6 ways mushrooms can save the world | Paul Stamets | TED

5,172,924 views ใƒป 2008-05-08

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: HyunMin Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : young K
00:18
I love a challenge, and saving the Earth is probably a good one.
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์ €๋Š” ๋„์ „์„ ์ฆ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ข‹์€ ๋„์ „์ผ ํ…Œ์ง€์š”.
00:22
We all know the Earth is in trouble.
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
We have now entered in the 6X,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ --
00:26
the sixth major extinction on this planet.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
I often wondered, if there was a United Organization of Organisms --
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๊ฐ€๋” UN๊ฐ™์€ "์—ฐํ•ฉ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์กฐ์ง๊ธฐ๊ตฌ"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง„ ์•Š์„๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋„ ํ•ด์š”.
00:32
otherwise known as "Uh-Oh" --
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๋ญ ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด "์˜คํ˜ธ" ์ •๋„๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
00:34
(Laughter) -- and every organism had a right to vote,
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(์›ƒ์Œ) ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:37
would we be voted on the planet, or off the planet?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
00:40
I think that vote is occurring right now.
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ํ—Œ๋ฐ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
I want to present to you a suite of six mycological solutions,
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ง„๊ท ํ•™์  ๋Œ€์‘์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
using fungi, and these solutions are based on mycelium.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด, ์ฆ‰ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ง€์š”.
00:53
The mycelium infuses all landscapes,
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ์Šค๋ฉฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
it holds soils together, it's extremely tenacious.
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ํ† ์–‘์„ ์‘์ง‘์‹œํ‚ค์ฃ , ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
This holds up to 30,000 times its mass.
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์ž๊ธฐ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์˜ ์‚ผ๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‘์ง‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํž˜์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:02
They're the grand molecular disassemblers of nature -- the soil magicians.
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ด ๋‚ณ์€ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฌผ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ์–‘์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋‚˜ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”.
01:05
They generate the humus soils across the landmasses of Earth.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋•…๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ์— ๋ถ€์‹ํ† ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
We have now discovered that there is a multi-directional transfer
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‹๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š”
01:14
of nutrients between plants, mitigated by the mcyelium --
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์ผ๊พผ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
so the mycelium is the mother
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ์ž์ž‘๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
01:20
that is giving nutrients from alder and birch trees
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๋…๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ, ์‚ผ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ์†Œ๋‚˜๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š”
01:22
to hemlocks, cedars and Douglas firs.
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์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
01:24
Dusty and I, we like to say, on Sunday, this is where we go to church.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ €์™€ ์ œ ์•„๋‚ด ๋”์Šคํ‹ฐ๋Š”, ์ง„์ • ์ฐฌ๋ฏธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
I'm in love with the old-growth forest,
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์ €๋Š” ๋…ธ์ˆ™๋ฆผ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๋น ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
and I'm a patriotic American because we have those.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋…ธ์ˆ™๋ฆผ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ด ๋งˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
Most of you are familiar with Portobello mushrooms.
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ํฌํ† ๋ฒจ๋กœ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์€ ๋‹ค๋“ค ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
And frankly, I face a big obstacle.
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์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•ด, ๋ฒ„์„ฏ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ผ ๋•Œ๋ฉด
01:40
When I mention mushrooms to somebody,
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
01:42
they immediately think Portobellos or magic mushrooms,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ํฌํ† ๋ฒจ๋กœ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ด๋‚˜ ๋…๋ฒ„์„ฏ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณค,
01:44
their eyes glaze over, and they think I'm a little crazy.
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์ˆ˜์ƒ์ฉ์€ ๋ˆˆ์ดˆ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ, ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
So, I hope to pierce that prejudice forever with this group.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
We call it mycophobia,
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๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ
01:52
the irrational fear of the unknown, when it comes to fungi.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ท ๊ณตํฌ์ฆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
Mushrooms are very fast in their growth.
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๋ฒ„์„ฏ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
Day 21, day 23, day 25.
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21์ผ์งธ, 23์ผ์งธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  25์ผ์งธ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
02:04
Mushrooms produce strong antibiotics.
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ•ญ์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
In fact, we're more closely related to fungi than we are to any other kingdom.
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์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
A group of 20 eukaryotic microbiologists
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์ง„ํ•ต์„ธํฌ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž 20๋ช…์€ 2๋…„ ์ „ ์ง„ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„,
02:12
published a paper two years ago erecting opisthokonta --
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
02:15
a super-kingdom that joins animalia and fungi together.
