William Noel: Revealing the lost codex of Archimedes

118,556 views ใƒป 2012-05-29

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Oron Ashual
00:15
The great texts of the ancient world
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ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง
00:18
don't survive to us in their original form.
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ืœื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
00:21
They survive because medieval scribes copied them
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื
00:25
and copied them and copied them.
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ื•ื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื ื•ื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื.
00:27
And so it is with Archimedes,
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืขื ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก,
00:29
the great Greek mathematician.
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ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
00:31
Everything we know about Archimedes as a mathematician
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ื›ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™
00:34
we know about because of just three books,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืจืง ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช 3 ืกืคืจื™ื,
00:37
and they're called A, B and C.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื B, A ื•-C.
00:39
And A was lost by an Italian humanist in 1564.
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ื•- A ืื‘ื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื‘ 1564.
00:43
And B was last heard of in the Pope's Library
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ืขืœ B ื ืฉืžืข ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ
00:46
about a hundred miles north of Rome in Viterbo in 1311.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 160 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœืจื•ืžื ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืจื‘ื• ื‘ 1311.
00:52
Now Codex C was only discovered in 1906,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืงื•ื“ืงืก C ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืจืง ื” 1906,
00:56
and it landed on my desk in Baltimore
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ
00:59
on the 19th of January, 1999.
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ื‘19 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, 1999.
01:03
And this is Codex C here.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืงื•ื“ืงืก (ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ืžึดืฆึฐื—ึธืฃ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ) C ืคื”.
01:05
Now Codex C is actually buried in this book.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืงื•ื“ืงืก C ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”.
01:11
It's buried treasure.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืฆืจ ืงื‘ื•ืจ.
01:12
Because this book is actually a prayer book.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกืคืจ ืชืคื™ืœื”.
01:14
It was finished by a guy called Johannes Myrones
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืžื™ื™ืจื•ื ืก ืกื™ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื•
01:17
on the 14th of April, 1229.
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ื‘ 14 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, 1229.
01:21
And to make his prayer book he used parchment.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืœืฃ.
01:23
But he didn't use new parchment,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืœืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ,
01:26
he used parchment recycled from earlier manuscripts,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืœืฃ ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื,
01:29
and there were seven of them.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ื›ืืœื”.
01:31
And Archimedes Codex C was just one of those seven.
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ื•ืงื•ื“ืงืก C ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื‘ืขื”.
01:34
He took apart the Archimedes manuscript and the other seven manuscripts.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืจืง ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ื•ืืช ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:40
He erased all of their texts,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:43
and then he cut the sheets down in the middle,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื—ืชืš ืืช ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข,
01:46
he shuffled them up,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืจื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื,
01:48
and he rotated them 90 degrees,
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ื•ืกื™ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื‘ 90 ืžืขืœื•ืช,
01:50
and he wrote prayers on top of these books.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:52
And essentially these seven manuscripts
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ืขืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืืœื”
01:54
disappeared for 700 years, and we have a prayer book.
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ื ืขืœืžื• ืœ-700 ืฉื ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกืคืจ ืชืคื™ืœื”.
01:58
The prayer book was discovered by this guy,
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ืกืคืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
02:01
Johan Ludvig Heiberg, in 1906.
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ื™ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื•ื“ื‘ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืจื’, ื‘ 1906.
02:04
And with just a magnifying glass,
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ื•ืจืง ืขื ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื’ื“ืœืช,
02:05
he transcribed as much of the text as he could.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœ.
02:08
And the thing is that he found two texts in this manuscript
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”
02:11
that were unique texts.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
02:13
They weren't in A and B at all;
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘A ื•ื‘B ื‘ื›ืœืœ;
02:15
they were completely new texts by Archimedes,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก,
02:16
and they were called "The Method" and "The Stomachion."
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ื•ื”ื ื ืงืจืื• "ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”" ื• "ื”ืกื˜ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ."
02:20
And it became a world famous manuscript.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:22
Now it should be clear by now
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
02:24
that this book is in bad condition.
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ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข.
