William Noel: Revealing the lost codex of Archimedes

117,706 views ใƒป 2012-05-29

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Mira Kraรฏmia ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:15
The great texts of the ancient world
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ุฅู†ู‘ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุตูˆุต ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…
00:18
don't survive to us in their original form.
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ู„ุง ุชุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู†ุง ููŠ ุดูƒู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠ.
00:21
They survive because medieval scribes copied them
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชู†ุฌูˆ ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ูƒุงุชุจูŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆู† ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰ ู†ุณุฎูˆุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง
00:25
and copied them and copied them.
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ูˆู†ุณุฎูˆุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูˆู†ุณุฎูˆุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง.
00:27
And so it is with Archimedes,
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ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู†ูุณู‡ ู…ุน ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณุŒ
00:29
the great Greek mathematician.
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ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ุงู„ุงุบุฑูŠู‚ูŠู‘ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู….
00:31
Everything we know about Archimedes as a mathematician
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ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ุนู† ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณ ูƒุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช
00:34
we know about because of just three books,
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ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ุจูุถู„ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูƒุชุจ ูู‚ุทุŒ
00:37
and they're called A, B and C.
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ุชุณู…ู‰ู‘ B ุŒ A ูˆ C.
00:39
And A was lost by an Italian humanist in 1564.
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ู‚ุงู… ุนุงู„ู… ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠู‘ุงุช ุจุฅุถุงุนุฉ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ A ุณู†ุฉ 1564.
00:43
And B was last heard of in the Pope's Library
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ูˆุขุฎุฑ ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุฌุฏ ุจู‡ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ B ู‡ูˆ ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุจุงุจุง
00:46
about a hundred miles north of Rome in Viterbo in 1311.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ 100 ู…ูŠู„ุง ุดู…ุงู„ ุฑูˆู…ุง ููŠ ููŠุชุฑุจูˆ ุณู†ุฉ 1311.
00:52
Now Codex C was only discovered in 1906,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู„ู… ูŠุชู…ู‘ ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ C ุฅู„ุงู‘ ุณู†ุฉ 1906
00:56
and it landed on my desk in Baltimore
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ูˆูˆุฌุฏุชู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูƒุชุจูŠ ููŠ ุจุงู„ุชูŠู…ูˆุฑ
00:59
on the 19th of January, 1999.
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ููŠ 19 ู…ู† ูƒุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ/ูŠู†ุงูŠุฑุŒ 1999.
01:03
And this is Codex C here.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช C.
01:05
Now Codex C is actually buried in this book.
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ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู‡ูŠ ู…ุฏููˆู†ุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ.
01:11
It's buried treasure.
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง ูƒู†ุฒ ู…ุฏููˆู†.
01:12
Because this book is actually a prayer book.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุตู„ ูƒุชุงุจ ุตู„ุงุฉ.
01:14
It was finished by a guy called Johannes Myrones
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ุฃู†ู‡ุงู‡ ุฑุฌู„ ูŠุณู…ู‘ู‰ ู…ูŠุฑูˆู†ูŠุณ ูŠูˆู‡ุงู†ุณ
01:17
on the 14th of April, 1229.
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ููŠ 14 ู…ู† ู†ูŠุณุงู†/ุฃุจุฑูŠู„ุŒ 1229.
01:21
And to make his prayer book he used parchment.
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ูˆู„ุตู†ุน ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุตู„ุงุฉ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู… ูˆุฑู‚ ุงู„ุจุฑุดู…ุงู†.
01:23
But he didn't use new parchment,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ูˆุฑู‚ ุจุฑุดู…ุงู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏุงุŒ
01:26
he used parchment recycled from earlier manuscripts,
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ุจู„ ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ุง ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ู…ุฃุฎูˆุฐุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ุฃู‚ุฏู…ุŒ
01:29
and there were seven of them.
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุณุจุนุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง.
01:31
And Archimedes Codex C was just one of those seven.
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช C ู„ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณู‘ุจุนุฉ.
01:34
He took apart the Archimedes manuscript and the other seven manuscripts.
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ู‚ุงู… ุจูุตู„ ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุฉ ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณ ูˆ ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ุงู„ุณุจุนุฉ.
