William Noel: Revealing the lost codex of Archimedes

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Translator: Jørgen Leditzig Reviewer: Anders Finn Jørgensen
00:15
The great texts of the ancient world
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Oldtidens store skrifter
00:18
don't survive to us in their original form.
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er ikke tilgængelige i deres oprindelige form.
00:21
They survive because medieval scribes copied them
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De er tilgængelige, fordi middelalderens skrivere kopierede dem,
00:25
and copied them and copied them.
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igen og igen.
00:27
And so it is with Archimedes,
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Således er det også med Arkimedes,
00:29
the great Greek mathematician.
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den store græske matematiker.
00:31
Everything we know about Archimedes as a mathematician
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Alt som vi ved om Arkimedes som matematiker,
00:34
we know about because of just three books,
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ved vi fra blot tre bøger,
00:37
and they're called A, B and C.
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som hedder A, B og C.
00:39
And A was lost by an Italian humanist in 1564.
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A blev smidt væk af en italiensk humanist i 1564.
00:43
And B was last heard of in the Pope's Library
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B hørte man sidst om i pavens bibliotek
00:46
about a hundred miles north of Rome in Viterbo in 1311.
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cirka 160 kilometer nord for Rom i Viterbo i 1311.
00:52
Now Codex C was only discovered in 1906,
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Kodeks C blev først fundet i 1906,
00:56
and it landed on my desk in Baltimore
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og det havnede på mit skrivebord i Baltimore
00:59
on the 19th of January, 1999.
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den 19. januar 1999.
01:03
And this is Codex C here.
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Dette er Kodeks C.
01:05
Now Codex C is actually buried in this book.
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Kodeks C er faktisk gemt i denne bog.
01:11
It's buried treasure.
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Det er en gemt skat.
01:12
Because this book is actually a prayer book.
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Denne bog er nemlig faktisk en bønnebog.
01:14
It was finished by a guy called Johannes Myrones
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Den blev afsluttet af en fyr ved navn Ioannes Myronas
01:17
on the 14th of April, 1229.
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den 14. april 1229.
01:21
And to make his prayer book he used parchment.
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For at lave sin bønnebog brugte han pergament.
01:23
But he didn't use new parchment,
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Men han brugte ikke nyt pergament,
01:26
he used parchment recycled from earlier manuscripts,
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han brugte pergament, som var genbrugt fra tidligere manuskripter,
01:29
and there were seven of them.
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som der var syv af.
01:31
And Archimedes Codex C was just one of those seven.
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Arkimedes' kodeks C var blot et af disse syv.
01:34
He took apart the Archimedes manuscript and the other seven manuscripts.
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Han skilte Arkimedes' og de syv andre manuskripter ad.
01:40
He erased all of their texts,
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Han slettede al skriften,
01:43
and then he cut the sheets down in the middle,
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hvorefter han skar arkene over på midten,
01:46
he shuffled them up,
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han blandede dem,
01:48
and he rotated them 90 degrees,
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og han roterede dem 90 grader,
01:50
and he wrote prayers on top of these books.
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og han skrev bønner på dem.
01:52
And essentially these seven manuscripts
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Disse syv manuskripter
01:54
disappeared for 700 years, and we have a prayer book.
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forsvandt nu i 700 år, og vi har en bønnebog.
01:58
The prayer book was discovered by this guy,
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Bønnebogen blev fundet af denne fyr,
02:01
Johan Ludvig Heiberg, in 1906.
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Johan Ludvig Heiberg, i 1906.
02:04
And with just a magnifying glass,
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Kun ved hjælp af en lup
02:05
he transcribed as much of the text as he could.
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tydede han så meget af teksten, som han kunne.
02:08
And the thing is that he found two texts in this manuscript
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Sagen er, at han fandt to tekster i dette manuskript,
02:11
that were unique texts.
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som var unikke.
