6 ways mushrooms can save the world | Paul Stamets | TED

5,209,359 views ใƒป 2008-05-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:18
I love a challenge, and saving the Earth is probably a good one.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืชื’ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืฆืœืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ืืชื’ืจ ืœื ืจืข.
00:22
We all know the Earth is in trouble.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช.
00:24
We have now entered in the 6X,
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ื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืœ ื”-6X -
00:26
the sixth major extinction on this planet.
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ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:29
I often wondered, if there was a United Organization of Organisms --
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื•"ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื,
00:32
otherwise known as "Uh-Oh" --
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
00:34
(Laughter) -- and every organism had a right to vote,
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”,
00:37
would we be voted on the planet, or off the planet?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื• ืœืกืœืง ืื•ืชื ื•?
00:40
I think that vote is occurring right now.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”.
00:43
I want to present to you a suite of six mycological solutions,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ ืชืžื™ืกื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
00:46
using fungi, and these solutions are based on mycelium.
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ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชืžื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ.
00:53
The mycelium infuses all landscapes,
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ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
00:56
it holds soils together, it's extremely tenacious.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืง.
00:59
This holds up to 30,000 times its mass.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืขื“ ืคื™ 30,000 ืžื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœื•.
01:02
They're the grand molecular disassemblers of nature -- the soil magicians.
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ื”ื ืžืคืจืงื™ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข - ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
01:05
They generate the humus soils across the landmasses of Earth.
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ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืก ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:09
We have now discovered that there is a multi-directional transfer
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืจื‘-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™
01:14
of nutrients between plants, mitigated by the mcyelium --
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื–ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ.
01:18
so the mycelium is the mother
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื
01:20
that is giving nutrients from alder and birch trees
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ืฉืžืกืคืงืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื–ื ื” ืžืขืฆื™ ื”ืืœืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื™ื‘ื ื”
01:22
to hemlocks, cedars and Douglas firs.
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ืœืืฉื•ื—ื™ืช, ืœืืจื–ื™ื ื•ืœืขืฆื™ ืืฉื•ื— ื“ืื’ืœืก.
01:24
Dusty and I, we like to say, on Sunday, this is where we go to church.
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ื“ืืกื˜ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืืœื™ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:29
I'm in love with the old-growth forest,
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ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช,
01:31
and I'm a patriotic American because we have those.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
01:35
Most of you are familiar with Portobello mushrooms.
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ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื‘ืœื•.
01:38
And frankly, I face a big obstacle.
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ื•ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:40
When I mention mushrooms to somebody,
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ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:42
they immediately think Portobellos or magic mushrooms,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื‘ืœื• ืื• ืขืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”,
01:44
their eyes glaze over, and they think I'm a little crazy.
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ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื–ื“ื’ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืงืฆืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
01:47
So, I hope to pierce that prejudice forever with this group.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื ืคืฅ ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช.
01:50
We call it mycophobia,
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” -
01:52
the irrational fear of the unknown, when it comes to fungi.
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ืคื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื•ื“ืข ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
01:57
Mushrooms are very fast in their growth.
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
02:00
Day 21, day 23, day 25.
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ื™ื•ื 21, ื™ื•ื 23, ื™ื•ื 25.
02:04
Mushrooms produce strong antibiotics.
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื—ื–ืงื”.
02:06
In fact, we're more closely related to fungi than we are to any other kingdom.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื›ืœ ืžืžืœื›ื” ืื—ืจืช.
02:09
A group of 20 eukaryotic microbiologists
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ 20 ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืืื•ืงืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื
02:12
published a paper two years ago erecting opisthokonta --
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ืคืจืกืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ืกืชื•ืงื•ื ื˜ื” (opisthokonta) -
02:15
a super-kingdom that joins animalia and fungi together.
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ืžืžืœื›ืช-ืขืœ ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:18
We share in common the same pathogens.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.
02:21
Fungi don't like to rot from bacteria,
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ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืจืงื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
02:23
and so our best antibiotics come from fungi.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:27
But here is a mushroom that's past its prime.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ืฉื™ืื”.