02:27
It got in worse condition in the 20th century
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ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”20
02:30
after Heiberg saw it.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื‘ืจื’ ืจืื” ืื•ืชื•.
02:32
Forgeries were painted over it,
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ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื•,
02:33
and it suffered very badly from mold.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ื‘ืฉ.
02:36
This book is the definition of a write-off.
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ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
02:40
It's the sort of book
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ
02:42
that you thought would be in an institution.
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ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“.
02:44
But it's not in an institution,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“,
02:47
it was bought by a private owner in 1998.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืกืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ 1998.
02:51
Why did he buy this book?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”?
02:53
Because he wanted to make that which was fragile safe.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
02:57
He wanted to make that which was unique ubiquitous.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื ื’ื™ืฉ.
03:00
He wanted to make that which was expensive free.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื™ืงืจ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
03:04
And he wanted to do this as a matter of principle.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ.
03:08
Because not many people are really going to read Archimedes in ancient Greek,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืงืจืื• ืืช ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”,
03:12
but they should have the chance to do it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
03:15
So he gathered around himself the friends of Archimedes,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืกืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก,
03:18
and he promised to pay for all the work.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
03:20
And it was an expensive job,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืงืจื”,
03:22
but actually it wouldn't be as much as you think
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
03:25
because these people, they didn't come from money,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ,
03:28
they came from Archimedes.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก.
03:29
And they came from all sorts of different backgrounds.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื›ืœ ืžื ื™ ืจืงืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:31
They came from particle physics,
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืคื™ืกื™ืงืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
03:33
they came from classical philology,
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช,
03:35
they came from book conservation,
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืกืคืจื™ื,
03:37
they came from ancient mathematics,
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืขืชื™ืงื”,
03:39
they came from data management,
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข,
03:41
they came from scientific imaging and program management.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:44
And they got together to work on this manuscript.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”.
03:48
The first problem was a conservation problem.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ.
03:52
And this is the sort of thing that we had to deal with:
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ื•ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื:
03:54
There was glue on the spine of the book.
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ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืง ืขืœ ืฉื™ื“ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
03:56
And if you look at this photograph carefully,
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ,
03:58
the bottom half of this is rather brown.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื.
04:01
And that glue is hide glue.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืง ืขื•ืจ.
04:02
Now if you're a conservator,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ืืชื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื,
04:03
you can take off this glue reasonably easily.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืง ื”ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
04:05
The top half is Elmer's wood glue.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืง ืขืฅ ืืœืžืจ.
04:09
It's polyvinyl acetate emulsion
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ื–ื• ืชืžื™ืกืช ืืฆื˜ื˜ ืคื•ืœื™ื•ื ื™ืœ
04:11
that doesn't dissolve in water once it's dry.
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ืฉืœื ืžืชืžื•ืกืกืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉืช.
04:14
And it's much tougher than the parchment that it was written on.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื•ื—ื” ืžื”ืงืœืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื”.
04:17
And so before we could start imaging Archimedes,
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก,
04:20
we had to take this book apart.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
04:22
So it took four years to take apart.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคืจืง ืื•ืชื•.
04:24
And this is a rare action shot, ladies and gentlemen.
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ื•ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ืช ืืงืฉืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื”, ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™.
04:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:31
Another thing is that we had to get rid of all the wax,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืชืจ ืžื”ืฉืขื•ื•ื”,
04:35
because this was used in the liturgical services
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื’ื™ื
04:37
of the Greek Orthodox Church
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืจื˜ื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช
04:39
and they'd used candle wax.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉืขื•ื•ืช ื ืจื•ืช.
04:40
And the candle wax was dirty,
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ื•ืฉืขื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ืช,
04:42
and we couldn't image through the wax.
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ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืขื•ื•ื”.
04:43
So very carefully we had to mechanically scrape off all the wax.
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ืื– ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืจื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ืื ื™.
04:47
It's hard to tell you exactly
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
04:49
how bad this condition of this book is,
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ื›ืžื” ืจืข ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”,
04:51
but it came out in little bits very often.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžื ื• ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
04:54
And normally in a book, you wouldn't worry about the little bits,
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืžื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
04:56
but these little bits might contain unique Archimedes text.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก.