02:13
They weren't in A and B at all;
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De fandtes slet ikke i A og B;
02:15
they were completely new texts by Archimedes,
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De var helt nye tekster af Arkimedes,
02:16
and they were called "The Method" and "The Stomachion."
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og de hedder "Metoden" og "Stomachion".
02:20
And it became a world famous manuscript.
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Manuskriptet blev verdensberømt.
02:22
Now it should be clear by now
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På dette tidspunkt skal det forstås,
02:24
that this book is in bad condition.
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at denne bog er i dårlig stand.
02:27
It got in worse condition in the 20th century
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Dens stand forværredes i det 20. århundrede,
02:30
after Heiberg saw it.
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efter Heiberg så den.
02:32
Forgeries were painted over it,
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Falsknerier blev malet i den,
02:33
and it suffered very badly from mold.
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og den led frygteligt af mug.
02:36
This book is the definition of a write-off.
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Denne bog er selve definitionen af skrammel.
02:40
It's the sort of book
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Det er den slags bog,
02:42
that you thought would be in an institution.
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som burde være på en institution.
02:44
But it's not in an institution,
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Men den er ikke på en institution,
02:47
it was bought by a private owner in 1998.
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den blev købt af en privat ejer i 1998.
02:51
Why did he buy this book?
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Hvorfor købte han bogen?
02:53
Because he wanted to make that which was fragile safe.
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Fordi han ville redde det skrøbelige.
02:57
He wanted to make that which was unique ubiquitous.
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Han ville gøre det unikke universelt tilgængeligt.
03:00
He wanted to make that which was expensive free.
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Han ville gøre det dyre gratis.
03:04
And he wanted to do this as a matter of principle.
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Dette gjorde han som en principsag.
03:08
Because not many people are really going to read Archimedes in ancient Greek,
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Fordi mange mennesker ville aldrig læse Arkimedes på oldgræsk,
03:12
but they should have the chance to do it.
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men de burde have muligheden for det.
03:15
So he gathered around himself the friends of Archimedes,
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Så han samlede Arkimedes' venner,
03:18
and he promised to pay for all the work.
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og lovede at han ville betale for alt arbejdet.
03:20
And it was an expensive job,
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Det var et dyrt arbejde,
03:22
but actually it wouldn't be as much as you think
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men det kom ikke til at koste så meget, som man kunne tro,
03:25
because these people, they didn't come from money,
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da disse folk ikke kom for pengene,
03:28
they came from Archimedes.
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de kom for Arkimedes.
03:29
And they came from all sorts of different backgrounds.
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Og de havde alle mulige baggrunde.
03:31
They came from particle physics,
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De kom fra partikelfysikken,
03:33
they came from classical philology,
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de kom fra klassisk filologi,
03:35
they came from book conservation,
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de kom fra bog-konservering,
03:37
they came from ancient mathematics,
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de kom fra oldtidens matematik,
03:39
they came from data management,
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de kom fra data-styring,
03:41
they came from scientific imaging and program management.
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de kom fra videnskabelig billedbehandling og program-styring.
03:44
And they got together to work on this manuscript.
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De fandt sammen for at arbejde på dette manuskript.
03:48
The first problem was a conservation problem.
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Det første problem var konserveringen.
03:52
And this is the sort of thing that we had to deal with:
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Dette er et eksempel på hvad vi havde at gøre med:
03:54
There was glue on the spine of the book.
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Der var lim på bogens ryg.
03:56
And if you look at this photograph carefully,
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Hvis I ser nøje efter på billedet,
03:58
the bottom half of this is rather brown.
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er den nederste halvdel af bogen ganske brun.
04:01
And that glue is hide glue.
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Limen er udvundet af dyrehud.
04:02
Now if you're a conservator,
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Hvis man er konservator,
04:03
you can take off this glue reasonably easily.
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kan man relativt nemt fjerne denne slags lim.
04:05
The top half is Elmer's wood glue.
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På den øverste del har man brugt trælim.