02:29
After they sporulate, they do rot.
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ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืื›ืŸ ื ืจืงื‘ื•ืช.
02:31
But I propose to you that the sequence of microbes
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืฉืกื“ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
02:34
that occur on rotting mushrooms
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ืฉืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืขืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืจืงื‘ื•ืช
02:36
are essential for the health of the forest.
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ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ.
02:38
They give rise to the trees,
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ื”ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื,
02:40
they create the debris fields that feed the mycelium.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ื›ืช ืฉืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ.
02:43
And so we see a mushroom here sporulating.
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื ื‘ื’ื™ื.
02:46
And the spores are germinating,
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ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื,
02:48
and the mycelium forms and goes underground.
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ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
02:51
In a single cubic inch of soil, there can be more than eight miles of these cells.
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ื‘-10 ืกืž"ืง ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-7.8 ืง"ืž ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:55
My foot is covering approximately 300 miles of mycelium.
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ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœื™ ืžื›ืกื” ื›-480 ืง"ืž ืฉืœ ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ.
02:58
This is photomicrographs from Nick Read and Patrick Hickey.
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ืืœื• ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ืข"ื™ ื ื™ืง ืจื™ื“ ื•ืคืื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ื™ืงื™.
03:03
And notice that as the mycelium grows,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื’ื“ืœ,
03:05
it conquers territory and then it begins the net.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกืชืขืฃ.
03:11
I've been a scanning electron microscopist for many years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืกื•ืจืง.
03:14
I have thousands of electron micrographs,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
03:16
and when I'm staring at the mycelium,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ
03:18
I realize that they are microfiltration membranes.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ.
03:20
We exhale carbon dioxide, so does mycelium.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ.
03:23
It inhales oxygen, just like we do.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืฃ ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื ื•.
03:26
But these are essentially externalized stomachs and lungs.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืฆื ื•ืช.
03:30
And I present to you a concept that these are extended neurological membranes.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
03:35
And in these cavities, these micro-cavities form,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื—ืœืœื™ื,
03:38
and as they fuse soils, they absorb water.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ื ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืžื™ื.
03:40
These are little wells.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
03:42
And inside these wells, then microbial communities begin to form.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
03:45
And so the spongy soil not only resists erosion,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื ืจืง ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื ื’ื“ ืกื—ืฃ,
03:49
but sets up a microbial universe
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ื™ืงื•ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™
03:51
that gives rise to a plurality of other organisms.
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ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
03:56
I first proposed, in the early 1990s,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1990, ื”ืขืœืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
03:58
that mycelium is Earth's natural Internet.
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ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:02
When you look at the mycelium, they're highly branched.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ืขืฃ.
04:07
And if there's one branch that is broken, then very quickly,
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ืื ืขื ืฃ ืื—ื“ ื ืฉื‘ืจ, ืื– ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”,
04:12
because of the nodes of crossing --
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ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื,
04:14
Internet engineers maybe call them hot points --
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ื ื• ืข"ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ืฆืžืชื™ื ื—ืžื™ื,
04:16
there are alternative pathways for channeling nutrients and information.
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ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื—ืœื™ืคื™ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื–ื ื” ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
04:21
The mycelium is sentient.
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ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื—ื™ืฉื”.
04:23
It knows that you are there.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื.
04:25
When you walk across landscapes,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
04:27
it leaps up in the aftermath of your footsteps trying to grab debris.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื ืง ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืฉืคื•ื›ืช.
04:34
So, I believe the invention of the computer Internet
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
04:38
is an inevitable consequence
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ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช
04:40
of a previously proven, biologically successful model.
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉื”ื•ื›ื— ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
04:43
The Earth invented the computer Internet for its own benefit,
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืขืœืชื•,
04:47
and we now, being the top organism on this planet,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื•, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื”ืื•ืจื’ื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”,
04:51
are trying to allocate resources in order to protect the biosphere.
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
04:57
Going way out, dark matter conforms to the same mycelial archetype.
