razgovarao sam s Drugsheavenom.

Drugsheaven was offering excellent and consistent marijuana

Drugsheaven je nudio odličnu i konzistentnu marihuanu

at a reasonable price.

po razumnoj cijeni.

He had a very generous refund policy,

Imao je vrlo velikodušnu politiku vraćanja proizvoda,

detailed T's and C's,

detaljne Odredbe i uvjete

and good shipping times.

i dobro vrijeme dostave.

"Dear Drugsheaven," I wrote,

"Dragi Drugsheaven", napisao sam

via the internal emailing system that's also encrypted, of course.

pomoću internog sustava poruka koji je također šifriran, naravno.

"I'm new here. Do you mind if I buy just one gram of marijuana?"

"Novi sam ovdje. Mogu li kupiti samo jedan gram marihuane?"

A couple of hours later, I get a reply.

Par sati poslije, dobio sam odgovor.

They always reply.

Uvijek odgovore.

"Hi there, thanks for your email.

"Bok, hvala za e-mail.

Starting small is a wise thing to do. I would, too, if I were you."

Početi polagano je uvijek mudro. I ja bih tako da sam na tvom mjestu."

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

"So no problem if you'd like to start with just one gram.

"Nema problema ako ćete početi samo s jednim gramom.

I do hope we can do business together.

Nadam se da ćemo poslovati.

Best wishes, Drugsheaven."

Lijep pozdrav, Drugsheaven."

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I don't know why he had a posh English accent, but I assume he did.

Ne znam zašto bi imao profinjeni britanski naglasak, ali pretpostavljam.

Now, this kind of consumer-centric attitude

Ovakva usmjerenost na kupca je

is the reason why, when I reviewed 120,000 pieces of feedback

razlog zašto, kada sam pregledao 120 000 ocjena

that had been left on one of these sites over a three-month period,

koje su ostavljene na jednoj od stranica u roku od tri mjeseca,

95 percent of them were five out of five.

95% njih bilo ocijenjeno pet od pet.

The customer, you see, is king.

Kupac je kralj.

But what does that mean?

No što to znači?

Well, on the one hand,

S jedne strane,

that means there are more drugs, more available, more easily,

znači da je više droge lakše dostupno

to more people.

većem broju ljudi.

And by my reckoning, that is not a good thing.

Po mom mišljenju, to nije dobra stvar.

But, on the other hand, if you are going to take drugs,

No, s druge strane, ako ćete se drogirati,

you have a reasonably good way

imate razumno dobar način

of guaranteeing a certain level of purity and quality,

garancije određene razine čistoće i kvalitete,

which is incredibly important if you're taking drugs.

što je nevjerojatno važno ako se drogirate.

And you can do so from the comfort of your own home,

Možete to činiti iz udobnosti svog doma,

without the risks associated with buying on the streets.

bez rizika povezanih s kupovinom na ulicama.

Now, as I said,

Kao što sam rekao,

you've got to be creative and innovative to survive in this marketplace.

morate biti kreativni i inovativni kako biste preživjeli na ovom tržištu.

And the 20 or so sites that are currently in operation --

Otprilike 20-ak stranica koje rade --

by the way, they don't always work, they're not always perfect;

usput, ne rade uvijek, nisu uvijek savršene;

the site that I showed you was shut down 18 months ago,

stranica koju sam vam pokazao srušena je prije 18 mjeseci,

but not before it had turned over a billion dollars' worth of trade.

ali ne prije nego je kroz nju prošlo preko milijardu dolara robe.

But these markets,

Ova tržišta,

because of the difficult conditions in which they are operating,

zbog teških uvjeta u kojima rade,

the inhospitable conditions,

negostoljubivih tržišta,

are always innovating, always thinking of ways of getting smarter,

uvijek su inovativna, uvijek razmišljaju kako biti pametniji,

more decentralized, harder to censor,

decentralizirati se, biti otporniji na cenzuru,

and more customer-friendly.

i usmjereniji na kupca.

Let's take the payment system.

Pogledajmo sustav plaćanja.

You don't pay with your credit card,

Ne plaćate kreditnom karticom,

of course -- that would lead directly back to you.

naravno -- to bi vodilo ravno do vas.

So you use the crypto-currency bitcoin,

Koristite kriptovalutu bitcoin,

which is easily exchanged for real-world currencies

koja se lako mijenja za nevirtualne valute

and gives quite a high degree of anonymity to its users.

i daje veću dozu anonimnosti svojim korisnicima.

But at the beginning of these sites, people noticed a flaw.

No na početku ovih stranica, ljudi su primijetili manu.

Some of the unscrupulous dealers were running away with peoples' bitcoin

Neki bezobzirni dileri su uzimali bitcoine

before they'd mailed the drugs out.

prije slanja droge.