04:09
It's polyvinyl acetate emulsion
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Det er en emulsion af polyvinylacetat,
04:11
that doesn't dissolve in water once it's dry.
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som ikke kan opløses i vand, når den først er tør.
04:14
And it's much tougher than the parchment that it was written on.
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Den er meget sejere, end pergamentet den blev brugt på.
04:17
And so before we could start imaging Archimedes,
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Så før vi kunne begynde at scanne Arkimedes,
04:20
we had to take this book apart.
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var vi nødt til at skille bogen ad.
04:22
So it took four years to take apart.
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Det tog fire år at skille bogen ad.
04:24
And this is a rare action shot, ladies and gentlemen.
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Dette, mine damer og herrer, er et sjældent billede af processen.
04:28
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
04:31
Another thing is that we had to get rid of all the wax,
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Derefter måtte vi fjerne al voksen,
04:35
because this was used in the liturgical services
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da man brugte det under gudstjenesterne
04:37
of the Greek Orthodox Church
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i den græsk-ortodokse kirke;
04:39
and they'd used candle wax.
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og man brugte voks fra lys.
04:40
And the candle wax was dirty,
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Voksen fra lysene var beskidt,
04:42
and we couldn't image through the wax.
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og vi kunne ikke scanne igennem voksen.
04:43
So very carefully we had to mechanically scrape off all the wax.
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Så med den største forsigtighed måtte vi mekanisk skrabe al voksen af.
04:47
It's hard to tell you exactly
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Det er svært at beskrive præcist,
04:49
how bad this condition of this book is,
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hvor dårlig en stand bogen er i,
04:51
but it came out in little bits very often.
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men ofte kom den i små stykker.
04:54
And normally in a book, you wouldn't worry about the little bits,
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Under normale forhold ville man ikke bruge energi på de små stykker,
04:56
but these little bits might contain unique Archimedes text.
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men disse små stykker kunne indeholde unik tekst af Arkimedes.
04:59
So, tiny fragments
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Så det lykkedes os faktisk,
05:02
we actually managed to put back in the right place.
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at sætte bittesmå fragmenter på plads.
05:06
Then, having done that, we started to image the manuscript.
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Da vi havde gjort det, kunne vi begynde scanningen af manuskriptet.
05:10
And we imaged the manuscript
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Vi scannede manuskriptet
05:12
in 14 different wavebands of light.
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under 14 forskellige lysfrekvenser.
05:14
Because if you look at something in different wavebands of light,
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Fordi hvis man ser på noget under forskellige lysfrekvenser,
05:18
you see different things.
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ser man forskellige ting.
05:19
And here is an image of a page
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Her er et billede af en side
05:20
imaged in 14 different wavebands of light.
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scannet under 14 forskellige lysfrekvenser.
05:23
But none of them worked.
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Men ingen af dem virkede.
05:25
So what we did was we processed the images together,
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Så vi gjorde det, at vi scannede billederne sammen,
05:29
and we put two images into one blank screen.
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og vi satte to billeder sammen på en blank skærm.
05:33
And here are two different images of the Archimedes manuscript.
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Her er to forskellige billeder af Arkimedes' manuskript.
05:36
And the image on the left
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Billedet til venstre
05:37
is the normal red image.
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er det normale røde billede.
05:39
And the image on the right is an ultraviolet image.
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Billedet til højre er et ultraviolet billede.
05:41
And in the image on the right
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På billedet til højre
05:42
you might be able to see some of the Archimedes writing.
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kan I måske se noget af Arkimedes' skrift.
05:44
If you merge them together into one digital canvas,
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Hvis man samler dem på et digitalt lærred,
05:47
the parchment is bright in both images
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er pergamentet lyst på begge billeder,
05:50
and it comes out bright.
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og det fremstår som lyst.
05:52
The prayer book is dark in both images
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Bønnebogen er mørk på begge billeder,
05:55
and it comes out dark.
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og den fremstår som mørk.
05:57
The Archimedes text is dark in one image and bright in another.
