6 ways mushrooms can save the world | Paul Stamets | TED

Translator: Klaus Terman Reviewer: Sune Vilsted Østergaard

I love a challenge, and saving the Earth is probably a good one.

Jeg elsker en udfordring, og at redde verden er sikkert en god en.

We all know the Earth is in trouble.

Vi ved alle at kloden er i knibe.

We have now entered in the 6X,

Vi er nu trådt ind i 6X,

the sixth major extinction on this planet.

den sjette store udslettelse på denne planet.

I often wondered, if there was a United Organization of Organisms --

Hvis der fandtes en Sammenslutning af Forenede Organismer --

otherwise known as "Uh-Oh" --

også kendt som SFO --

(Laughter) -- and every organism had a right to vote,

(latter) -- og alle organismer har stemmeret,

would we be voted on the planet, or off the planet?

mon vi blev stemt ind eller ud af planeten?

I think that vote is occurring right now.

Jeg tror den afstemning er i gang lige nu.

I want to present to you a suite of six mycological solutions,

Lad mig præsentere jer for et sæt af seks mykologiske løsninger

using fungi, and these solutions are based on mycelium.

ved brug af svampe, og disse løsninger er baseret på mycelium.

The mycelium infuses all landscapes,

Myceliet findes i alle landskaber,

it holds soils together, it's extremely tenacious.

det holder jorden sammen, og er ekstremt stærkt.

This holds up to 30,000 times its mass.

Det kan bære op til 30.000 gange dets egen masse.

They're the grand molecular disassemblers of nature -- the soil magicians.

De er naturens store molekylære adskillere -- jord-magikere.

They generate the humus soils across the landmasses of Earth.

De genererer muldjorden på hele jordens overflade.

We have now discovered that there is a multi-directional transfer

Vi har nu opdaget at der er flervejs udveksling

of nutrients between plants, mitigated by the mcyelium --

af næringsstoffer mellem planter, styret at myceliet --

so the mycelium is the mother

så myceliet er moderen,

that is giving nutrients from alder and birch trees

som giver næring fra elle- og birketræer

to hemlocks, cedars and Douglas firs.

til skarntyde, cedertræer og douglasgran.

Dusty and I, we like to say, on Sunday, this is where we go to church.

Om søndagen når vi går til kirke, plejer Dusty og jeg at sige,

I'm in love with the old-growth forest,

Jeg er forelsket i urskoven,

and I'm a patriotic American because we have those.

og jeg er patriotisk amerikaner fordi vi har sådanne.

Most of you are familiar with Portobello mushrooms.

De fleste af jer kender Portobello-svampe.

And frankly, I face a big obstacle.

Og helt ærligt, det er en udfordring.

When I mention mushrooms to somebody,

Når jeg nævner svampe,

they immediately think Portobellos or magic mushrooms,

tænker folk Portobello eller psykedeliske,

their eyes glaze over, and they think I'm a little crazy.

de ser lidt fjernt på mig, og tror jeg er skør.

So, I hope to pierce that prejudice forever with this group.

Så jeg håber at fjerne den fordom for evigt med denne gruppe.

We call it mycophobia,

Vi kalder det mykofobi,

the irrational fear of the unknown, when it comes to fungi.

den irrationelle frygt for det ukendte, når det kommer til svampe.

Mushrooms are very fast in their growth.

Svampe gror meget hurtigt.

Day 21, day 23, day 25.

Dag 21, dag 23, dag 25.

Mushrooms produce strong antibiotics.

Svampe producerer stærk antibiotika.

In fact, we're more closely related to fungi than we are to any other kingdom.

Vi er tættere forbundet med svampe, end med noget andet rige.

A group of 20 eukaryotic microbiologists

En gruppe på 20 eukaryotiske mikrobiologer

published a paper two years ago erecting opisthokonta --

udgav for to år siden en rapport om Opisthokonta --

a super-kingdom that joins animalia and fungi together.

et super-rige som forener dyr og svampe.