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ื•ืื ื ืจื—ื™ืง ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคืœ ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืื•ืชื• ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืชืคื˜ื™ืจื™.
05:02
I believe matter begets life;
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืœื™ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื,
05:04
life becomes single cells; single cells become strings;
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื™ืœื™ื,
05:07
strings become chains; chains network.
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ืคืชื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช, ื”ืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืฉืชื•ืช.
05:10
And this is the paradigm that we see throughout the universe.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
05:16
Most of you may not know that fungi were the first organisms to come to land.
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ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื“ืžื”.
05:19
They came to land 1.3 billion years ago,
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื“ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
05:22
and plants followed several hundred million years later.
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ.
05:25
How is that possible?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืชื›ืŸ?
05:27
It's possible because the mycelium produces oxalic acids,
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ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืื•ืงืกืœื™ื•ืช
05:30
and many other acids and enzymes,
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ื•ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
05:32
pockmarking rock and grabbing calcium and other minerals
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ืงื“ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื, ืœื•ืงื— ืžื”ื ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
05:36
and forming calcium oxalates.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืœื˜.
05:38
Makes the rocks crumble, and the first step in the generation of soil.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืกืœืขื™ื, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื“ืžื”.
05:43
Oxalic acid is two carbon dioxide molecules joined together.
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ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืื•ืงืกืœื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•.
05:47
So, fungi and mycelium
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ืื ื›ืš, ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ
05:49
sequester carbon dioxide in the form of calcium oxalates.
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ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืœื˜.
05:53
And all sorts of other oxalates
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ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืงืกืœื˜ื™ื
05:55
are also sequestering carbon dioxide through the minerals
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ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื
05:58
that are being formed and taken out of the rock matrix.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ืกืœืข.
06:02
This was first discovered in 1859.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-1859.
06:04
This is a photograph by Franz Hueber.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื™ืœื ืคืจื ืฅ ื”ื•ื‘ืจ.
06:06
This photograph's taken 1950s in Saudi Arabia.
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1950 ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ืช.
06:09
420 million years ago, this organism existed.
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ืœืคื ื™ 420 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื.
06:13
It was called Prototaxites.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื˜ืงืกื™ื˜ื™ื–.
06:15
Prototaxites, laying down, was about three feet tall.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื˜ืงืกื™ื˜ื™ื–, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ.
06:19
The tallest plants on Earth at that time were less than two feet.
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-60 ืก"ืž.
06:24
Dr. Boyce, at the University of Chicago,
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ื“"ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืก, ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
06:28
published an article in the Journal of Geology
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ืคืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืืžืจ
06:31
this past year determining that Prototaxites was a giant fungus,
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ื‘ื’'ื•ืจื ืœ ืื•ืฃ ื’'ืื•ืœื•ื’'ื™ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื˜ืงืกื™ื˜ื™ื– ื”ื™ื”
06:37
a giant mushroom.
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ืคื˜ืจื™ืช ืขื ืง.
06:39
Across the landscapes of Earth were dotted these giant mushrooms.
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ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื ืง ื”ืืœื” ื ื™ืงื“ื• ืืช ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
06:43
All across most land masses.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
06:46
And these existed for tens of millions of years.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
06:49
Now, we've had several extinction events, and as we march forward --
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ -
06:53
65 million years ago -- most of you know about it --
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ืœืคื ื™ 65 ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื - ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช -
06:56
we had an asteroid impact.
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“.
06:58
The Earth was struck by an asteroid,
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืคื’ืข ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
07:00
a huge amount of debris was jettisoned into the atmosphere.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื•ื›ืช ื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
07:04
Sunlight was cut off, and fungi inherited the Earth.
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ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ื—ืกื, ื•ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:09
Those organisms that paired with fungi were rewarded,
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ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืขื ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•,
07:13
because fungi do not need light.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ.
07:16
More recently, at Einstein University,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
07:18
they just determined that fungi use radiation as a source of energy,
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ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื” ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
07:23
much like plants use light.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ.