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ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
We share in common the same pathogens.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
Fungi don't like to rot from bacteria,
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๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํŒจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
and so our best antibiotics come from fungi.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋Š” ๊ท ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
But here is a mushroom that's past its prime.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
02:29
After they sporulate, they do rot.
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๋ฒ„์„ฏ์€ ํฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ถ€ํŒจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
But I propose to you that the sequence of microbes
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๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์˜ ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด
02:34
that occur on rotting mushrooms
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์ˆฒ์˜ ์พŒ์ ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„
02:36
are essential for the health of the forest.
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
They give rise to the trees,
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:40
they create the debris fields that feed the mycelium.
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์˜์–‘๋ถ„๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
And so we see a mushroom here sporulating.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ด ํฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
And the spores are germinating,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™€์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๊ณ ์š”,
02:48
and the mycelium forms and goes underground.
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋•… ๋ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
In a single cubic inch of soil, there can be more than eight miles of these cells.
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1์„ธ์ œ๊ณฑ์ธ์น˜์˜ ํ† ์–‘์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๋Š” ์•ฝ 13km๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
My foot is covering approximately 300 miles of mycelium.
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์ œ ๋ฐœ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต 483km ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:58
This is photomicrographs from Nick Read and Patrick Hickey.
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์ด ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋‹‰ ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์™€ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆญ ํžˆํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
And notice that as the mycelium grows,
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋ฎ์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:05
it conquers territory and then it begins the net.
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๊ทธ๋ฌผ๋ง์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:11
I've been a scanning electron microscopist for many years,
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ์ „์ž ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
03:14
I have thousands of electron micrographs,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ „์ž ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
03:16
and when I'm staring at the mycelium,
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์‚ฌ์ง„ ์† ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
03:18
I realize that they are microfiltration membranes.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆ„๋ง‰์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
We exhale carbon dioxide, so does mycelium.
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋„ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
It inhales oxygen, just like we do.
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์‚ฐ์†Œ๋„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ ์š”.
03:26
But these are essentially externalized stomachs and lungs.
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์ด ๋ง‰์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์œ„์™€ ํ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
And I present to you a concept that these are extended neurological membranes.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง‰์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
And in these cavities, these micro-cavities form,
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์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋“ค, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋“ค ์†์—์„œ,
03:38
and as they fuse soils, they absorb water.
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ํ† ์–‘๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌผ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
These are little wells.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
And inside these wells, then microbial communities begin to form.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ƒ˜ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
And so the spongy soil not only resists erosion,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์Šคํฐ์ง€๊ฐ™์€ ํ† ์–‘์€ ๋ถ€์‹์„ ๋ง‰์•„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„
03:49
but sets up a microbial universe
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
03:51
that gives rise to a plurality of other organisms.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
I first proposed, in the early 1990s,
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1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ, ์ €๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ
03:58
that mycelium is Earth's natural Internet.
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
When you look at the mycelium, they're highly branched.
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ป—์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
And if there's one branch that is broken, then very quickly,
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋ฉด, ๊ฐ€์ง€๋“ค์ด ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์—์„œ,
04:12
because of the nodes of crossing --
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์•„๋งˆ 'ํ•ซํฌ์ธํŠธ'๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ผ ํ…๋ฐ์š”,
04:14
Internet engineers maybe call them hot points --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ
04:16
there are alternative pathways for channeling nutrients and information.
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์˜์–‘๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
The mycelium is sentient.
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
It knows that you are there.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋”” ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:25
When you walk across landscapes,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:27
it leaps up in the aftermath of your footsteps trying to grab debris.
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๋ฐœ๊ฑธ์Œ์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ์ž”ํ•ด๋ฌผ์„ ์›€์ผœ์žก์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
So, I believe the invention of the computer Internet
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ €๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด
04:38
is an inevitable consequence
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ž…์ฆ๋œ ์„ฑ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋‚ณ์€
04:40
of a previously proven, biologically successful model.
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ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
The Earth invented the computer Internet for its own benefit,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
and we now, being the top organism on this planet,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์ง€๊ธˆ,
04:51
are trying to allocate resources in order to protect the biosphere.
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์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž์›์„ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
Going way out, dark matter conforms to the same mycelial archetype.