01:40
He erased all of their texts,
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ูˆู‚ุงู… ุจู…ุญูˆ ุฌู…ูŠุน ู†ุตูˆุตู‡ุงุŒ
01:43
and then he cut the sheets down in the middle,
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ุซู…ู‘ ู‚ุงู… ุจู‚ุตู‘ ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ ู…ู† ูˆุณุทู‡ุงุŒ
01:46
he shuffled them up,
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ูˆู‚ุงู… ุจุฎู„ุทู‡ุง ู…ุนุงุŒ
01:48
and he rotated them 90 degrees,
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ูˆุฃุฏุฑุงู‡ุง 90 ุฏุฑุฌุฉุŒ
01:50
and he wrote prayers on top of these books.
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ุซู…ู‘ ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุตู„ุงูˆุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุนู„ุงู‡ุง.
01:52
And essentially these seven manuscripts
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ุงู„ุณุจุนุฉ ุฃุณุงุณุงู‹
01:54
disappeared for 700 years, and we have a prayer book.
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ุงุฎุชูุช ู„ู…ุฏู‘ุฉ 700 ุณู†ุฉุŒ ุซู…ู‘ ุฃุตุจุญ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุตู„ุงุฉ.
01:58
The prayer book was discovered by this guy,
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ู…ู† ุงูƒุชุดู ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุตู‘ู„ุงุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ
02:01
Johan Ludvig Heiberg, in 1906.
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ูŠูˆู‡ุงู† ู„ูˆุฏููŠุฌ ู‡ูŠุจุฑุบุŒ ููŠ ุนุงู… 1906.
02:04
And with just a magnifying glass,
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ุจุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ ุนุฏุณุฉ ู…ูƒุจู‘ุฑุฉ ูู‚ุทุŒ
02:05
he transcribed as much of the text as he could.
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ุชู…ูƒู‘ู† ู…ู† ุชุฏูˆูŠู† ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ู…ุง ุฃู…ูƒู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ.
02:08
And the thing is that he found two texts in this manuscript
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ู…ุง ูŠุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูˆุฌุฏ ู†ุตู‘ูŠู† ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช
02:11
that were unique texts.
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ูƒุงู†ุง ูุฑูŠุฏูŠู† ู…ู† ู†ูˆุนู‡ู…ุง.
02:13
They weren't in A and B at all;
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ู„ู… ูŠูˆุฌุฏุง ุณุงุจู‚ุง ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจูŠ A ูˆ BุŒ
02:15
they were completely new texts by Archimedes,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชู„ูƒ ู†ุตูˆุตุง ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุง ู„ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณุŒ
02:16
and they were called "The Method" and "The Stomachion."
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชู…ู‘ุช ุชุณู…ูŠุชู‡ "ุงู„ุฃุณู„ูˆุจ" ูˆ"The Stomachion".
02:20
And it became a world famous manuscript.
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ูˆุฃุตุจุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฑุฉ ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู‘ุง.
02:22
Now it should be clear by now
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ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุฐูƒู‘ุฑูƒู… ุจุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุงู„ุขู†
02:24
that this book is in bad condition.
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ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุณูŠุฆุฉ.
02:27
It got in worse condition in the 20th century
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ุฃุตุจุญ ููŠ ุฃุณูˆุฃ ุญุงู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุญุงุฏูŠ ูˆุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู†
02:30
after Heiberg saw it.
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ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ุฑุขู‡ ู‡ุงูŠุจุฑุบ.
02:32
Forgeries were painted over it,
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ุฑุณู…ุช ููˆู‚ู‡ ุนุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุงุชุŒ
02:33
and it suffered very badly from mold.
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ูˆุนุงู†ู‰ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุนูู†.
02:36
This book is the definition of a write-off.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ู‡ูˆ ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ุชู‘ู„ู.
02:40
It's the sort of book
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ู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ
02:42
that you thought would be in an institution.
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ุชุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ู…ุคุณุณุฉ.
02:44
But it's not in an institution,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ููŠ ู…ุนู‡ุฏุŒ
02:47
it was bought by a private owner in 1998.
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ุชู…ู‘ ุดุฑุงุคู‡ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุงู„ูƒ ุฎุงุต ููŠ ุนุงู… 1998.
02:51
Why did he buy this book?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‚ุงู… ุจุดุฑุงุก ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุŸ
02:53
Because he wanted to make that which was fragile safe.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูƒุงู† ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ู‡ุดู‘ ุขู…ู†ุง.