We share in common the same pathogens.

Vi er fælles om de samme patogener.

Fungi don't like to rot from bacteria,

Svampe vil helst ikke rådne af bakterier,

and so our best antibiotics come from fungi.

og derfor kommer den bedste antibiotika fra svampe.

But here is a mushroom that's past its prime.

Men her er en aldrende svamp.

After they sporulate, they do rot.

Efter de har smidt deres sporer, rådner de.

But I propose to you that the sequence of microbes

Men sekvensen af mikrober

that occur on rotting mushrooms

der forekommer på rådnende svampe

are essential for the health of the forest.

er essentielle for skovens sundhed.

They give rise to the trees,

De tillader træerne at gro,

they create the debris fields that feed the mycelium.

de skaber områder med affald som nærer myceliet.

And so we see a mushroom here sporulating.

Og her ser vi en svamp som kaster sine sporer.

And the spores are germinating,

Og sporerne spirer,

and the mycelium forms and goes underground.

og myceliet formerer sig og går under jorden.

In a single cubic inch of soil, there can be more than eight miles of these cells.

I en kubiktomme jord kan der være mere end 13 km. af disse celler.

My foot is covering approximately 300 miles of mycelium.

Min fod dækker ca. 480 km. mycelie.

This is photomicrographs from Nick Read and Patrick Hickey.

Dette er mikrofotografier fra Nick Read og Patrick Hickey.

And notice that as the mycelium grows,

Og bemærk at mens myceliet gror,

it conquers territory and then it begins the net.

erobrer det land, og påbegynder nettet.

I've been a scanning electron microscopist for many years,

Jeg har været elektron- mikroskopist i mange år,

I have thousands of electron micrographs,

Jeg har tusindvis af elektronmikrofotografier,

and when I'm staring at the mycelium,

og når jeg ser på myceliet,

I realize that they are microfiltration membranes.

ser jeg de er mikrofiltrerende membraner.

We exhale carbon dioxide, so does mycelium.

Vi udånder kuldioxid ligesom myceliet.

It inhales oxygen, just like we do.

Det indånder oxygen ligesom os.

But these are essentially externalized stomachs and lungs.

Men de er faktisk eksterne maver og lunger.

And I present to you a concept that these are extended neurological membranes.

Konceptuelt, viser jeg at de er udvidede neurologiske membraner.

And in these cavities, these micro-cavities form,

Og i hulrum dannes disse mikro-hulrum,

and as they fuse soils, they absorb water.

og mens de forbinder jord, optager de vand.

These are little wells.

Dette er små brønde.

And inside these wells, then microbial communities begin to form.

Og i disse brønde begynder mikrobiologiske samfund at dannes.

And so the spongy soil not only resists erosion,

Hvorved den svampede jord ikke kun modstår erosion,

but sets up a microbial universe

men opstiller et mikrobiologisk univers,

that gives rise to a plurality of other organisms.

som afføder et væld af andre organismer.

I first proposed, in the early 1990s,

I de tidligere 90'ere forslog jeg,

that mycelium is Earth's natural Internet.

at mycelium er jordens naturlige internet.

When you look at the mycelium, they're highly branched.

Når man ser på myceliet, er de i høj grad forgrenede.

And if there's one branch that is broken, then very quickly,

Og hvis én gren er ødelagt, vil der hurtigt,

because of the nodes of crossing --

grundet de krydsende punkter --

Internet engineers maybe call them hot points --

internet-ingeniørere siger måske hotspots --

there are alternative pathways for channeling nutrients and information.

findes alternative veje for næringsstoffer og information.

The mycelium is sentient.

Myceliet er sansende.

It knows that you are there.

Det ved at I er der.

When you walk across landscapes,

Når I går henover landskaber,

it leaps up in the aftermath of your footsteps trying to grab debris.

rækker det op i jeres fodspor, for at finde efterladenskaber.