04:59
So, tiny fragments
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ืื–, ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื
05:02
we actually managed to put back in the right place.
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ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื.
05:06
Then, having done that, we started to image the manuscript.
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ืื–, ื›ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“.
05:10
And we imaged the manuscript
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ื•ื“ื™ืžืชื ื• ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“
05:12
in 14 different wavebands of light.
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ื‘14 ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
05:14
Because if you look at something in different wavebands of light,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
05:18
you see different things.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:19
And here is an image of a page
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืฃ
05:20
imaged in 14 different wavebands of light.
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ื‘14 ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:23
But none of them worked.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ืขื‘ื“.
05:25
So what we did was we processed the images together,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื—ื“,
05:29
and we put two images into one blank screen.
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ื•ืฉืžื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกืš ืœื‘ืŸ.
05:33
And here are two different images of the Archimedes manuscript.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก.
05:36
And the image on the left
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ
05:37
is the normal red image.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื“ื•ื.
05:39
And the image on the right is an ultraviolet image.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ.
05:41
And in the image on the right
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ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
05:42
you might be able to see some of the Archimedes writing.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก.
05:44
If you merge them together into one digital canvas,
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ืื ืชืื—ื“ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืงื ื•ื•ืก ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™,
05:47
the parchment is bright in both images
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ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
05:50
and it comes out bright.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื”.
05:52
The prayer book is dark in both images
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ืกืคืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ื”ื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
05:55
and it comes out dark.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ื›ื”ื”.
05:57
The Archimedes text is dark in one image and bright in another.
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ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ื›ื”ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”.
06:00
And it'll come out dark but red,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื›ื”ื” ืื‘ืœ ืื“ื•ื,
06:02
and then you can start to read it rather clearly.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
06:05
And that's what it looks like.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
06:07
Now that's a before and after image,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™,
06:11
but you don't read the image on the screen like that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ื›ื›ื”.
06:14
You zoom in and you zoom in
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ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื–ื•ื
06:16
and you zoom in and you zoom in,
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื–ื•ื ื•ืขื•ื“,
06:20
and you can just read it now.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
06:22
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:28
If you process the same two images in a different way,
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ืื ืชืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื”,
06:32
you can actually get rid of the prayer book text.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคืชืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”.
06:35
And this is terribly important,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
06:36
because the diagrams in the manuscript
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“
06:39
are the unique source for the diagrams
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ื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช
06:41
that Archimedes drew in the sand in the fourth century B.C.
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ืฉืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
06:44
And there we are, I can give them to you.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื.
06:47
With this kind of imaging --
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ืขื ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ืช --
06:49
this kind of infrared, ultraviolet, invisible light imaging --
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ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ื, ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ, ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” --
06:52
we were never going to image through the gold ground forgeries.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื.
06:54
How were we going to do that?
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ืื™ืš ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
06:56
Well we took the manuscript,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“,
06:58
and we decided to image it in X-ray fluorescence imaging.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™.
07:03
So an X-ray comes in in the diagram on the left
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ืื– ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืื™ื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืืœ
07:06
and it knocks out an electron from the inner shell of an atom.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœืฅ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ื.
07:09
And that electron disappears.
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ื•ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืœื.
07:11
And as it disappears, an electron from a shell farther out
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืœื, ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:15
jumps in and takes its place.
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ืงื•ืคืฅ ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•.
07:18
And when it takes its place,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•,
07:19
it sheds electromagnetic radiation.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
07:22
It sheds an X-ray.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงืจื™ืŸ ืงืจื ื™ X.
07:23
And this X-ray is specific in its wavelength
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ื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœื•
07:26
to the atom that it hits.
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ืœืื˜ื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืข.
07:28
And what we wanted to get
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ
07:30
was the iron.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
07:32
Because the ink was written in iron.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
07:34
And if we can map
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ื•ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืคื•ืช
07:35
where this X-ray that comes out, where it comes from,
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ืื™ืคื•ื ื”ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื, ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข,
07:38
we can map all the iron on the page,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ื“ืฃ,
07:40
then theoretically we can read the image.
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ื•ืื– ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
07:42
The thing is that you need a very powerful light source to do this.