02:57
He wanted to make that which was unique ubiquitous.
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ุฃุฑุงุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ูุฑูŠุฏ ู…ู† ู†ูˆุนู‡ ู…ู†ุชุดุฑุง.
03:00
He wanted to make that which was expensive free.
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ุฃุฑุงุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ู…ูƒู„ู ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠู‘ุง.
03:04
And he wanted to do this as a matter of principle.
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡.
03:08
Because not many people are really going to read Archimedes in ancient Greek,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู„ู† ุชู‚ุฑุฃ ู„ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณ ุจุงู„ู„ู‘ุบุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉุŒ
03:12
but they should have the chance to do it.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชุชูˆูู‘ุฑ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ.
03:15
So he gathered around himself the friends of Archimedes,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุงู… ุจุฌู…ุน ุฎุจุฑุงุก ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณ ุญูˆู„ู‡ุŒ
03:18
and he promised to pay for all the work.
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ูˆูˆุนุฏู‡ู… ุจุฃู† ูŠุฏูุน ูƒู„ู‘ ุงู„ุชู‘ูƒุงู„ูŠู.
03:20
And it was an expensive job,
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ูƒู„ูุงุŒ
03:22
but actually it wouldn't be as much as you think
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒู…ุง ุชุธู†
03:25
because these people, they didn't come from money,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ ู„ู… ูŠุฃุชูˆุง ู„ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุŒ
03:28
they came from Archimedes.
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ุจู„ ุฌุงุกูˆุง ู„ุฃุฌู„ ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณ.
03:29
And they came from all sorts of different backgrounds.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ู‡ู… ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
03:31
They came from particle physics,
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ู…ู† ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุชุŒ
03:33
they came from classical philology,
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ูˆ ูู‚ู‡ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงุณูŠูƒูŠุฉุŒ
03:35
they came from book conservation,
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ูˆ ุตูŠุงู†ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุชุจุŒ
03:37
they came from ancient mathematics,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉุŒ
03:39
they came from data management,
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ูˆ ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุชุŒ
03:41
they came from scientific imaging and program management.
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ูˆ ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ูˆุงู„ุชุตูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ.
03:44
And they got together to work on this manuscript.
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ุชุฌู…ู‘ุนูˆุง ู…ุนุง ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุฉ.
03:48
The first problem was a conservation problem.
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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆุงุฌู‡ูˆู‡ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญูุธ.
03:52
And this is the sort of thing that we had to deal with:
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุนู‡ุง:
03:54
There was glue on the spine of the book.
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุบุฑุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ.
03:56
And if you look at this photograph carefully,
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ุงู†ุธุฑูˆุง ุฌูŠู‘ุฏุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ููˆุชูˆุบุฑุงููŠู‘ุฉุŒ
03:58
the bottom half of this is rather brown.
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ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุณูู„ูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ ุจู†ูŠู‘ ุงู„ู„ู‘ูˆู†.
04:01
And that glue is hide glue.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ู‘ุตู‚ ู‡ูˆ ุบุฑุงุก ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠู‘.
04:02
Now if you're a conservator,
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ุฅู† ูƒู†ุช ู…ู† ู…ุฑู…ู‘ู…ูŠ ุงู„ูƒุชุจุŒ
04:03
you can take off this glue reasonably easily.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฅุฒุงู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุบุฑุงุก ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ.
04:05
The top half is Elmer's wood glue.
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ุงู„ู†ุตู ุงู„ุนู„ูˆูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุบุฑุงุก ุงู„ู…ูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุฎุดุจ.
04:09
It's polyvinyl acetate emulsion
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ูˆู…ุณุชุญู„ุจ ุฎู„ุงุช ุงู„ุจูˆู„ูŠ
04:11
that doesn't dissolve in water once it's dry.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ุชุฐูˆุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุจุนุฏ ุฌูุงูู‡ุง.
04:14
And it's much tougher than the parchment that it was written on.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุชุงู†ุฉ ู…ู† ูˆุฑู‚ ุงู„ุจุฑุดู…ุงู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ูƒุชูˆุจุฉ ุนู„ูŠู‡.
04:17
And so before we could start imaging Archimedes,
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ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุชุตูˆู‘ุฑ ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณุŒ
04:20
we had to take this book apart.
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ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุญู„ู‘ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ.