So, I believe the invention of the computer Internet

Så jeg mener at opfindelsen af internettet

is an inevitable consequence

er en uundgåelig konsekvens

of a previously proven, biologically successful model.

af et tidligere efterprøvet biologisk model.

The Earth invented the computer Internet for its own benefit,

Jorden opfandt internettet til dens egen fordel,

and we now, being the top organism on this planet,

og vi, den øverste organisme på planeten,

are trying to allocate resources in order to protect the biosphere.

prøver at allokere ressourcer til at beskytte biosfæren.

Going way out, dark matter conforms to the same mycelial archetype.

Lidt langt ude, så stemmer mørkt stof med mycelie-arketypen.

I believe matter begets life;

Jeg tror stof avler liv;

life becomes single cells; single cells become strings;

liv bliver til enlige celler; enlige celler bliver til strenge;

strings become chains; chains network.

strenge bliver til kæder; kæder til netværk.

And this is the paradigm that we see throughout the universe.

Og dette paradigme ser vi i hele universet

Most of you may not know that fungi were the first organisms to come to land.

I ved måske at svampe, var de første organismer der gik på land.

They came to land 1.3 billion years ago,

De ankom på land for 1,3 milliard år siden,

and plants followed several hundred million years later.

og planter fulgte flere hundrede millioner år senere.

How is that possible?

Hvordan er det muligt?

It's possible because the mycelium produces oxalic acids,

Det er muligt fordi myceliet producerer oxalsyre,

and many other acids and enzymes,

og mange andre syrer og enzymer,

pockmarking rock and grabbing calcium and other minerals

som ætser sten og tager kalk og andre mineraler

and forming calcium oxalates.

og danner kalciumoxalater.

Makes the rocks crumble, and the first step in the generation of soil.

Får klipperne til at smuldre, og tager første skridt i dannelsen af jord.

Oxalic acid is two carbon dioxide molecules joined together.

Oxalsyre er to forbundne kuldioxid-molekyler.

So, fungi and mycelium

Så, svampe og mycelier

sequester carbon dioxide in the form of calcium oxalates.

binder kuldioxid i form af kalciumoxalat.

And all sorts of other oxalates

Og andre oxalater

are also sequestering carbon dioxide through the minerals

binder også kuldioxid i form af de mineraler,

that are being formed and taken out of the rock matrix.

der bliver dannet ud af klippematerialet.

This was first discovered in 1859.

Dette opdagede man først i 1859.

This is a photograph by Franz Hueber.

Dette er et fotografi taget af Franz Hueber.

This photograph's taken 1950s in Saudi Arabia.

Dette fotografi blev taget i 1950'ernes Saudi Arabien.

420 million years ago, this organism existed.

Denne organisme eksisterede for 420 millioner år siden.

It was called Prototaxites.

Den blev kaldt Prototaxites.

Prototaxites, laying down, was about three feet tall.

Prototaxites var liggende, en lille meter høj.

The tallest plants on Earth at that time were less than two feet.

Den højeste plante på jorden var på det tidspunkt under 60 cm.

Dr. Boyce, at the University of Chicago,

Dr. Boyce ved Chicago's universitet

published an article in the Journal of Geology

udgav en artikel i Journal of Geology

this past year determining that Prototaxites was a giant fungus,

sidste år, som afgør at Prototaxites var en stor svamp,

a giant mushroom.

en kæmpe svamp.

Across the landscapes of Earth were dotted these giant mushrooms.

På tværs af jordens landskaber, lå disse kæmpe svampe spredt.

All across most land masses.

Udover de fleste landmasser.

And these existed for tens of millions of years.

Og de eksisterede i mere end 10 millioner år.

Now, we've had several extinction events, and as we march forward --

Nu har vi haft flere masseuddøen, og hvis vi går frem til

65 million years ago -- most of you know about it --

for 65 millioner år siden -- I ved det nok allerede --

we had an asteroid impact.

så styrtede en asteroide ned.