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Arkimedes' skrift er mørk på et billede og lyst på et andet.
06:00
And it'll come out dark but red,
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Den fremstår som mørkerød,
06:02
and then you can start to read it rather clearly.
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og så kan man begynde at læse den ret klart.
06:05
And that's what it looks like.
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Sådan ser det ud.
06:07
Now that's a before and after image,
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Dette er et før og efter-billede,
06:11
but you don't read the image on the screen like that.
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men sådan læser man det ikke på skærmen.
06:14
You zoom in and you zoom in
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Man zoomer ind,
06:16
and you zoom in and you zoom in,
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igen og igen,
06:20
and you can just read it now.
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og nu kan man bare læse det.
06:22
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
06:28
If you process the same two images in a different way,
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Hvis man fremkalder de samme to billeder på en anden måde,
06:32
you can actually get rid of the prayer book text.
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kan man faktisk slippe af med bønnebogens skrift.
06:35
And this is terribly important,
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Dette er meget vigtigt,
06:36
because the diagrams in the manuscript
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fordi diagrammerne i manuskriptet
06:39
are the unique source for the diagrams
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er eneste kilde for diagrammerne,
06:41
that Archimedes drew in the sand in the fourth century B.C.
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som Arkimedes tegnede i sandet i det 4. århundrede før vor tidsregning.
06:44
And there we are, I can give them to you.
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Her er de, jeg viser dem til jer.
06:47
With this kind of imaging --
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Med denne type scanning --
06:49
this kind of infrared, ultraviolet, invisible light imaging --
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denne slags infrarøde, ultraviolette, usynligt lys-scanning --
06:52
we were never going to image through the gold ground forgeries.
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kunne vi aldrig scanne igennem de guld-baserede falsknerier.
06:54
How were we going to do that?
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Hvordan skulle vi kunne gøre det?
06:56
Well we took the manuscript,
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Vi tog manuskriptet,
06:58
and we decided to image it in X-ray fluorescence imaging.
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og vi besluttede at scanne det ved hjælp af røntgenfluorescens.
07:03
So an X-ray comes in in the diagram on the left
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En røntgen-stråle kommer ind på diagrammet til venstre,
07:06
and it knocks out an electron from the inner shell of an atom.
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og det banker en elektron løs fra et atoms inderste bane.
07:09
And that electron disappears.
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Denne elektron forsvinder.
07:11
And as it disappears, an electron from a shell farther out
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Som den forsvinder, hopper en elektron fra en ydre bane,
07:15
jumps in and takes its place.
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ind og tager dens plads.
07:18
And when it takes its place,
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Når den tager dens plads,
07:19
it sheds electromagnetic radiation.
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giver den elektromagnetisk stråling fra sig.
07:22
It sheds an X-ray.
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Den afgiver en røntgenstråle.
07:23
And this X-ray is specific in its wavelength
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Denne røntgenstråle har en særlig frekvens
07:26
to the atom that it hits.
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for det atom, som den rammer.
07:28
And what we wanted to get
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Det som vi sigtede efter
07:30
was the iron.
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var jern.
07:32
Because the ink was written in iron.
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Fordi blækket var lavet af jern.
07:34
And if we can map
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Hvis vi kan kortlægge,
07:35
where this X-ray that comes out, where it comes from,
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hvor denne røntgenstråle kommer fra,
07:38
we can map all the iron on the page,
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kan vi kortlægge alt jernet på siden,
07:40
then theoretically we can read the image.
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og så kan vi, teoretisk set, læse billedet.
07:42
The thing is that you need a very powerful light source to do this.
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Sagen er, at man skal bruge en meget kraftig lyskilde for at kunne gøre det.
07:47
So we took it to the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
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Så vi bragte manuskriptet til Stanfords SSRL
07:50
in California,
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i Californien,
07:52
which is a particle accelerator.
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som er en partikel-accelerator.