07:25
So, the prospect of fungi existing on other planets elsewhere,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:29
I think, is a forgone conclusion,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืกืงื ื” ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช,
07:31
at least in my own mind.
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ื›ืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
07:33
The largest organism in the world is in Eastern Oregon.
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ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ.
07:36
I couldn't miss it. It was 2,200 acres in size:
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 9 ืงืž"ืจ.
07:39
2,200 acres in size, 2,000 years old.
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ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื• 9 ืงืž"ืจ, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื 2,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
07:43
The largest organism on the planet is a mycelial mat, one cell wall thick.
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ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืชืคื˜ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืชื ืื—ื“.
07:47
How is it that this organism can be so large,
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ืื™ืš ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ
07:52
and yet be one cell wall thick,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืชื ืื—ื“,
07:54
whereas we have five or six skin layers that protect us?
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ 5 ืื• 6 ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื•?
07:56
The mycelium, in the right conditions, produces a mushroom --
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ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ, ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคื˜ืจื™ื” -
07:59
it bursts through with such ferocity that it can break asphalt.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืจืฅ ื‘ื›ื–ืืช ืคืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืกืคืœื˜.
08:02
We were involved with several experiments.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
08:05
I'm going to show you six, if I can,
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ืื ืืกืคื™ืง, ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืฉืฉ
08:07
solutions for helping to save the world.
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ืชืžื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:09
Battelle Laboratories and I joined up in Bellingham, Washington.
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ืฉื™ืชืคืชื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื˜ืœ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื”ื, ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
08:12
There were four piles saturated with diesel and other petroleum waste:
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื 4 ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื–ืœ ื•ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ื ืคื˜ ื ื•ืกืคืช.
08:16
one was a control pile; one pile was treated with enzymes;
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ืขืจื™ืžื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืจื™ืžืช ื‘ืงืจื”, ืขืจื™ืžื” ืื—ืช ื˜ื•ืคืœื” ื‘ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื,
08:20
one pile was treated with bacteria;
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ืขืจื™ืžื” ืื—ืช ื˜ื•ืคืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
08:24
and our pile we inoculated with mushroom mycelium.
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ื•ืืœ ื”ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื—ื“ืจื ื• ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
08:26
The mycelium absorbs the oil.
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ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ื”ื ืคื˜.
08:29
The mycelium is producing enzymes --
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ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื ื–ื™ื,
08:31
peroxidases -- that break carbon-hydrogen bonds.
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ืคืจื•ืงืกื™ื“ืื–, ืฉืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ-ืžื™ืžืŸ.
08:34
These are the same bonds that hold hydrocarbons together.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืื•ืชื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื.
08:37
So, the mycelium becomes saturated with the oil,
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ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืจื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื ืคื˜,
08:40
and then, when we returned six weeks later,
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
08:43
all the tarps were removed,
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ื•ื”ืกืจื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
08:45
all the other piles were dead, dark and stinky.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื•ืช, ื›ื”ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืจื™ื—ื•ืช.
08:47
We came back to our pile, it was covered
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ื”ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ืกื”
08:49
with hundreds of pounds of oyster mushrooms,
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ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ืคื”
08:50
and the color changed to a light form.
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ื•ืฆื‘ืขื” ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ.
08:53
The enzymes remanufactured the hydrocarbons
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ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื
08:56
into carbohydrates -- fungal sugars.
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ืœืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช -- ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
08:58
Some of these mushrooms are very happy mushrooms.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืื•ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
09:00
They're very large.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
09:02
They're showing how much nutrition that they could've obtained.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
09:04
But something else happened, which was an epiphany in my life.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™.
09:08
They sporulated, the spores attract insects,
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื ื‘ื’ื™ื, ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื—ืจืงื™ื,
09:10
the insects laid eggs, eggs became larvae.
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ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื–ื—ืœื™ื.
09:14
Birds then came, bringing in seeds,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื™ืชืŸ ื–ืจืขื™ื,
09:16
and our pile became an oasis of life.