The Earth was struck by an asteroid,

Jorden blev ramt af en asteroide,

a huge amount of debris was jettisoned into the atmosphere.

enorme mængder skidt blev hvirvlet op i atmosfæren.

Sunlight was cut off, and fungi inherited the Earth.

Sollyset blev lukket ude, og svampene overtog jorden.

Those organisms that paired with fungi were rewarded,

De organismer som teamede op med svampe blev belønnet,

because fungi do not need light.

for svampe behøver ikke lys.

More recently, at Einstein University,

Senest har de ved Einstein University

they just determined that fungi use radiation as a source of energy,

konstateret at svampe bruger stråling som energikilde

much like plants use light.

meget ligesom planter bruger lys.

So, the prospect of fungi existing on other planets elsewhere,

Så udsigten til at svampe eksisterer på andre planeter,

I think, is a forgone conclusion,

tænker jeg, er givet på forhånd,

at least in my own mind.

i hvert fald i mit hoved.

The largest organism in the world is in Eastern Oregon.

Den største organisme i verden, findes i øst-Oregon.

I couldn't miss it. It was 2,200 acres in size:

Jeg kunne ikke overse den. Den var 9 kvadratkilometer.

2,200 acres in size, 2,000 years old.

9 kvadratkilometer og 2000 år gammel.

The largest organism on the planet is a mycelial mat, one cell wall thick.

Den største organisme på planeten er en mycelie-måtte, en cellevæg tyk.

How is it that this organism can be so large,

Hvordan kan denne organisme være så stor,

and yet be one cell wall thick,

og stadig være én cellevæg tyk,

whereas we have five or six skin layers that protect us?

når vi har fem-seks hudlag som beskyttelse?

The mycelium, in the right conditions, produces a mushroom --

Myceliet producerer, under rette omstændigheder, en svamp,

it bursts through with such ferocity that it can break asphalt.

der vokser med en sådan vildskab, at den kan bryde igennem asfalt.

We were involved with several experiments.

Vi blev involveret i flere eksperimenter.

I'm going to show you six, if I can,

Jeg vil vise jer seks, hvis jeg kan,

solutions for helping to save the world.

løsninger som hjælper med at redde verden.

Battelle Laboratories and I joined up in Bellingham, Washington.

Batelle Laboratories og jeg gik sammen i Bellington, Washington.

There were four piles saturated with diesel and other petroleum waste:

Der var fire bunker mættet med diesel og andet olie-affald,

one was a control pile; one pile was treated with enzymes;

én var en kontrolbunke, én var behandlet med enzymer,

one pile was treated with bacteria;

én var behandlet med bakterier,

and our pile we inoculated with mushroom mycelium.

og vores bunke podede vi med mycelie.

The mycelium absorbs the oil.

Myceliet optager olien.

The mycelium is producing enzymes --

Myceliet producerer enzymer,

peroxidases -- that break carbon-hydrogen bonds.

peroxidaser -- der nedbryder kulstof-brint-forbindelser.

These are the same bonds that hold hydrocarbons together.

De samme forbindelser som holder kulbrinter sammen.

So, the mycelium becomes saturated with the oil,

Så, myceliet suger olien,

and then, when we returned six weeks later,

og da vi kom retur 6 uger senere,

all the tarps were removed,

blev alle presenningerne fjernet,

all the other piles were dead, dark and stinky.

de andre bunker var døde, mørke og stank.

We came back to our pile, it was covered

Vores bunke var dækket med kilovis af østershatte,

with hundreds of pounds of oyster mushrooms,

and the color changed to a light form.

og farven skiftede til en mere lys udgave.

The enzymes remanufactured the hydrocarbons

Enzymerne omdannede kulbrinterne

into carbohydrates -- fungal sugars.

til kulhydrater -- svampesukker.

Some of these mushrooms are very happy mushrooms.

Nogle af disse svampe er meget glade.