07:53
Electrons go around one way,
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Elektroner kommer fra den ene side,
07:55
positrons go around the other.
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og positroner kommer fra den anden.
07:57
They meet in the middle,
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De mødes på midten,
07:58
and they create subatomic particles
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hvor de skaber sub-atomare partikler
08:00
like the charm quark and the tau lepton.
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som charm-kvarken og tau-leptonen.
08:03
Now we weren't actually going to put Archimedes in that beam.
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Vi ville ikke lægge manuskriptet ind i strålen.
08:06
But as the electrons go round at the speed of light,
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Men når elektronerne bevæger sig rundt med lysets hastighed,
08:09
they shed X-rays.
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afgiver de røntgenstråler.
08:10
And this is the most powerful light source in the solar system.
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Dette er den stærkeste lyskilde i solsystemet.
08:13
This is called synchrotron radiation,
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Det kaldes synkrotron-stråling,
08:15
and it's normally used to look at things
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og man bruger det normalt til at se på ting
08:17
like proteins and that sort of thing.
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som proteiner og den slags.
08:18
But we wanted it to look at atoms, at iron atoms,
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Men vi ville bruge den til at se på atomer, på jern-atomer,
08:22
so that we could read the page from before and after.
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så vi kunne læse siden fra før og efter.
08:25
And lo and behold, we found that we could do it.
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Og se nu her, vi opdagede at det var muligt.
08:28
It took about 17 minutes to do a single page.
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Hver side tog 17 minutter at fuldføre.
08:31
So what did we discover?
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Så, hvad fandt vi ud af?
08:34
Well one of the unique texts in Archimedes
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En af de unikke skrifter i manuskriptet
08:36
is called "The Stomachion."
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1803
hedder "Stomachion"
08:38
And this didn't exist in Codices A and B.
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2414
Denne fandtes ikke i kodeks A og B.
08:40
And we knew that it involved this square.
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Vi vidste, at den havde at gøre med denne firkant.
08:43
And this is a perfect square,
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Det er et perfekt kvadrat,
08:44
and it's divided into 14 bits.
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2021
og det er opdelt i 14 stykker.
08:46
But no one knew what Archimedes was doing with these 14 bits.
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Men ingen vidste hvad Arkimedes lavede med disse 14 stykker.
08:49
And now we think we know.
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Men nu tror vi, at vi ved det.
08:51
He was trying to work out
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1767
Han prøvede at finde ud af,
08:53
how many ways you can recombine those 14 bits
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hvor mange måder man kunne sætte disse 14 stykker sammen på
08:56
and still make a perfect square.
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og stadig have et perfekt kvadrat.
08:58
Anyone want to guess the answer?
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Kan I gætte svaret?
09:01
It's 17,152 divided into 536 families.
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5362
Det er 17.152 fordelt på 536 familier.
09:07
And the important point about this
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Det vigtige med det her er,
09:09
is that it's the earliest study in combinatorics in mathematics.
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at det er det tidligste studie i kombinatorik i matematikken.
09:13
And combinatorics is a wonderful and interesting branch of mathematics.
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Kombinatorik er en vidunderlig og interessant matematisk disciplin.
09:17
The really astonishing thing though about this manuscript
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3235
Det virkeligt forbløffende ved dette manuskript er,
09:20
is that we looked at the other manuscripts
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at vi så på de andre manuskripter,
09:22
that the palimpsester had made,
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som palimpsest-mageren havde lavet,
09:24
the scribe had made his book out of,
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som skriveren havde lavet denne bog af,
09:26
and one of them was a manuscript containing text by Hyperides.
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og et af dem var et manuskript indeholdende tekst af Hypereides.
09:29
Now Hyperides was an Athenian orator from the fourth century B.C.
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4368
Hypereides var en taler fra Athen i det 4. århundrede f.v.t.
09:34
He was an exact contemporary of Demosthenes.
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2417
Han levede på samme tid som Demosthenes.