The community came up with a solution, called multi-signature escrow payments.

Zajednica je našla rješenje, escrow račun s više potpisa.

So on purchasing my item,

Dakle, pri kupnji stavke

I would send my bitcoin

poslao bih bitcoine

to a neutral, secure third digital wallet.

u neutralni, sigurni digitalni novčanik treće stranke.

The vendor, who would see that I'd sent it,

Prodavač, koji vidi da sam poslao,

would be confident that they could then send the product to me,

siguran je da mi može poslati proizvod,

and then when I received it,

a kada bih ga primio

at least two of the three people engaged in the transaction --

najmanje dvoje od troje ljudi uključenih u transakciju --

vendor, buyer, site administrator --

prodavač, kupac, administrator stranice --

would have to sign the transaction off

moraju potpisati transakciju

with a unique digital signature,

jedinstvenim digitalnim potpisom,

and then the money would be transferred.

nakon čega se vrši prijenos novca.

Brilliant!

Genijalno!

Elegant.

Elegantno.

It works.

Funkcionira.

But then they realized there was a problem with bitcoin,

Tada su shvatili da postoji problem s bitcoinom

because every bitcoin transaction

jer se svaka transakcija bitcoina

is actually recorded publicly in a public ledger.

bilježi u javno dostupnoj knjizi salda.

So if you're clever, you can try and work out who's behind them.

Ako ste pametni, možete probati doći do uključenih osoba.

So they came up with a tumbling service.

Pa su izmislili servis za prevrtanje.

Hundreds of people send their bitcoin into one address,

Stotine ljudi šalju svoje bitcoine na jednu adresu,

they're tumbled and jumbled up,

oni se prevrću i miješaju

and then the right amount is sent on to the right recipients,

i točan iznos šalje se pravim primateljima,

but they're different bitcoins:

ali druge bitcoine:

micro-laundering systems.

sustav mikropranja novca.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

It's incredible.

Nevjerojatno.

Interested in what drugs are trending right now on the dark net markets?

Zanima li vas koje su droge popularne na tržištima darkneta?

Check Grams, the search engine.

Pogledajte na Gramsu, pretraživaču.

You can even buy some advertising space.

Možete kupiti i reklamni prostor.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Are you an ethical consumer worried about what the drugs industry is doing?

Jeste li etičan korisnik kojeg brine što industrija droge radi?

Yeah.

Da.

One vendor will offer you fair trade organic cocaine.

Jedan prodavač nudi organski kokain po fer cijeni.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

That's not being sourced from Colombian druglords,

Ovaj ne dolazi od kolumbijskih narko šefova

but Guatemalan farmers.

nego od gvatemalskih farmera.

They even promised to reinvest 20 percent of any profits

Obećavaju čak i ponovno investirati 20% profita

into local education programs.

u lokalne sustave obrazovanja.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

There's even a mystery shopper.

Imaju čak i tajnog kupca.

Now, whatever you think about the morality of these sites --

Štogod mislili o moralnosti ovih stranica --

and I submit that it's not actually an easy question --

i smatram da ovo nije jednostavno pitanje --

the creation of functioning, competitive, anonymous markets,

stvaranje kompetitivnog i anonimnog tržišta koje funkcionira,

where nobody knows who anybody else is,

pri čemu nitko ne zna gdje je netko drugi,

constantly at risk of being shut down by the authorities,

u konstantnom riziku da će vas vlasti zatvoriti,

is a staggering achievement,

zapanjujuće je postignuće,

a phenomenal achievement.

fenomenalno postignuće.

And it's that kind of innovation

Zbog ovog tipa inovacije

that's why those on the fringes

su oni koji su na rubovima

are often the harbingers of what is to come.

često preteča onoga što dolazi.

It's easy to forget

Lako je zaboraviti,

that because of its short life,

zbog svog kratkog vijeka,

the Internet has actually changed many times

da se internet mijenjao nekoliko puta

over the last 30 years or so.

u zadnjih 30 godina.

It started in the '70s as a military project,

Javio se 70-ih kao vojni projekt,

morphed in the 1980s to an academic network,

pretvorio u akademsku mrežu 1980-ih,

co-opted by commercial companies in the '90s,

preuzele su ga komercijalne tvrtke u 90-ima,

and then invaded by all of us via social media in the noughties,

a onda smo mi izvršli invaziju kroz društvene medije u 2000-ima

but I think it's going to change again.

i mislim da će se opet promijeniti.

And I think things like the dark net markets --

Mislim da je nešto poput tržišta darkneta --

creative, secure, difficult to censor --

kreativno, sigurno, teško za cenzurirati --

I think that's the future.

mislim da je to budućnost.