They're very large.

De er meget store.

They're showing how much nutrition that they could've obtained.

De viser hvor meget næring de kunne have optaget.

But something else happened, which was an epiphany in my life.

Men der skete mere, noget som gav mig en åbenbaring.

They sporulated, the spores attract insects,

De spredte sporer, som tiltrækker insekter

the insects laid eggs, eggs became larvae.

insekterne lagde æg, æggene blev til larver.

Birds then came, bringing in seeds,

Fugle kom, og de medbragte frø,

and our pile became an oasis of life.

og vores bunke blev en oase af liv.

Whereas the other three piles were dead, dark and stinky,

Hvor de andre var døde, mørke og stinkende,

and the PAH's -- the aromatic hydrocarbons --

og PAH'erne -- de aromatiske kulbrinter --

went from 10,000 parts per million to less than 200 in eight weeks.

gik fra 10.000 ppm. til mindre end 200 på 8 uger.

The last image we don't have.

Vi har ikke det sidste billede.

The entire pile was a green berm of life.

Hele bunken var en grøn bremme af liv.

These are gateway species,

Disse er grænse-arter,

vanguard species that open the door for other biological communities.

specielle arter, der åbner døren for andre biologiske samfund.

So I invented burlap sacks, bunker spawn --

Så jeg opfandt lærredssække til massespiring --

and putting the mycelium -- using storm blown debris,

og ved at placere myceliet i vragrester fra storme,

you can take these burlap sacks and put them downstream

kan man tage sådanne lærredsække og placere dem nedstrøms

from a farm that's producing E. coli, or other wastes,

fra en gård der laver E. coli eller andet affald,

or a factory with chemical toxins,

eller en fabrik med kemiske gifte,

and it leads to habitat restoration.

og det fører til rensning af levesteder.

So, we set up a site in Mason County, Washington,

Så, vi klargjorde et område i Mason county Washington,

and we've seen a dramatic decrease in the amount of coliforms.

og vi har set et dramatisk fald i mængden af colibakterier,

And I'll show you a graph here.

Jeg skal vise jer en graf.

This is a logarithmic scale, 10 to the eighth power.

Det er en logaritmisk skala, ti i ottende.

There's more than a 100 million colonies per gram,

Der er mere end 100 millioner kolonier pr. gram,

and 10 to the third power is around 1,000.

og ti i tredje er omkring 1000.

In 48 hours to 72 hours, these three mushroom species

På 48 til 72 timer, vil disse tre svampearter

reduced the amount of coliform bacteria 10,000 times.

reducere mængden af colibakterier 10.000 gange.

Think of the implications.

Tænk på anvendelserne.

This is a space-conservative method that uses storm debris --

Dette er en pladsbesparende metode som genanvender vragrester fra storme --

and we can guarantee that we will have storms every year.

og vi garanterer at vi får storme hvert år.

So, this one mushroom, in particular, has drawn our interest over time.

Specielt denne svamp har interesseret os over tid.

This is my wife Dusty,

Dette er min kone Dusty,

with a mushroom called Fomitopsis officinalis -- Agarikon.

med en Fomitopsis officinalis -- Agarikon.

It's a mushroom exclusive to the old-growth forest

Det er en svamp eksklusiv til urskoven,

that Dioscorides first described in 65 A.D.

som Dioscorides beskrev i 65 e. Kr.

as a treatment against consumption.

som en behandling imod tuberkulose.

This mushroom grows in Washington State, Oregon,

Svampen gror i Washington State, Oregon,

northern California, British Columbia, now thought to be extinct in Europe.

nord-Californien og Britisk Columbia, den menes uddød i Europa.

May not seem that large --

Den synes måske ikke så stor --

let's get closer.

men lad os gå tættere på.

This is extremely rare fungus.

Dette er en ekstremt sjælden svamp.

Our team -- and we have a team of experts that go out --

Vores team -- vores eksperter som tager ud --

we went out 20 times in the old-growth forest last year.

vi tog 20 ture til urskoven sidste år.