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืžืงื•ืจ ืื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
07:47
So we took it to the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
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ืื– ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“
07:50
in California,
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ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
07:52
which is a particle accelerator.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืื™ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
07:53
Electrons go around one way,
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ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“,
07:55
positrons go around the other.
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ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.
07:57
They meet in the middle,
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ื”ื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–,
07:58
and they create subatomic particles
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืชืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื
08:00
like the charm quark and the tau lepton.
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ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื•ืืจืง ื”ืฆ'ืืจื ื•ืœืคื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืื•.
08:03
Now we weren't actually going to put Archimedes in that beam.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื ืฉื™ื ืืช ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ื‘ืืœื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.
08:06
But as the electrons go round at the speed of light,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ,
08:09
they shed X-rays.
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ื”ื ืžืฉื™ืœื™ื ืงืจื ื™ X.
08:10
And this is the most powerful light source in the solar system.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
08:13
This is called synchrotron radiation,
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืงืจื™ื ืช ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
08:15
and it's normally used to look at things
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
08:17
like proteins and that sort of thing.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
08:18
But we wanted it to look at atoms, at iron atoms,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืจื–ืœ,
08:22
so that we could read the page from before and after.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ืฃ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™.
08:25
And lo and behold, we found that we could do it.
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ื•ืจืื• ื–ื” ืคืœื, ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
08:28
It took about 17 minutes to do a single page.
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš 17 ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ.
08:31
So what did we discover?
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ืื– ืžื” ืžืฆืื ื•?
08:34
Well one of the unique texts in Archimedes
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก
08:36
is called "The Stomachion."
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ื ืงืจื "ื”ืกื˜ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ."
08:38
And this didn't exist in Codices A and B.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื“ืงื™ื A ื• B.
08:40
And we knew that it involved this square.
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ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื”ื–ื”.
08:43
And this is a perfect square,
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ื•ื–ื” ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืžื•ืฉืœื,
08:44
and it's divided into 14 bits.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœ 14 ื—ืœืงื™ื.
08:46
But no one knew what Archimedes was doing with these 14 bits.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื” ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ืขืฉื” ืขื 14 ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:49
And now we think we know.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
08:51
He was trying to work out
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื—ืฉื‘
08:53
how many ways you can recombine those 14 bits
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื“ืจ ืืช 14 ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
08:56
and still make a perfect square.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืžื•ืฉืœื.
08:58
Anyone want to guess the answer?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ื—ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”?
09:01
It's 17,152 divided into 536 families.
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ื–ื” 17,152 ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœ 536 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช.
09:07
And the important point about this
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”
09:09
is that it's the earliest study in combinatorics in mathematics.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
09:13
And combinatorics is a wonderful and interesting branch of mathematics.
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ื•ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื˜ื™ืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืขื ืฃ ื ืคืœื ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
09:17
The really astonishing thing though about this manuscript
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”
09:20
is that we looked at the other manuscripts
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
09:22
that the palimpsester had made,
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ืฉืื™ืฉ ื”ื“ืช ื™ืฆืจ,
09:24
the scribe had made his book out of,
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ื”ืงืœืฃ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•,
09:26
and one of them was a manuscript containing text by Hyperides.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคืจื™ื“ืก.
09:29
Now Hyperides was an Athenian orator from the fourth century B.C.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ืคืจื™ื“ืก ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจืฉืŸ ื‘ืืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
09:34
He was an exact contemporary of Demosthenes.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืกื˜ื ืก.
09:36
And in 338 B.C. he and Demosthenes together
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ื•ื‘ 338 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื•ื“ืžื•ืกื˜ื ืก ื™ื—ื“
09:40
decided that they wanted to stand up
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“
09:42
to the military might of Philip of Macedon.
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ืœื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื”ืžืงื“ื•ื ื™.
09:44
So Athens and Thebes went out to fight Philip of Macedon.
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ืื– ืืชื•ื ื” ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื”ืžืงื“ื•ื ื™.
09:48
This was a bad idea,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข,
09:49
because Philip of Macedon had a son called Alexander the Great,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืคื™ืœื™ืค ื”ืžืงื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
09:52
and they lost the battle of Chaeronea.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ืืจื•ื ืื”.