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๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด, ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์•”ํ‘๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด์˜ ์›ํ˜•์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
I believe matter begets life;
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋‚ณ๊ณ ,
05:04
life becomes single cells; single cells become strings;
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์ƒ๋ช…์€ ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ , ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ค„์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ,
05:07
strings become chains; chains network.
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๊ทธ ์ค„์€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
And this is the paradigm that we see throughout the universe.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „์ฒด์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
Most of you may not know that fungi were the first organisms to come to land.
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๊ท ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์œก์ง€์— ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•„์‹ค๋Ÿฐ์ง€์š”.
05:19
They came to land 1.3 billion years ago,
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๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋Š” 13์–ต ๋…„ ์ „ ์œก์ง€์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ ,
05:22
and plants followed several hundred million years later.
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์‹๋ฌผ์€ ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ช‡ ์–ต ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
How is that possible?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:27
It's possible because the mycelium produces oxalic acids,
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‚ด์‚ฐ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด
05:30
and many other acids and enzymes,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ณ ,
05:32
pockmarking rock and grabbing calcium and other minerals
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”์œ„์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์นผ์Š˜๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ž„์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
05:36
and forming calcium oxalates.
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์˜ฅ์‚ด์‚ฐ์นผ์Š˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
Makes the rocks crumble, and the first step in the generation of soil.
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์ด ๋•Œ ๋ฐ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊นจ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ† ์–‘์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
Oxalic acid is two carbon dioxide molecules joined together.
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์˜ฅ์‚ด์‚ฐ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
05:47
So, fungi and mycelium
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๊ท ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š”
05:49
sequester carbon dioxide in the form of calcium oxalates.
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์˜ฅ์‚ด์‚ฐ์นผ์Š˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
And all sorts of other oxalates
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ์—ผ ์—ญ์‹œ
05:55
are also sequestering carbon dioxide through the minerals
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๋ฐ”์œ„ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜จ
05:58
that are being formed and taken out of the rock matrix.
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๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ž„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
This was first discovered in 1859.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฑด 1859๋…„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
This is a photograph by Franz Hueber.
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์ด๊ฑด ํ”„๋žœ์ธ  ํœด๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ
06:06
This photograph's taken 1950s in Saudi Arabia.
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1950๋…„ ์‚ฌ์šฐ๋””์•„๋ผ๋น„์•„์—์„œ ์ฐ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:09
420 million years ago, this organism existed.
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4์–ต 2์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „, ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:13
It was called Prototaxites.
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ํ”„๋กœํ† ํ…์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
06:15
Prototaxites, laying down, was about three feet tall.
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๋ˆ„์šด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 90cm์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
The tallest plants on Earth at that time were less than two feet.
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—” ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํฐ ์‹๋ฌผ๋„ 60cm๋ฅผ ๋„˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:24
Dr. Boyce, at the University of Chicago,
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์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๋ณด์ด์Šค ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”
06:28
published an article in the Journal of Geology
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์ž‘๋…„ ์ง€์งˆํ•™ ์ €๋„์—
06:31
this past year determining that Prototaxites was a giant fungus,
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ํ”„๋กœํ† ํ…์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜, ์ฆ‰ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
06:37
a giant mushroom.
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๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
Across the landscapes of Earth were dotted these giant mushrooms.
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์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด์— ํผ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
All across most land masses.
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์ „ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
06:46
And these existed for tens of millions of years.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ์กดํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
06:49
Now, we've had several extinction events, and as we march forward --
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์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ์ด์ผœ ๋ณด๋ฉด -
06:53
65 million years ago -- most of you know about it --
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ 6์ฒœ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „
06:56
we had an asteroid impact.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
The Earth was struck by an asteroid,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋ฉด์„œ,
07:00
a huge amount of debris was jettisoned into the atmosphere.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž”ํ•ด๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
07:04
Sunlight was cut off, and fungi inherited the Earth.
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘์ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ท ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ ‘์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
07:09
Those organisms that paired with fungi were rewarded,
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๊ท ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ณต์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:13
because fungi do not need light.
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๊ท ๋ฅ˜์—๋Š” ๋น›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
More recently, at Einstein University,
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์—์ธ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ
07:18
they just determined that fungi use radiation as a source of energy,
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋น›์„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด,
07:23
much like plants use light.
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๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
So, the prospect of fungi existing on other planets elsewhere,
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์ฆ‰, ๊ท ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์—์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€.