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ื•ื”ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื ื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:18
Whereas the other three piles were dead, dark and stinky,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื•ืช, ื›ื”ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืจื™ื—ื•ืช.
09:22
and the PAH's -- the aromatic hydrocarbons --
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ื”-PAH-ื™ื - ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ืžืชื™ื™ื -
09:25
went from 10,000 parts per million to less than 200 in eight weeks.
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ื™ืจื“ื• ืž-10,000 ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืž-200 ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
09:29
The last image we don't have.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื—ืกืจื” ืœื™ -
09:32
The entire pile was a green berm of life.
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ื”ืขืจื™ืžื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืงื” ื•ืžืœืืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:34
These are gateway species,
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืขืจ,
09:36
vanguard species that open the door for other biological communities.
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ื—ื™ืœ ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
09:41
So I invented burlap sacks, bunker spawn --
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ื”ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืงื™ื ืžืืจื™ื’ ื’ืก ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ - ื‘ื•ื ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ.
09:45
and putting the mycelium -- using storm blown debris,
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ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ, ืžืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื•ื›ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืคื” ืข"ื™ ืกืขืจื•ืช,
09:48
you can take these burlap sacks and put them downstream
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ื•ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื–ืจื
09:51
from a farm that's producing E. coli, or other wastes,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืื™ ืงื•ืœื™ ืื• ืคืกื•ืœืช ืื—ืจืช,
09:54
or a factory with chemical toxins,
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ืื• ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืขื ืจืขืœื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
09:56
and it leads to habitat restoration.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
09:58
So, we set up a site in Mason County, Washington,
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ื”ืงืžื ื• ืืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืžื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
10:01
and we've seen a dramatic decrease in the amount of coliforms.
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ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืœื™ืคื•ืจืžื™ื.
10:04
And I'll show you a graph here.
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ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจืฃ.
10:07
This is a logarithmic scale, 10 to the eighth power.
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™, 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 8.
10:09
There's more than a 100 million colonies per gram,
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ืจื,
10:12
and 10 to the third power is around 1,000.
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ื•-10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 3 ื”ื 1,000.
10:15
In 48 hours to 72 hours, these three mushroom species
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ืชื•ืš 48 ืขื“ 72 ืฉืขื•ืช, ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
10:19
reduced the amount of coliform bacteria 10,000 times.
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ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื™ืคื•ืจืžื™ื ืคื™ 10,000.
10:23
Think of the implications.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช.
10:25
This is a space-conservative method that uses storm debris --
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ื•ืกื›ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืฉืคื•ื›ืช ืกืขืจื”,
10:29
and we can guarantee that we will have storms every year.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืกืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
10:31
So, this one mushroom, in particular, has drawn our interest over time.
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืžืฉื›ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
10:36
This is my wife Dusty,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืฉืชื™ ื“ืืกื˜ื™
10:38
with a mushroom called Fomitopsis officinalis -- Agarikon.
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ืขื ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืคื•ืžื™ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ืก ืื•ืคื™ืฉื™ื ืืœื™ืก - ืื’ืืจื™ืงื•ืŸ.
10:40
It's a mushroom exclusive to the old-growth forest
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช.
10:43
that Dioscorides first described in 65 A.D.
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ื“ื™ื•ืกืงื•ืจื™ื“ืก ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœื™ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
10:45
as a treatment against consumption.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 65 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ืฉื—ืคืช.
10:47
This mushroom grows in Washington State, Oregon,
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ,
10:50
northern California, British Columbia, now thought to be extinct in Europe.
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื ื›ื—ื“ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
10:53
May not seem that large --
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื” -
10:55
let's get closer.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืงืจื‘.
10:57
This is extremely rare fungus.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ืจื”.
10:59
Our team -- and we have a team of experts that go out --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืืช -
11:02
we went out 20 times in the old-growth forest last year.
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ื™ืฆืื ื• 20 ืคืขืžื™ื ืืœ ื™ืขืจ ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.
11:05
We found one sample to be able to get into culture.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืื—ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืชืจื‘ื™ืช.