And the reason it's the future

Razlog zašto je ovo budućnost

is because we're all worried about our privacy.

jest zbog brige o našoj privatnosti.

Surveys consistently show concerns about privacy.

Anekte neprestano pokazuju brigu za privatnost.

The more time we spend online, the more we worry about them,

Što više vremena provodimo na internetu, sve smo zabrinutiji,

and those surveys show our worries are growing.

a ankete pokazuju da briga raste.

We're worried about what happens to our data.

Brine nas što se događa s našim podatcima.

We're worried about who might be watching us.

Brine nas to tko nas možda gleda.

Since the revelations from Edward Snowden,

Od otkrića Edwarda Snowdena,

there's been a huge increase in the number of people

došlo je do ogromnog povećanja broja ljudi

using various privacy-enhancing tools.

koji koriste razne alate za osiguravanje privatnosti.

There are now between two and three million daily users

Postoji oko dva ili tri milijuna svakodnevnih korisnika

of the Tor browser,

preglednika Tor,

the majority of which use is perfectly legitimate,

od kojih ga većina koristi za zakonite radnje,

sometimes even mundane.

čak svakodnevne.

And there are hundreds of activists around the world

Postoji stotine aktivista diljem svijeta

working on techniques and tools to keep you private online --

koji rade na tehnikama i alatima kako biste imali privatnost na internetu -

default encrypted messaging services.

standardne šifrirane usluge za slanje poruka.

Ethereum, which is a project which tries to link up

Ethereum, projekt koji nastoji povezati

the connected but unused hard drives of millions of computers around the world,

spojene, ali neiskorištene tvrde diskove milijuna računala diljem svijeta

to create a sort of distributed Internet that no one really controls.

kako bi se stvorio distribuirani internet koji nitko ne kontrolira.

Now, we've had distributed computing before, of course.

Imamo distribuirano računarstvo od ranije, naravno.

We use it for everything from Skype to the search for extraterrestrial life.

Koristimo ga za sve, od Skypea do potrage za izvanzemaljskim životom.

But you add distributed computing and powerful encryption --

No kada spojite distribuirano računarstvo i snažno šifriranje --

that's very, very hard to censor and control.

to je iznimno teško cenzurirati i kontrolirati.

Another called MaidSafe works on similar principles.

Drugi se zove MaidSafe i radi na sličnim principima.

Another called Twister, and so on and so on.

Treći se zove Twister i tako dalje, i tako dalje.

And here's the thing --

Stvar je u ovome --

the more of us join,

što nas se više uključi,

the more interesting those sites become,

ove stranice postaju sve zanimljivije,

and then the more of us join, and so on.

a tada nas se još priključi, itd.

And I think that's what's going to happen.

Mislim da će se to dogoditi.

In fact, it's already happening.

Zapravo, već se događa.

The dark net is no longer a den for dealers

Darknet više nije jazbina za dilere

and a hideout for whistle-blowers.

i skrovište za zviždače.

It's already going mainstream.

Postaje glavni trend.

Just recently, the musician Aphex Twin released his album as a dark net site.

Nedavno je glazbenik Aphex Twin objavio svoj album na stranici darkneta.

Facebook has started a dark net site.

Facebook je pokrenuo darknet stranicu.

A group of London architects have opened a dark net site

Grupa londonskih arhitekata otvorila je stranicu na darknetu

for people worried about regeneration projects.

za ljude zabrinute za projekte regeneracije.

Yes, the dark net is going mainstream,

Da, darknet postaje glavni trend,

and I predict that fairly soon, every social media company,

vjerujem da će uskoro svaka tvrtka društvenih medija,

every major news outlet,

svaka veća novinska agencija

and therefore most of you in this audience,

i većina vas u publici

will be using the dark net, too.

koristiti darknet.

So the Internet is about to get more interesting,

Internet će postati još zanimljiviji,

more exciting, more innovative,

uzbudljiviji i inovativniji,

more terrible,

još strašniji

more destructive.

i još destruktivniji.

Ovo su dobre vijesti ako vam je stalo do slobode.

That's good news if you care about liberty.

It's good news if you care about freedom.

Dobre vijesti ako vam je stalo do nezavisnosti.

It's good news if you care about democracy.

Dobre vijesti ako vam je stalo do demokracije.

It's also good news

Dobre vijesti

if you want to browse for illegal pornography

ako želite gledati nezakonitu pornografiju

and if you want to buy and sell drugs

i ako želite kupiti i prodati droge

with impunity.

bez kazne.

Neither entirely dark, nor entirely light.

Nije u potpunosti mračan, niti u potpunosti svijetao.

It's not one side or the other that's going to win out, but both.

Neće pobijediti nijedna strana, nego obje.

Thank you very much, indeed.

Puno vam hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)