We found one sample to be able to get into culture.

Vi fandt én, som var god nok til at bevare.

Preserving the genome of these fungi in the old-growth forest

Bevaring af genomet af disse svampe fra urskoven

I think is absolutely critical for human health.

mener jeg er absolut kritisk for menneskets sundhed.

I've been involved with the U.S. Defense Department BioShield program.

Jeg har været involveret i USA's forsvars BioShield-program.

We submitted over 300 samples of mushrooms that were boiled in hot water,

Vi leverede over 300 prøver fra kogte svampe,

and mycelium harvesting these extracellular metabolites.

og mycelier høster disse ekstracellulære metabolitter.

And a few years ago,

Og for et par år siden

we received these results.

modtog vi disse resultater.

We have three different strains of Agarikon mushrooms

Vi har tre udgaver af Agarikon-svampe

that were highly active against poxviruses.

som var meget aktive imod koppervira.

Dr. Earl Kern, who's a smallpox expert

Dr. Earl Kern, som er kopper-ekspert

of the U.S. Defense Department, states that any compounds

i USA's forsvar, udtaler at ethvert stof

that have a selectivity index of two or more are active.

der har hhv. 2 eller mere er aktive,

10 or greater are considered to be very active.

10 eller mere er meget aktive,

Our mushroom strains were in the highly active range.

og vores svampe var i den meget aktive ende.

There's a vetted press release that you can read --

Man kan læse en pressemeddelelse --

it's vetted by DOD --

som er blåstemplet af DOD --

if you Google "Stamets" and "smallpox."

hvis man googler "Stamets" og "smallpox"

Or you can go to NPR.org and listen to a live interview.

Eller man kan åbne NPR.org og lytte til et interview.

So, encouraged by this, naturally we went to flu viruses.

Opmuntret af det, gik vi videre til influenzavira.

And so, for the first time, I am showing this.

Og her, for første gang, vil jeg vise.

We have three different strains of Agarikon mushrooms

Vi har tre forskellige udgaver af Agarikon-svampe

highly active against flu viruses.

som er meget aktiv imod influenza.

Here's the selectivity index numbers --

Her er virkningstallene --

against pox, you saw 10s and 20s -- now against flu viruses,

imod kopper så vi 10 og 20, nu imod influenzavira,

compared to the ribavirin controls,

sammenlignet med ribavirin-kontrolgrupperne,

we have an extraordinarily high activity.

har vi ekstrem høj aktivitet.

And we're using a natural extract

Og vi bruger et naturligt udtræk

within the same dosage window as a pure pharmaceutical.

med samme dosis som et rent farmaceutika.

We tried it against flu A viruses -- H1N1, H3N2 --

Vi forsøgte imod influeza A-vira -- H1N1, H3N2 --

as well as flu B viruses.

såvel som influenza B-vira.

So then we tried a blend,

Så prøvede vi en blanding,

and in a blend combination we tried it against H5N1,

og i en blandet kombination prøvede vi det imod H5N1,

and we got greater than 1,000 selectivity index.

og vi opnåede mere end 1000 i virkningsindex.

(Applause)

(bifald)

I then think that we can make the argument

Så jeg mener vi kan argumentere

that we should save the old-growth forest

at vi burde redde urskoven

as a matter of national defense.

alene for at forsvare nationen.

(Applause)

(bifald)

I became interested in entomopathogenic fungi --

Jeg blev interesseret i entomopatogene svampe --

fungi that kill insects.

svampe som dræber insekter.

Our house was being destroyed by carpenter ants.

Vores hus var angrebet af af myrer.

So, I went to the EPA homepage, and they were recommending studies

Så på EPA's webside, så jeg en anbefaling af studier

with metarhizium species of a group of fungi

med metarhizium-arter i en svampegruppe

that kill carpenter ants, as well as termites.

som dræber herkulesmyrer og termitter.