09:55
Alexander the Great went on to conquer the known world;
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ื•ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ;
09:57
Hyperides found himself on trial for treason.
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ื”ื™ืคืจื™ื“ืก ืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืืฉืžืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”.
10:00
And this is the speech that he gave when he was on trial --
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื ืื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ --
10:04
and it's a great speech:
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ:
10:05
"Best of all," he says, "is to win.
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"ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ," ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, "ื–ื” ืœื ืฆื—.
10:07
But if you can't win,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆื—,
10:09
then you should fight for a noble cause,
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ืื– ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื ืขืœื”,
10:11
because then you'll be remembered.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื– ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืืชื›ื.
10:13
Consider the Spartans.
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ืฉื™ืงืœื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™ื,
10:14
They won enumerable victories,
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ื”ื ื ื™ืฆื—ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคื•ืจ,
10:16
but no one remembers what they are
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืžื” ื”ื
10:18
because they were all fought for selfish ends.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช.
10:20
The one battle that the Spartans fought that everybody remembers
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ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื• ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื
10:24
is the the battle of Thermopylae
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื‘ ืชืจืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ืก
10:25
where they were butchered to a man,
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ื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื•,
10:27
but fought for the freedom of Greece."
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืŸ."
10:29
It was such a great speech
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื” ื ืื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ
10:31
that the Athenian law courts let him off.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืืชื•ื ื” ืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื•.
10:35
He lived for another 10 years,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
10:37
then the Macedonian faction caught up with him.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืกื™ืขื” ื”ืžืงื“ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื•.
10:40
They cut out his tongue in mockery of his oratory,
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ื”ื ื—ืชื›ื• ืืช ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื›ืœืขื’ ืœื ืื•ืžื™ื•,
10:42
and no one knows what they did with his body.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืขืฉื• ืขื ื’ื•ืคืชื•.
10:46
So this is the discovery of a lost voice from antiquity,
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ืื– ื–ื• ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœ ืื‘ื•ื“ ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ,
10:49
speaking to us, not from the grave,
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ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื ื•, ืœื ืžื”ืงื‘ืจ,
10:51
because his grave doesn't exist,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘ืจ ืฉืœื• ืœื ืงื™ื™ื,
10:53
but from the Athenian law courts.
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ืืœื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™.
10:54
Now I should say at this point
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•
10:56
that normally when you're looking
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ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื
10:59
at medieval manuscripts that have been scraped off,
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ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžื—ืงื•,
11:01
you don't find unique texts.
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ืืชื ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
11:02
And to find two in one manuscript is really something.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื”ื•.
11:05
To find three is completely weird.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
11:08
And we found three.
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื”.
11:10
Aristotle's "Categories"
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"ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•
11:11
is one of the foundational texts of Western philosophy.
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
11:14
And we found a third century A.D. commentary on it,
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื•,
11:18
possibly by Galen and probably by Porphyry.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืืœืŸ ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจืคื™ืจื™.
11:21
Now all this data that we collected,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืืกืคื ื•,
11:24
all the images, all the raw images,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช,
11:26
all the transcriptions that we made and that sort of thing
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
11:29
have been put online under a Creative Commons license
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ื”ื•ืขืœื• ืœืจืฉืช ืชื—ืช ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ ืงื•ืžื•ื ืก
11:32
for anyone to use for any commercial purpose.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช.
11:35
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:42
Why did the owner of the manuscript do this?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”?
11:45
He did this because he understands data as well as books.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื.
11:49
Now the thing to do with books,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืกืคืจื™ื,
11:50
if you want to ensure their long-term utility,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
11:52
is to hide them away in closets
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืจื•ื ื•ืช
11:54
and let very few people look at them.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืœืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ื.
11:56
The thing to do with data, if you want it to survive,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข, ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืจื•ื“,
11:58
is to let it out and have everybody have it
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ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืœืง ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ื•ืœื
12:02
with as little control on that data as possible.
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
12:05
And that's what he did.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”.