09:36
And in 338 B.C. he and Demosthenes together
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I 338 f.v.t. bestemte han og Demosthenes
09:40
decided that they wanted to stand up
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sig for at gøre modstand mod
09:42
to the military might of Philip of Macedon.
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2000
Filip 2. af Makedoniens militære magt.
09:44
So Athens and Thebes went out to fight Philip of Macedon.
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Så Athen og Theben gik i krig mod Filip 2. af Makedonien.
09:48
This was a bad idea,
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1268
Det var en dårlig idé,
09:49
because Philip of Macedon had a son called Alexander the Great,
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3433
for Filip 2. af Makedonien havde en søn ved navn Alexander den Store,
09:52
and they lost the battle of Chaeronea.
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og de tabte slaget ved Chaeronea.
09:55
Alexander the Great went on to conquer the known world;
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2718
Alexander den Store endte med at erobre den kendte verden;
09:57
Hyperides found himself on trial for treason.
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Hypereides blev retsforfulgt for forræderi.
10:00
And this is the speech that he gave when he was on trial --
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Dette er hans forvarstale fra retssagen --
10:04
and it's a great speech:
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og det er en stor tale:
10:05
"Best of all," he says, "is to win.
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2268
"Det bedste," siger han, "er at vinde.
10:07
But if you can't win,
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1734
Men hvis man ikke kan vinde,
10:09
then you should fight for a noble cause,
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bør man kæmpe for en ædel sag,
10:11
because then you'll be remembered.
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for så vil man blive husket.
10:13
Consider the Spartans.
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Tag spartanerne som eksempel.
10:14
They won enumerable victories,
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1868
De vandt utallige sejre,
10:16
but no one remembers what they are
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616474
1832
men ingen husker dem,
10:18
because they were all fought for selfish ends.
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2135
fordi de alle blev udkæmpet af egoistiske grunde.
10:20
The one battle that the Spartans fought that everybody remembers
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3566
Det eneste slag, som spartanerne deltog i, som alle kan huske,
10:24
is the the battle of Thermopylae
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1716
er slaget ved Thermopylæ,
10:25
where they were butchered to a man,
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625723
2003
hvor de alle blev slagtet,
10:27
but fought for the freedom of Greece."
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627726
1932
men kæmpede for Grækenlands frihed."
10:29
It was such a great speech
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629658
2265
Talen var så god,
10:31
that the Athenian law courts let him off.
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3735
at retten i Athen lod ham slippe uden straf.
10:35
He lived for another 10 years,
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2066
Han levede i 10 år til,
10:37
then the Macedonian faction caught up with him.
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før den makedonske hær fangede ham.
10:40
They cut out his tongue in mockery of his oratory,
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2584
De skar hans tunge af for at spotte hans tale,
10:42
and no one knows what they did with his body.
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3431
og ingen ved, hvad de gjorde med liget.
10:46
So this is the discovery of a lost voice from antiquity,
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3151
Så dette er opdagelsen af en glemt stemme fra antikken,
10:49
speaking to us, not from the grave,
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649541
1982
som taler til os, ikke fra graven,
10:51
because his grave doesn't exist,
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1478
fordi hans grav findes ikke,
10:53
but from the Athenian law courts.
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1773
men fra retten i Athen.
10:54
Now I should say at this point
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1649
På dette tidspunkt bør jeg nævne,
10:56
that normally when you're looking
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2767
at man normalt ikke, når man ser på
10:59
at medieval manuscripts that have been scraped off,
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659190
1996
manuskripter fra middelalderen, som er blevet skrabet,
11:01
you don't find unique texts.
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1486
finder unikke skrifter.
11:02
And to find two in one manuscript is really something.
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3102
Så at finde to i ét manuskript er noget særligt.
11:05
To find three is completely weird.
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3217
At finde tre er fuldstændig mærkeligt.
11:08
And we found three.
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1681
Vi fandt tre.