11:08
Preserving the genome of these fungi in the old-growth forest
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจ ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช
11:12
I think is absolutely critical for human health.
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ื”ื•ื, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
11:15
I've been involved with the U.S. Defense Department BioShield program.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฉื™ืœื“ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
11:19
We submitted over 300 samples of mushrooms that were boiled in hot water,
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ืฉืœื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-300 ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจืชื—ื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื,
11:22
and mycelium harvesting these extracellular metabolites.
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ื•ืงืฆืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืชืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
11:25
And a few years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
11:28
we received these results.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
11:31
We have three different strains of Agarikon mushrooms
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื’ืืจื™ืงื•ืŸ
11:36
that were highly active against poxviruses.
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ืขื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื ื’ื“ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
11:38
Dr. Earl Kern, who's a smallpox expert
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ื“"ืจ ืืจืœ ืงืจืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
11:41
of the U.S. Defense Department, states that any compounds
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ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืงื•ื‘ืข
11:43
that have a selectivity index of two or more are active.
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ืฉื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื ืžื“ื“ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ 2 ื•ืžืขืœื” ื”ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื.
11:46
10 or greater are considered to be very active.
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10 ื•ืžืขืœื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื”.
11:48
Our mushroom strains were in the highly active range.
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ื–ื ื™ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื”.
11:52
There's a vetted press release that you can read --
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช,
11:55
it's vetted by DOD --
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ืฉืื•ืฉืจื” ืข"ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
11:57
if you Google "Stamets" and "smallpox."
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ืชืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืื ืชื—ืคืฉื• "Stamets" ื•-"smallpox".
11:59
Or you can go to NPR.org and listen to a live interview.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืจืื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ ื‘-NPR.org.
12:02
So, encouraged by this, naturally we went to flu viruses.
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ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช, ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช.
12:07
And so, for the first time, I am showing this.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
12:10
We have three different strains of Agarikon mushrooms
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 3 ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื’ืืจื™ืงื•ืŸ
12:13
highly active against flu viruses.
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ืขื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื ื’ื“ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืขืช.
12:15
Here's the selectivity index numbers --
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื“ื“ื™ ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช -
12:17
against pox, you saw 10s and 20s -- now against flu viruses,
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ื ื’ื“ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช - ืจืื™ืชื 10-ื™ื ื•-20-ื™ื. ื ื’ื“ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืช,
12:20
compared to the ribavirin controls,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื‘ืงืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ืื•ื™ืจื™ืŸ,
12:22
we have an extraordinarily high activity.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
12:25
And we're using a natural extract
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
12:27
within the same dosage window as a pure pharmaceutical.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”.
12:29
We tried it against flu A viruses -- H1N1, H3N2 --
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื ื’ื“ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ืฉืคืขืช H3N2, H1N1 - A -
12:33
as well as flu B viruses.
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ื•ื ื’ื“ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ืฉืคืขืช B.
12:35
So then we tried a blend,
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ื•ืื– ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช,
12:37
and in a blend combination we tried it against H5N1,
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื ื’ื“ H5N1,
12:41
and we got greater than 1,000 selectivity index.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžื“ื“ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืž-1,000.
12:45
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
12:46
I then think that we can make the argument
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ
12:51
that we should save the old-growth forest
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ืฉืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช
12:53
as a matter of national defense.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
12:57
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
13:00
I became interested in entomopathogenic fungi --
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื•ืžื•ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช -
13:04
fungi that kill insects.
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ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ื—ืจืงื™ื.
13:06
Our house was being destroyed by carpenter ants.
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ื ืžืœื™ ืขืฅ ื”ืจืกื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
13:08
So, I went to the EPA homepage, and they were recommending studies
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ื‘ื“ืงืชื™ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื• ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
13:11
with metarhizium species of a group of fungi
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ืขื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื™ื–ื™ื•ื - ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
13:14
that kill carpenter ants, as well as termites.
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ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ื ืžืœื™ ืขืฅ ื•ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื.