I did something that nobody else had done.

Jeg gjorde noget som ikke var set før.

I actually chased the mycelium, when it stopped producing spores.

Jeg jagtede myceliet, da det stoppede med at producere sporer.

These are spores -- this is in their spores.

Dette er sporer -- dette er deres sporer.

I was able to morph the culture

Det lykkedes mig at ændre kulturen

into a non-sporulating form.

til en ikke-sporedannende form.

And so the industry has spent over 100 million dollars

Industrien har brugt over 100 millioner dollar

specifically on bait stations to prevent termites from eating your house.

på lokkefælder for at forhindre termitter i at æde dit hus.

But the insects aren't stupid,

Men insekter er ikke dumme,

and they would avoid the spores when they came close,

og de undgik sporerne, når de kom tæt på,

and so I morphed the cultures into a non-sporulating form.

så jeg ændrede svampen til en ikke-sporedannende udgave.

And I got my daughter's Barbie doll dish,

Og med min datters barbiedukke bord,

I put it right where a bunch of carpenter ants

placeret lige hvor en masse herkulesmyrer

were making debris fields, every day,

havde lavet affaldsbunker hver dag,

in my house, and the ants were attracted to the mycelium,

og myrerne var nu mere interesserede i myceliet,

because there's no spores.

fordi der ingen sporer var.

They gave it to the queen.

Dronningen fik det.

One week later, I had no sawdust piles whatsoever.

En uge efter havde jeg ingen savsmuldsbunker overhovedet.

And then -- a delicate dance between dinner and death --

Og her -- en lille dans mellem mad og død --

the mycelium is consumed by the ants,

myceliet spises af myrene,

they become mummified, and, boing, a mushroom pops out of their head.

de bliver mumificerede, og bum, en svamp kommer der ud af deres hoveder.

(Laughter)

(latter)

Now after sporulation, the spores repel.

Efter sporedannelse afstødes sporerne,

So, the house is no longer suitable for invasion.

Og huset er ikke længere egnet til invasion.

So, you have a near-permanent solution for reinvasion of termites.

Så man har en nærmest permanent løsning også imod senere invasioner.

And so my house came down, I received my first patent

Så mit hus brydes ned og jeg får mit første patent

against carpenter ants, termites and fire ants.

imod herkulesmyrer, termitter og ildmyrer.

Then we tried extracts, and lo and behold,

Så prøvede vi ekstrakter, og minsandten om ikke

we can steer insects to different directions.

vi kan styre dem i forskellige retninger.

This has huge implications.

Det har enorme anvendelser.

I then received my second patent -- and this is a big one.

Jeg fik mit andet patent -- og det var stort.

It's been called an Alexander Graham Bell patent.

Det kaldes et Alexander Graham Bell-patent

It covers over 200,000 species.

Det dækker over 200.000 arter.

This is the most disruptive technology --

Dette er den mest truende teknologi --

I've been told by executives of the pesticide industry --

har jeg hørt fra chefer i pesticidindustrien --

that they have ever witnessed.

som de nogensinde har set.

This could totally revamp the pesticide industries throughout the world.

Det kunne forny pesticidindustrierne over hele kloden.

You could fly 100 Ph.D. students under the umbrella of this concept,

man kunne have 100 Ph.D. studerende på på dette koncept,

because my supposition is that entomopathogenic fungi,

fordi det er min antagelse, at insektsdræbende svampe,

prior to sporulation, attract the very insects

før sporedannelsen, lokker samme insekter

that are otherwise repelled by those spores.

som ellers frastødes af sporerne.

And so I came up with a Life Box, because I needed a delivery system.

Så jeg fandt på 'Life Box', jeg havde brug for et leveringssystem.

The Life Box -- you're gonna be getting a DVD of the TED conference --

Life Box -- I får en DVD af TED-konferencen --

you add soil, you add water,

man tilføjer jord og vand,

you have mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi as well as spores,

og man har mykorrhiza og endofytiske svampe og sporer,

like of the Agarikon mushroom.

ligesom Agarikon-svampen.