07:29
I think, is a forgone conclusion,
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ €๋Š”
07:31
at least in my own mind.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
The largest organism in the world is in Eastern Oregon.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋Š” ๋™๋ถ€ ์˜ค๋ ˆ๊ฑด์ฃผ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
I couldn't miss it. It was 2,200 acres in size:
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฌ๋ƒ๋ฉด, ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 27๋งŒ ํ‰์— ๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
2,200 acres in size, 2,000 years old.
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27๋งŒ ํ‰์—, 2,000๋…„์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
The largest organism on the planet is a mycelial mat, one cell wall thick.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ๋ฒฝ์ด์ž ๊ท ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:47
How is it that this organism can be so large,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„
07:52
and yet be one cell wall thick,
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๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ๋ฒฝ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:54
whereas we have five or six skin layers that protect us?
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ 5,6๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
The mycelium, in the right conditions, produces a mushroom --
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์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
it bursts through with such ferocity that it can break asphalt.
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๋•…์„ ๋šซ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ํž˜์ด ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•ด ์•„์ŠคํŒ”ํŠธ๋„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
We were involved with several experiments.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
08:05
I'm going to show you six, if I can,
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์˜ค๋Š˜, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋  ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ,
08:07
solutions for helping to save the world.
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
Battelle Laboratories and I joined up in Bellingham, Washington.
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๋ฐ”ํ…” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์™€ ์ €๋Š” ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์˜ ๋ฒจ๋งํ–„์—์„œ ๊ณต๋™์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
08:12
There were four piles saturated with diesel and other petroleum waste:
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๋””์ ค๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์„์œ ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ด๊ฐ€ ๋‘” ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋”๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
one was a control pile; one pile was treated with enzymes;
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋”๋ฏธ, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ๋”๋ฏธ,
08:20
one pile was treated with bacteria;
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๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ท ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋๊ณ ,
08:24
and our pile we inoculated with mushroom mycelium.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋”๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
The mycelium absorbs the oil.
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
The mycelium is producing enzymes --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŽ˜๋ก์‹œ๋‹ค์•„์ œ๋ผ๋Š”,
08:31
peroxidases -- that break carbon-hydrogen bonds.
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ํƒ„์†Œ-์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ์‚ฐํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
These are the same bonds that hold hydrocarbons together.
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์ด๋Š” ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‘์ง‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด์ฃ .
08:37
So, the mycelium becomes saturated with the oil,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์— ์ –์–ด๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
and then, when we returned six weeks later,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  6์ฃผ ํ›„์— ํ˜„์žฅ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐพ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
08:43
all the tarps were removed,
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๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋‹ˆ,
08:45
all the other piles were dead, dark and stinky.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋”๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์ฃฝ๊ณ , ์น™์น™ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
We came back to our pile, it was covered
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ๋”๋ฏธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ณด์•˜๋”๋‹ˆ, ๋”๋ฏธ๋Š”
08:49
with hundreds of pounds of oyster mushrooms,
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ตด ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์œผ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎํ˜€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
and the color changed to a light form.
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์ƒ‰๊น” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ์€ ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:53
The enzymes remanufactured the hydrocarbons
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํšจ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ๋กœ,
08:56
into carbohydrates -- fungal sugars.
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๊ท ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ "์žฌ"์ƒ์‚ฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
Some of these mushrooms are very happy mushrooms.
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์ด ๋ฒ„์„ฏ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
They're very large.
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ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ํฌ์ง€์š”.
09:02
They're showing how much nutrition that they could've obtained.
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์˜์–‘์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•œ๋ˆˆ์— ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
But something else happened, which was an epiphany in my life.
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ํ—Œ๋ฐ, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:08
They sporulated, the spores attract insects,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ํฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ณค์ถฉ์„ ์œ ํ˜นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
the insects laid eggs, eggs became larvae.
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์ด ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ๊ณ , ์ด ์•Œ์€ ์œ ์ถฉ์ด ๋˜์ฃ .
09:14
Birds then came, bringing in seeds,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋น ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”, ๋™์‹œ์— ์”จ์•—๋„ ๋ถ™์–ด ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
and our pile became an oasis of life.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ ๋”๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์˜ค์•„์‹œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
Whereas the other three piles were dead, dark and stinky,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋”๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ถ€ ์ฉ๊ณ , ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:22
and the PAH's -- the aromatic hydrocarbons --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  PAH, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ(๋ฐœ์•”๋ฌผ์งˆ) ์˜ ์–‘์ด
09:25
went from 10,000 parts per million to less than 200 in eight weeks.