13:17
I did something that nobody else had done.
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™.
13:19
I actually chased the mycelium, when it stopped producing spores.
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ืฉืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื ื‘ื’ื™ื.
13:22
These are spores -- this is in their spores.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื ื‘ื’ื™ื -- ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ื.
13:24
I was able to morph the culture
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ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื™ืช
13:26
into a non-sporulating form.
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ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื ื‘ื’ื™ื.
13:28
And so the industry has spent over 100 million dollars
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ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
13:31
specifically on bait stations to prevent termites from eating your house.
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ืขืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืคืชื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
13:35
But the insects aren't stupid,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ืœื ื˜ืคืฉื™ื,
13:37
and they would avoid the spores when they came close,
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ื•ื”ื ื ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงืจื‘ืชื.
13:39
and so I morphed the cultures into a non-sporulating form.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื ื‘ื’ื™ื.
13:42
And I got my daughter's Barbie doll dish,
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื™,
13:44
I put it right where a bunch of carpenter ants
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ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื ืžืœื™ ืขืฅ
13:46
were making debris fields, every day,
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ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
13:48
in my house, and the ants were attracted to the mycelium,
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ืขื™ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™. ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื• ืœืชืคื˜ื™ืจ,
13:52
because there's no spores.
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื ื‘ื’ื™ื.
13:54
They gave it to the queen.
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ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืœื›ื”.
13:55
One week later, I had no sawdust piles whatsoever.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืขืจืžื•ืช ื ืกื•ืจืช.
13:58
And then -- a delicate dance between dinner and death --
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ื•ืื– - ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื•ื•ืช --
14:04
the mycelium is consumed by the ants,
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ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ,
14:07
they become mummified, and, boing, a mushroom pops out of their head.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื•ื™ื ื’, ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืงื•ืคืฆืช ืžื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
14:11
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
14:12
Now after sporulation, the spores repel.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื’ื”, ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืคื”,
14:16
So, the house is no longer suitable for invasion.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืคืœื™ืฉื”.
14:20
So, you have a near-permanent solution for reinvasion of termites.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฉื ื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜-ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืคืœื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื.
14:24
And so my house came down, I received my first patent
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื ื”ืจืก ื•ืื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
14:27
against carpenter ants, termites and fire ants.
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ื ื’ื“ ื ืžืœื™ ืขืฅ, ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื ืžืœื™ ืืฉ.
14:29
Then we tried extracts, and lo and behold,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืชืžืฆื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืคืœื ื•ืคืœื,
14:32
we can steer insects to different directions.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
14:34
This has huge implications.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.
14:36
I then received my second patent -- and this is a big one.
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ื•ืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ - ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ืง.
14:38
It's been called an Alexander Graham Bell patent.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืจื”ื ื‘ืœ -
14:40
It covers over 200,000 species.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืกื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-200,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื.
14:42
This is the most disruptive technology --
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:44
I've been told by executives of the pesticide industry --
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ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžื“ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื,
14:47
that they have ever witnessed.
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ืฉื”ื ืื™ ืคืขื ืคื’ืฉื•.
14:49
This could totally revamp the pesticide industries throughout the world.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:52
You could fly 100 Ph.D. students under the umbrella of this concept,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก 100 ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื–ื”,
14:56
because my supposition is that entomopathogenic fungi,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื•ืžื•ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช,
14:59
prior to sporulation, attract the very insects
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ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื’ื” ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื
15:01
that are otherwise repelled by those spores.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื“ื•ื—ื™ื.
15:04
And so I came up with a Life Box, because I needed a delivery system.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื—.
15:08
The Life Box -- you're gonna be getting a DVD of the TED conference --
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ืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื - ืืชื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื“ื™.ื•ื™.ื“ื™. ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืขื™ื“ื” -
15:12
you add soil, you add water,
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ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืื“ืžื”, ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืžื™ื,
15:14
you have mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi as well as spores,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ืืœื™ื•ืช, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื ื“ื•ืคื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ื,
15:19
like of the Agarikon mushroom.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ืื’ืืจื™ืงื•ืŸ.