11:10
Aristotle's "Categories"
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1266
Aristoteles' "Kategorier"
11:11
is one of the foundational texts of Western philosophy.
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2453
er en af de grundlæggende skrifter i den vestlige verdens filosofi.
11:14
And we found a third century A.D. commentary on it,
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4416
Vi fandt en kommentar om den fra det 3. århundrede.
11:18
possibly by Galen and probably by Porphyry.
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3184
Muligvis af Galén og sandsynligvis af Porfyr.
11:21
Now all this data that we collected,
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681991
2198
Al det data som vi har samlet,
11:24
all the images, all the raw images,
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684189
2535
alle billederne, alle de rå billeder,
11:26
all the transcriptions that we made and that sort of thing
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2350
alle transskriptionerne, som vi lavede, og den slags
11:29
have been put online under a Creative Commons license
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er lagt på nettet under en Creative Commons licens,
11:32
for anyone to use for any commercial purpose.
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så det kan bruges af alle til ethvert kommercielt formål.
11:35
(Applause)
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6533
(Bifald)
11:42
Why did the owner of the manuscript do this?
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Hvorfor gjorde manuskriptets ejer dette?
11:45
He did this because he understands data as well as books.
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3746
Det gjorde han, fordi han forstår data såvel som bøger.
11:49
Now the thing to do with books,
264
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1335
Det man skal gøre med bøger,
11:50
if you want to ensure their long-term utility,
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2131
hvis man vil sikre deres langvarige brug,
11:52
is to hide them away in closets
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2216
er at gemme dem i skabe,
11:54
and let very few people look at them.
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714739
1800
og lade meget få mennesker se dem.
11:56
The thing to do with data, if you want it to survive,
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2419
Det man skal gøre med data, hvis man vil have det til at overleve,
11:58
is to let it out and have everybody have it
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3301
er at slippe det fri og lade alle få det
12:02
with as little control on that data as possible.
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3099
med så lidt kontrol af dataene som muligt.
12:05
And that's what he did.
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1164
Og det er, hvad han gjorde.
12:06
And institutions can learn from this.
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3428
Og institutioner kan lære af dette.
12:09
Because institutions at the moment
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2552
For i øjeblikket indskrænker institutioner
12:12
confine their data with copyright restrictions and that sort of thing.
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3057
deres data med ophavsretsrestriktioner og den slags.
12:15
And if you want to look at medieval manuscripts on the Web,
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2192
Hvis man vil se på manuskripter fra middelalderen på nettet,
12:17
at the moment you have to go to the National Library of Y's site
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3471
er man nødt til at gå til Nationalbiblioteket Y's hjemmeside
12:21
or the University Library of X's site,
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2668
eller Universitetsbiblioteket X's hjemmeside,
12:23
which is about the most boring way
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1899
som er den mest kedelige måde,
12:25
in which you can deal with digital data.
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1777
man kan behandle digitale data på.
12:27
What you want to do is to aggregate it all together.
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2993
Det man skal gøre er, at samle det hele.
12:30
Because the Web of the ancient manuscripts of the future
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3097
Fordi fremtidens net af oldtidens manuskripter
12:33
isn't going to be built by institutions.
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2286
vil ikke blive bygget af institutioner.
12:35
It's going to be built by users,
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3108
Det vil blive bygget af brugere,
12:39
by people who get this data together,
284
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1774
af folk som samler disse data,
12:40
by people who want to aggregate all sorts of maps
285
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3535
af folk som vil samle alle mulige slags kort
12:44
from wherever they come from,
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1632
fra det sted de kommer fra,
12:45
all sorts of medieval romances
287
765991
1800
alle mulige slags romaner fra middelalderen
12:47
from wherever they come from,
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767791
1549
fra det sted de kommer fra,
12:49
people who just want to curate their own glorious selection
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3783
folk som blot vil lave deres egen pragtfulde samling
12:53
of beautiful things.
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1517
af smukke ting.
12:54
And that is the future of the Web.