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8์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ฐœ๋‹น 10,000๊ฐœ์—์„œ 200๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
The last image we don't have.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง„ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋”๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€
09:32
The entire pile was a green berm of life.
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๋”๋ฏธ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋‘”ํ„ฑ์ด ๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
These are gateway species,
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์ด ๊ท ๋ฅ˜, ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…์˜ ๊ด€๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
vanguard species that open the door for other biological communities.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฆ์•„์ฃผ๋Š” ์„ ๋‘์ฃผ์ž์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:41
So I invented burlap sacks, bunker spawn --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์‚ผ๋ฒ  ์ž๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
and putting the mycelium -- using storm blown debris,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํญํ’์— ๋‚ ๋ ค์˜จ ์ž”ํ•ด๋“ค์„ ์ž๋ฃจ์— ์ฑ„์› ์ฃ .
09:48
you can take these burlap sacks and put them downstream
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์ด ์ž๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
09:51
from a farm that's producing E. coli, or other wastes,
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๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ณ‘๊ท ์ด ๋“ค์‹๋Œ€๋Š” ๋†์žฅ์ด๋‚˜,
09:54
or a factory with chemical toxins,
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ํ™”ํ•™๋…์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์žฅ์˜ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜์— ๋†“์œผ๋ฉด
09:56
and it leads to habitat restoration.
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ์ž‘์—…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
So, we set up a site in Mason County, Washington,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์Šจ ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ์— ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ,
10:01
and we've seen a dramatic decrease in the amount of coliforms.
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๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
And I'll show you a graph here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
10:07
This is a logarithmic scale, 10 to the eighth power.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋กœ๊ทธ์ž์ธ๋ฐ์š”, 10์˜ 8์ œ๊ณฑ์ด๊ตฌ์š”.
10:09
There's more than a 100 million colonies per gram,
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๊ทธ๋žจ ๋‹น 1์–ต ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
and 10 to the third power is around 1,000.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  10์˜ ์„ธ์ œ๊ณฑ์€ ์•ฝ 1,000์ด์ฃ .
10:15
In 48 hours to 72 hours, these three mushroom species
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48์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ 72์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ข…๋“ค์ด
10:19
reduced the amount of coliform bacteria 10,000 times.
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๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 1๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
Think of the implications.
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์ด ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
This is a space-conservative method that uses storm debris --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํญํ’์˜ ์ž”ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ˆ์•ฝ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
and we can guarantee that we will have storms every year.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—๋Š” ๋งค๋…„ ํญํ’์ด ๋ชฐ์•„์น˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:31
So, this one mushroom, in particular, has drawn our interest over time.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋ฒ„์„ฏ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€, ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
This is my wife Dusty,
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์ œ ์•„๋‚ด ๋”์Šคํ‹ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
with a mushroom called Fomitopsis officinalis -- Agarikon.
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์•„๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฆ„๋ฒ„์„ฏ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
It's a mushroom exclusive to the old-growth forest
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์ด ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์‚ผ๋ฆผ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ž๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
10:43
that Dioscorides first described in 65 A.D.
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์„œ๊ธฐ 65๋…„ ๋กœ๋งˆ์˜ ๋””์˜ค์Šค์ฝ”๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด
10:45
as a treatment against consumption.
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ํ๊ฒฐํ•ต ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
This mushroom grows in Washington State, Oregon,
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์ด ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์€ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด, ์˜ค๋ ˆ๊ฑด, ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„, ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์‰ฌ ์ปฌ๋Ÿผ๋น„์•„์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๊ณ 
10:50
northern California, British Columbia, now thought to be extinct in Europe.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
May not seem that large --
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์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋‹ˆ --
10:55
let's get closer.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
10:57
This is extremely rare fungus.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๊ท ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
Our team -- and we have a team of experts that go out --
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์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ €ํฌ ํŒ€์€
11:02
we went out 20 times in the old-growth forest last year.
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์ž‘๋…„์—๋งŒ 20ํšŒ์˜ ๊ฑธ์นœ ๋…ธ์ˆ™๋ฆผ ํƒ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
We found one sample to be able to get into culture.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์žฅ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
Preserving the genome of these fungi in the old-growth forest
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ์ˆ™๋ฆผ์˜ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๊ท ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
11:12
I think is absolutely critical for human health.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
I've been involved with the U.S. Defense Department BioShield program.