15:21
The seeds then are mothered by this mycelium.
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ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืชืคืงื“ ื›ืื ืœื–ืจืขื™ื.
15:24
And then you put tree seeds in here,
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ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื,
15:27
and then you end up growing -- potentially --
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ื•ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื - ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ -
15:30
an old-growth forest from a cardboard box.
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ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืงื•ืคืกืช ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ.
15:32
I want to reinvent the delivery system,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื—,
15:35
and the use of cardboard around the world,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
15:37
so they become ecological footprints.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจื’ืœ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
15:39
If there's a YouTube-like site that you could put up,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืชืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘,
15:42
you could make it interactive, zip code specific --
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื“.
15:44
where people could join together,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื•
15:46
and through satellite imaging systems,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
15:48
through Virtual Earth or Google Earth,
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ื“ืจืš Virtual Earth ืื• Google Earth,
15:50
you could confirm carbon credits are being sequestered
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ืืฉืจืื™ ืคื—ืžื ื™
15:52
by the trees that are coming through Life Boxes.
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
15:55
You could take a cardboard box delivering shoes,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ืงื•ืคืกืช ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืžืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ
15:58
you could add water -- I developed this for the refugee community --
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื - ืคื™ืชื—ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื -
16:02
corns, beans and squash and onions.
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ืชื™ืจืก, ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช, ืงื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆืœื™ื.
16:04
I took several containers -- my wife said, if I could do this, anybody could --
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื -- ืืฉืชื™ ืืžืจื” ืฉืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ --
16:08
and I ended up growing a seed garden.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื’ื™ื ืช ื–ืจืขื™ื.
16:10
Then you harvest the seeds --
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ื•ืื– ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื --
16:12
and thank you, Eric Rasmussen, for your help on this --
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ื•ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ืืจื™ืง ืจืกืžื•ืกืŸ, ืขืœ ืขื–ืจืชืš --
16:16
and then you're harvesting the seed garden.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžื”ื’ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
16:18
Then you can harvest the kernels, and then you just need a few kernels.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืฃ, ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืจืง ืœื›ืžื” ื–ืจืขื™ื.
16:22
I add mycelium to it, and then I inoculate the corncobs.
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ, ื•ืžื—ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ืงืœื—ื™ ื”ืชื™ืจืก.
16:26
Now, three corncobs, no other grain --
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงืœื—ื™ ืชื™ืจืก, ื‘ืœื™ ืืฃ ื–ืจืข ืื—ืจ --
16:29
lots of mushrooms begin to form.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ.
16:31
Too many withdrawals from the carbon bank,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ืง ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ,
16:34
and so this population will be shut down.
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ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืชื›ื—ื“.
16:36
But watch what happens here.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
16:40
The mushrooms then are harvested,
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ืืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ืกืคื™ื,
16:42
but very importantly,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ -
16:46
the mycelium has converted the cellulose into fungal sugars.
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ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืฆืœื•ืœื™ื˜ ืœืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื.
16:49
And so I thought, how could we address the energy crisis in this country?
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช?
16:56
And we came up with Econol.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืœ.
16:59
Generating ethanol from cellulose using mycelium as an intermediary --
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืชื ื•ืœ ืžืชืื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืžืชื•ื•ืš -
17:04
and you gain all the benefits that I've described to you already.
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ื•ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืชืืจืชื™ ืžืงื•ื“ื.
17:07
But to go from cellulose to ethanol is ecologically unintelligent,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืชืื™ืช ืœืืชื ื•ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื›ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
17:12
and I think that we need to be econologically intelligent
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืงื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
17:16
about the generation of fuels.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื“ืœืงื™ื.
17:18
So, we build the carbon banks on the planet, renew the soils.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช --
17:21
These are a species that we need to join with.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื™ืžื.
17:24
I think engaging mycelium can help save the world.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืชืคื˜ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
17:29
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
17:31
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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