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1617
Det er nettets fremtid.
12:56
And it's an attractive and beautiful future,
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3183
Det er en tiltrækkende og smuk fremtid,
12:59
if only we can make it happen.
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1602
hvis vi blot kan bringe den til udfoldelse.
13:01
Now we at the Walters Art Museum have followed this example,
294
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3181
Vi, på Walters Art Museum, har fulgt dette eksempel,
13:04
and we have put up all our manuscripts on the Web
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3350
og vi har lagt alle vore manuskripter ud på nettet,
13:07
for people to enjoy --
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1683
så folk kan nyde dem --
13:09
all the raw data, all the descriptions, all the metadata.
297
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2584
al råmaterialet, alle beskrivelserne, alle metadata --
13:11
under a Creative Commons license.
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2883
under en Creative Commons licens.
13:14
Now the Walters Art Museum is a small museum
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1518
Walters Art Museum er et lille museum,
13:16
and it has beautiful manuscripts,
300
796241
1548
og det har smukke manuskripter,
13:17
but the data is fantastic.
301
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2018
men dataene er fantastiske.
13:19
And the result of this
302
799807
1783
Resultatet af dette er,
13:21
is that if you do a Google search on images right now
303
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3018
at hvis du søger på googles billede-søgning nu
13:24
and you type in "Illuminated manuscript Koran" for example,
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3332
og for eksempel skriver "Illuminated manuscript Koran",
13:27
24 of the 28 images you'll find come from my institution.
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4417
vil 24, ud af de 28 billeder du finder, være fra min institution.
13:32
(Applause)
306
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5550
(Bifald)
13:37
Now, let's think about this for a minute.
307
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5033
Lad os tænke over dette.
13:42
What's in it for the institution?
308
822940
1983
Hvad får institutionen ud af det?
13:44
There are all sorts of things that are in it for the institution.
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2596
Institutionen får en masse ud af det.
13:47
You can talk about the Humanities and that sort of thing,
310
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2123
Man kan nævne humaniora og den slags,
13:49
but let's talk about selfish things.
311
829642
1881
men lad os tale om egennyttige emner.
13:51
Because what's really in it for the institution is this:
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3868
Fordi det, som institutionen i virkeligheden får ud af det, er dette:
13:55
Now why do people go to the Louvre?
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3056
Hvorfor besøger folk Louvre?
13:58
They go to see the Mona Lisa.
314
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2984
For at se Mona Lisa.
14:01
Why do they go to see the Mona Lisa?
315
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3059
Hvorfor vil de se Mona Lisa?
14:04
Because they already know what she looks like.
316
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2382
Fordi de allerede ved, hvordan hun ser ud.
14:06
And they know what she looks like
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2334
Og de ved, hvordan hun ser ud
14:09
because they've seen pictures of her absolutely everywhere.
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4702
fordi de har set billeder af hende alle vegne.
14:13
Now, there is no need
319
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4449
Der er slet ikke brug
14:18
for these restrictions at all.
320
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2279
for disse begrænsninger.
14:20
And I think that institutions should stand up
321
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2087
Jeg synes, at institutioner burde
14:22
and release all their data under unrestricted licenses,
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3134
frigive alle deres data under ubegrænsede licenser,
14:25
and it would be a great benefit to everybody.
323
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2216
og det ville være til alles fordel.
14:28
Why don't we just let everybody have access to this data
324
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3166
Hvorfor lader vi ikke bare alle have adgang til disse data
14:31
and curate their own collection
325
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2336
og lave deres egen samling
14:33
of ancient knowledge and wonderful and beautiful things
326
873575
2165
af oldtidens viden og vidunderlige og smukke ting
14:35
and increase the beauty and the cultural significance
327
875740
3088
og derved øge skønheden og den kulturelle betydning
14:38
of the Internet.
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1228
af internettet?
14:40
Thank you very much indeed.
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1517
Mange tak.
14:41
(Applause)
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4433
(Bifald)
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