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์ €๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์‰ด๋“œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—๋„ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
We submitted over 300 samples of mushrooms that were boiled in hot water,
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๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๋ฌผ์— ๋“์—ฌ๋‚ธ 300๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๊ณผ,
11:22
and mycelium harvesting these extracellular metabolites.
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์„ธํฌ๋ฐ– ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
And a few years ago,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ช‡๋…„ ์ „,
11:28
we received these results.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
We have three different strains of Agarikon mushrooms
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์ˆ˜๋‘ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”
11:36
that were highly active against poxviruses.
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์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฆ„๋ฒ„์„ฏ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
Dr. Earl Kern, who's a smallpox expert
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ์†Œ์† ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋‘์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์ธ ์–ผ ์ปด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
11:41
of the U.S. Defense Department, states that any compounds
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์–ด๋–ค ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋“  2๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„ ํƒ๋„์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด
11:43
that have a selectivity index of two or more are active.
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"์œ ํšจํ•จ"์˜ ์ถ•์— ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
10 or greater are considered to be very active.
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10๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ฉด "๋งค์šฐ ์œ ํšจํ•จ"์ด๊ตฌ์š”.
11:48
Our mushroom strains were in the highly active range.
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์ €ํฌ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ํšจํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
There's a vetted press release that you can read --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ฝ์–ด ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
11:55
it's vetted by DOD --
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๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ ๊ฒ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
if you Google "Stamets" and "smallpox."
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์ œ ์ด๋ฆ„ "์Šคํ…Œ์ด๋ฉ‹์ธ " ๊ณผ "์ฒœ์—ฐ๋‘"๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ด ๋ณด์…”๋„ ๋˜๊ณ 
11:59
Or you can go to NPR.org and listen to a live interview.
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์ „๋ฏธ๊ณต์˜๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์œผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
So, encouraged by this, naturally we went to flu viruses.
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณ ๋ฌด๋˜์–ด, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋„“ํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
And so, for the first time, I am showing this.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
We have three different strains of Agarikon mushrooms
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
12:13
highly active against flu viruses.
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์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฆ„๋ฒ„์„ฏ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
Here's the selectivity index numbers --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์„ ํƒ๋„์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
12:17
against pox, you saw 10s and 20s -- now against flu viruses,
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์ฒœ์—ฐ๋‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” 10์—์„œ 20์ด๊ตฌ์š”, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”
12:20
compared to the ribavirin controls,
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๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”๋น„๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
12:22
we have an extraordinarily high activity.
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์ด๋ก€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
And we're using a natural extract
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๋”๊ตฐ๋‹ค๋‚˜ ์ €ํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณต์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋ผ ํ•ด๋„
12:27
within the same dosage window as a pure pharmaceutical.
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์ฒœ์—ฐ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜์ž์—ฐ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด์ง€์š”.
12:29
We tried it against flu A viruses -- H1N1, H3N2 --
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์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์žA(์‹ ์ข…ํ”Œ๋ฃจ) ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ธ H1N1๊ณผ H3N2,
12:33
as well as flu B viruses.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์žB ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
So then we tried a blend,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ท ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ 
12:37
and in a blend combination we tried it against H5N1,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  H5N1์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ์ €ํฌ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ท ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ๋Š”
12:41
and we got greater than 1,000 selectivity index.
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์„ ํƒ๋„์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋ ค 1์ฒœ์„ ๋„˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
12:46
I then think that we can make the argument
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์ด์ œ ๋…ธ์ˆ™๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”
12:51
that we should save the old-growth forest
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์˜
12:53
as a matter of national defense.
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๋‹น์œ„์„ฑ์ด ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:00
I became interested in entomopathogenic fungi --
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณค์ถฉ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
fungi that kill insects.
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๊ณค์ถฉ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๊ท  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
Our house was being destroyed by carpenter ants.
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์ €ํฌ ์ง‘์€ ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
So, I went to the EPA homepage, and they were recommending studies
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ฒญ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ดค๋”๋‹ˆ
13:11
with metarhizium species of a group of fungi
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๊ณค์ถฉ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
13:14
that kill carpenter ants, as well as termites.
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์ด ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋Š” ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
I did something that nobody else had done.
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์ €๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ํ•ด๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:19
I actually chased the mycelium, when it stopped producing spores.
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ž ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์† ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
These are spores -- this is in their spores.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ํฌ์ž๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
I was able to morph the culture
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์„
13:26
into a non-sporulating form.