The seeds then are mothered by this mycelium.

Frøene bliver passet af modermyceliet.

And then you put tree seeds in here,

Så kommer man frø af træer heri,

and then you end up growing -- potentially --

og så gror der potentielt

an old-growth forest from a cardboard box.

en urskov ud af papkassen.

I want to reinvent the delivery system,

Jeg vil genopfinde leveringssystemet,

and the use of cardboard around the world,

og brugen af pap i verden,

so they become ecological footprints.

så de bliver økologiske fodaftryk.

If there's a YouTube-like site that you could put up,

Hvis man lavede en youtube lignende side,

you could make it interactive, zip code specific --

og gjorde den interaktiv, postnr.styret --

where people could join together,

hvor folk kunne samles,

and through satellite imaging systems,

og via satelitbilleder,

through Virtual Earth or Google Earth,

igennem Virtual Earth eller Google Earth,

you could confirm carbon credits are being sequestered

så kunne man dokumentere CO2-gevinsterne

by the trees that are coming through Life Boxes.

af de træer som kommer fra Life Box'er.

You could take a cardboard box delivering shoes,

Man kunne bruge en skotøjsæske,

you could add water -- I developed this for the refugee community --

tilføje vand -- jeg udviklede det til flygtningeområdet --

corns, beans and squash and onions.

majs, bønner, squash og løg.

I took several containers -- my wife said, if I could do this, anybody could --

Jeg tog nogle kasser, min kone sagde at kunne jeg, så kunne alle,

and I ended up growing a seed garden.

til sidst havde jeg en frø-have.

Then you harvest the seeds --

Så høster man frøene --

and thank you, Eric Rasmussen, for your help on this --

og tak til Erik Rasmussen for hjælpen --

and then you're harvesting the seed garden.

og så høster man frø-haven.

Then you can harvest the kernels, and then you just need a few kernels.

Så kan man høste kernerne, og man har bare brug for nogle få kerner.

I add mycelium to it, and then I inoculate the corncobs.

Så tilføjer jeg mycelium og poder majskolberne.

Now, three corncobs, no other grain --

Tre majskolber, ikke andet --

lots of mushrooms begin to form.

masser af svampe begynder at vokse.

Too many withdrawals from the carbon bank,

Hæver vi for meget fra CO2-banken,

and so this population will be shut down.

lukker vi ned for bevoksningen.

But watch what happens here.

Men se hvad der sker her.

The mushrooms then are harvested,

Svampene høstes,

but very importantly,

men endnu vigtigere,

the mycelium has converted the cellulose into fungal sugars.

myceliet har konverteret cellulosen til svampesukker.

And so I thought, how could we address the energy crisis in this country?

Og så var det jeg tænkte, hvordan kan vi afværge energikrisen?

And we came up with Econol.

Og vi fandt på Econol.

Generating ethanol from cellulose using mycelium as an intermediary --

Udvinding af ethanol fra cellulose ved hjælp af mycelium --

and you gain all the benefits that I've described to you already.

og man får alle fordelene, jeg har beskrevet for jer.

But to go from cellulose to ethanol is ecologically unintelligent,

Men at gå fra cellulose til ethanol er miljømæssigt uintelligent,

and I think that we need to be econologically intelligent

og jeg mener vi har brug for miljømæssig intelligens

about the generation of fuels.

omkring fremtidens brændstoffer.

So, we build the carbon banks on the planet, renew the soils.

Så vi genopbygger planetens CO2-beholdning og fornyer jordlaget.

These are a species that we need to join with.

Dette er arter som vi må arbejde sammen med.

I think engaging mycelium can help save the world.

Jeg tror mycelier kan hjælpe med at redde verden.

Thank you very much.

Mange tak skal I have.

(Applause)

(bifald)