12:06
And institutions can learn from this.
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ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื–ื”.
12:09
Because institutions at the moment
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืข
12:12
confine their data with copyright restrictions and that sort of thing.
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ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
12:15
And if you want to look at medieval manuscripts on the Web,
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ื•ืื ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช,
12:17
at the moment you have to go to the National Library of Y's site
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ื›ืจื’ืข ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืชืจ Y
12:21
or the University Library of X's site,
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ืื• ืœืกืคืจื™ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืืชืจ X,
12:23
which is about the most boring way
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ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืขืžืžืช
12:25
in which you can deal with digital data.
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ื‘ื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™.
12:27
What you want to do is to aggregate it all together.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ืœื•,
12:30
Because the Web of the ancient manuscripts of the future
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืฉืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
12:33
isn't going to be built by institutions.
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ืœื ืชื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช.
12:35
It's going to be built by users,
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ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื,
12:39
by people who get this data together,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
12:40
by people who want to aggregate all sorts of maps
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื—ื“ ื›ืœ ืžื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคื•ืช
12:44
from wherever they come from,
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ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช,
12:45
all sorts of medieval romances
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ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื
12:47
from wherever they come from,
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ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื,
12:49
people who just want to curate their own glorious selection
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืง ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื
12:53
of beautiful things.
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ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ื.
12:54
And that is the future of the Web.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช.
12:56
And it's an attractive and beautiful future,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ืคื™ืคื” ื•ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
12:59
if only we can make it happen.
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ืื ืจืง ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ืช.
13:01
Now we at the Walters Art Museum have followed this example,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื“ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจืก ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื•,
13:04
and we have put up all our manuscripts on the Web
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ื•ืฉืžื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืจืฉืช
13:07
for people to enjoy --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื ื• ืžื”ื --
13:09
all the raw data, all the descriptions, all the metadata.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™, ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ.
13:11
under a Creative Commons license.
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ืชื—ืช ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ ืงื•ืžื•ื ืก.
13:14
Now the Walters Art Museum is a small museum
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจืก ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ
13:16
and it has beautiful manuscripts,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื,
13:17
but the data is fantastic.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ื ืคืœื.
13:19
And the result of this
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”
13:21
is that if you do a Google search on images right now
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืชืขืฉื• ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
13:24
and you type in "Illuminated manuscript Koran" for example,
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ื•ืชืงืœื™ื“ื• "ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืžื•ืืจื™ื ืงื•ืจืืŸ" ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
13:27
24 of the 28 images you'll find come from my institution.
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24 ืžืชื•ืš 28 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
13:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:37
Now, let's think about this for a minute.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
13:42
What's in it for the institution?
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ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืžื•ืกื“ ืžื–ื”?
13:44
There are all sorts of things that are in it for the institution.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื–ื”.
13:47
You can talk about the Humanities and that sort of thing,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
13:49
but let's talk about selfish things.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื.
13:51
Because what's really in it for the institution is this:
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืžื•ืกื“ ืžื–ื”:
13:55
Now why do people go to the Louvre?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืœื•ื‘ืจ?
13:58
They go to see the Mona Lisa.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื–ื”.
14:01
Why do they go to see the Mona Lisa?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื–ื”?
14:04
Because they already know what she looks like.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช.
14:06
And they know what she looks like
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช
14:09
because they've seen pictures of her absolutely everywhere.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
14:13
Now, there is no need
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš
14:18
for these restrictions at all.
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ืœื”ืชื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
14:20
And I think that institutions should stand up
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“
14:22
and release all their data under unrestricted licenses,
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ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ื ืชื—ืช ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ,
14:25
and it would be a great benefit to everybody.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื›ื•ืœื.
14:28
Why don't we just let everybody have access to this data
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ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
14:31
and curate their own collection
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ื•ืœืืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื
14:33
of ancient knowledge and wonderful and beautiful things
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ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ืขืชื™ืง ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื•ื™ืคื™ื™ืคื™ื
14:35
and increase the beauty and the cultural significance
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ื•ื ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช
14:38
of the Internet.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
14:40
Thank you very much indeed.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืืžืช.
14:41
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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