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๋น„-ํฌ์ž์ƒ์„ฑ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
And so the industry has spent over 100 million dollars
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์ง‘์„ ๊ฐ‰์•„๋จน๋Š” ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ผ์ง‘์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ธ
13:31
specifically on bait stations to prevent termites from eating your house.
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์‚ฐ์—…์  ๋น„์šฉ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ 1์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
But the insects aren't stupid,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
and they would avoid the spores when they came close,
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๋ฏธ๋ผ์ง‘ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๋กœ ์˜ค๋ฉด ํฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
and so I morphed the cultures into a non-sporulating form.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋น„-ํฌ์ž์ƒ์„ฑ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
13:42
And I got my daughter's Barbie doll dish,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ๋”ธ ์ธํ˜•๋†€์ด ์ ‘์‹œ์— ์ด ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋†“๊ณ 
13:44
I put it right where a bunch of carpenter ants
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์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋–ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
were making debris fields, every day,
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์ •๋ง ๋งค์ผ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ‰์•„๋จน์–ด ๋ถ€์Šค๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋˜ ๊ณณ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:48
in my house, and the ants were attracted to the mycelium,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
because there's no spores.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๊ธด "ํฌ์ž"๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
13:54
They gave it to the queen.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์—ฌ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
13:55
One week later, I had no sawdust piles whatsoever.
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์ผ์ฃผ์ผ ํ›„, ์ง‘์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ†ฑ๋ฐฅ๊ฐ€๋ฃจ ๋”๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
And then -- a delicate dance between dinner and death --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ด ์ €๋…์‹์‚ฌ์™€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ์ค„๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ
14:04
the mycelium is consumed by the ants,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ˆ๊ณ ,
14:07
they become mummified, and, boing, a mushroom pops out of their head.
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๋ฏธ์ด๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ , ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ด ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์™”๊ฒ ์ฃ .
14:11
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:12
Now after sporulation, the spores repel.
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ํฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฉํ‡ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:16
So, the house is no longer suitable for invasion.
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์ด์ œ ์ €ํฌ ์ง‘์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์—์„œ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์›Œ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:20
So, you have a near-permanent solution for reinvasion of termites.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ์žฌ์Šต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:24
And so my house came down, I received my first patent
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์ €๋Š” ์™•๊ฐœ๋ฏธ, ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ํ‡ด์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
14:27
against carpenter ants, termites and fire ants.
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์ €์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
Then we tried extracts, and lo and behold,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ˆ, ์ด๊ฒƒ ์ข€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”,
14:32
we can steer insects to different directions.
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์ด์   ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํฉ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
This has huge implications.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
I then received my second patent -- and this is a big one.
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์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ƒˆ์ฃ . ์ด๊ฒŒ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
It's been called an Alexander Graham Bell patent.
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์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด์—„ ๋ฒจ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ,
14:40
It covers over 200,000 species.
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๋ฌด๋ ค ์ด์‹ญ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ข…์„ ๊ฐ์—ผ, ๋ฐ•๋ฉธ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
This is the most disruptive technology --
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"ํŒŒ๊ดด์  ๊ธฐ์ˆ "์˜ ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
14:44
I've been told by executives of the pesticide industry --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ค‘์—ญ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ,
14:47
that they have ever witnessed.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด ๋ณธ ์ ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
This could totally revamp the pesticide industries throughout the world.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. .
14:52
You could fly 100 Ph.D. students under the umbrella of this concept,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐœ๋… ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
because my supposition is that entomopathogenic fungi,
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ํฌ์ž๋กœ ํ‡ด์น˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณค์ถฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
14:59
prior to sporulation, attract the very insects
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ํฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—, ๊ณค์ถฉ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ˜นํ•˜์—ฌ
15:01
that are otherwise repelled by those spores.
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๋ฐ•๋ฉธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
15:04
And so I came up with a Life Box, because I needed a delivery system.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋ผ์ดํ”„๋ฐ•์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ์•„์ดํ…œ์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•ด ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
The Life Box -- you're gonna be getting a DVD of the TED conference --
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์ด ๋ฐ•์Šค ์•ˆ์—์„œ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ TED ์ปจํผ๋Ÿฐ์Šค์˜ DVD๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๊ตฌ์š”,
15:12
you add soil, you add water,
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ํ† ์–‘๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์‹œ๊ณ ,
15:14
you have mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi as well as spores,
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ํฌ์ž๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ท ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ธฐ์ƒ์‹๋ฌผ ๊ท ๋„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
like of the Agarikon mushroom.
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์ฃผ๋ฆ„๋ฒ„์„ฏ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
15:21
The seeds then are mothered by this mycelium.
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์”จ์•—๋“ค์€ ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:24
And then you put tree seeds in here,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์”จ์•—์„ ์‹ฌ์œผ์‹œ๊ตฌ์š”,
15:27
and then you end up growing -- potentially --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์ด ๊ณจํŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์ž์—์„œ
15:30
an old-growth forest from a cardboard box.
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๋…ธ์ˆ™๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœํŒ์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
15:32
I want to reinvent the delivery system,
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์ €๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด,
15:35
and the use of cardboard around the world,
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์ด ๊ณจํŒ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
so they become ecological footprints.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒํƒœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ตญ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
15:39
If there's a YouTube-like site that you could put up,
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์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
15:42
you could make it interactive, zip code specific --
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์ข€ ๋” ์ƒํ˜ธํ˜‘๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ง€์—ญ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
where people could join together,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
15:46
and through satellite imaging systems,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‚˜,
15:48
through Virtual Earth or Google Earth,
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๋ฒ„์ธ„์–ผ ์–ด์Šค, ํ˜น์€ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ์–ด์Šค ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
15:50
you could confirm carbon credits are being sequestered
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๋ผ์ดํ”„ ๋ฐ•์Šค์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋“ค ๋•ํƒ์—
15:52
by the trees that are coming through Life Boxes.
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ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๊ถŒ์„ ํ• ๋‹น๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ###
15:55
You could take a cardboard box delivering shoes,
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์ด ๊ณจํŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ฐœ ๋ฐฐ์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
15:58
you could add water -- I developed this for the refugee community --
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๋ฌผ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑด ๋‚œ๋ฏผ์ดŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
16:02
corns, beans and squash and onions.
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์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜, ์ฝฉ, ํ˜ธ๋ฐ•, ์–‘ํŒŒ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
16:04
I took several containers -- my wife said, if I could do this, anybody could --
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์ €๋„ ๋ฐ•์Šค๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ์•„๋‚ด ๋ง๋กœ๋Š”, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
16:08
and I ended up growing a seed garden.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์”จ์•— ์ •์›์„ ๊ฐ€๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
Then you harvest the seeds --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์”จ์•—์„ ์ถ”์ˆ˜ํ•ด์„œ --
16:12
and thank you, Eric Rasmussen, for your help on this --
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์—๋ฆญ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ์…จ์–ด์š”,
16:16
and then you're harvesting the seed garden.
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ์ด ์ •์›์—์„œ ์”จ์•—์„ ์ถ”์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
Then you can harvest the kernels, and then you just need a few kernels.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ฐฑ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์•Œ๊ฐฑ์ด๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
I add mycelium to it, and then I inoculate the corncobs.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋Œ€์— ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:26
Now, three corncobs, no other grain --
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ํ˜„์žฌ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณก์‹๋“ค์—” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š”
16:29
lots of mushrooms begin to form.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ๋“ค์ด ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
Too many withdrawals from the carbon bank,
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์—ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ํƒ„์†Œ ์€ํ–‰์—์„œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ด ์ผ๊ณ ,
16:34
and so this population will be shut down.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์—๋„ ํฐ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
16:36
But watch what happens here.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
16:40
The mushrooms then are harvested,
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์ด ๋ฒ„์„ฏ๋“ค์„ ์ถ”์ˆ˜ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
16:42
but very importantly,
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์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„,
16:46
the mycelium has converted the cellulose into fungal sugars.
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„ฌ์œ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
And so I thought, how could we address the energy crisis in this country?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ๋‹ฅ์นœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ?
16:56
And we came up with Econol.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์—์ฝ”๋†€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:59
Generating ethanol from cellulose using mycelium as an intermediary --
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๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฌ์œ ์†Œ์—์„œ ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š” --
17:04
and you gain all the benefits that I've described to you already.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:07
But to go from cellulose to ethanol is ecologically unintelligent,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฌ์œ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:12
and I think that we need to be econologically intelligent
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•ด์งˆ
17:16
about the generation of fuels.
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ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๊ณ ์š”.
17:18
So, we build the carbon banks on the planet, renew the soils.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ์€ํ–‰์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ , ํ† ์–‘์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
These are a species that we need to join with.
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์ด ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:24
I think engaging mycelium can help save the world.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ท ์‚ฌ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:29
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:31
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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