04:22
So it took four years to take apart.
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ุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุฏู‘ุฉ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุณู†ูˆุงุช.
04:24
And this is a rare action shot, ladies and gentlemen.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ู‚ุทุฉ ู†ุงุฏุฑุฉ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุŒ ุณูŠุฏุงุชูŠ ูˆ ุณุงุฏุชูŠ.
04:28
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
04:31
Another thing is that we had to get rid of all the wax,
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ูƒู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุชู‘ุฎู„ุต ู…ู† ูƒู„ู‘ ุงู„ุดู‘ู…ุนุŒ
04:35
because this was used in the liturgical services
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ูŠุณุชุนู…ู„ ูƒุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุฏู…ุงุช ุงู„ุทู‚ูˆุณูŠู‘ุฉ
04:37
of the Greek Orthodox Church
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ุงู„ูƒู†ูŠุณุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุซูˆุฐูƒุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†ูŠุฉ
04:39
and they'd used candle wax.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุดู‘ู…ูˆุน.
04:40
And the candle wax was dirty,
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุดู…ุน ู‚ุฐุฑุงุŒ
04:42
and we couldn't image through the wax.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠุญูˆู„ ุฏูˆู† ุชุตูˆูŠุฑ ู…ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌ.
04:43
So very carefully we had to mechanically scrape off all the wax.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุถุทุฑุฑู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุฒุงู„ุชู‡ ูƒู„ู‘ู‡ ูŠุฏูˆูŠู‘ุง.
04:47
It's hard to tell you exactly
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุฃู† ุฃุตู ู„ูƒู… ุชู…ุงู…ุง
04:49
how bad this condition of this book is,
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ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุณูŠุฆุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุŒ
04:51
but it came out in little bits very often.
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ุฅู„ุงู‘ ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุชุฑู…ูŠู… ุฃุฌุฒุงุกู‡ ุงู„ุตู‘ุบูŠุฑุฉ ุชุฏุฑูŠุฌูŠู‘ุง.
04:54
And normally in a book, you wouldn't worry about the little bits,
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ูˆุนุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจุŒ ู„ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุฃู† ุชู‚ู„ู‚ ุจุดุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุตู‘ุบูŠุฑุฉุŒ
04:56
but these little bits might contain unique Archimedes text.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉุŒ ูู‡ูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุตูˆุต ู†ุงุฏุฑุฉ ู„ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณ.
04:59
So, tiny fragments
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ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุตู‘ุบูŠุฑุฉ ูƒู†ู‘ุง
05:02
we actually managed to put back in the right place.
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ู‚ุฏ ุชู…ูƒู†ู‘ุง ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ู…ู† ูˆุถุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุฉ.
05:06
Then, having done that, we started to image the manuscript.
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ุซู…ุŒ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุชุตูˆูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุฉ.
05:10
And we imaged the manuscript
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุชุตูˆูŠุฑู‡ุง
05:12
in 14 different wavebands of light.
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ุจ14 ุทูŠูุง ุถูˆุฆูŠู‘ุง ู…ุฎุชู„ูุง.
05:14
Because if you look at something in different wavebands of light,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ูƒ ุฅู† ู†ุธุฑุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุนุจุฑ ุฃุทูŠุงู ุถูˆุฆูŠุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ
05:18
you see different things.
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ูุณุชุฑู‰ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
05:19
And here is an image of a page
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ุตูุญุงุช
05:20
imaged in 14 different wavebands of light.
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ู…ุตูˆู‘ุฑุฉ ุจ14 ุทูŠูุง ุถูˆุฆูŠู‘ุง ู…ุฎุชู„ูุง.
05:23
But none of them worked.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ู… ูŠู†ุฌุญ.
05:25
So what we did was we processed the images together,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู…ุง ูุนู„ู†ุงู‡ ูƒุงู† ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ู…ุนุงุŒ
05:29
and we put two images into one blank screen.
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ูˆูˆุถุน ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุตู‘ูˆุฑ ููŠ ุดุงุดุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูุงุฑุบุฉ.
05:33
And here are two different images of the Archimedes manuscript.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุตูˆุฑุชูŠู† ู…ุฎุชู„ูุชูŠู† ู…ู† ู…ุฎุทูˆุท ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณ.
05:36
And the image on the left
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ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ
05:37
is the normal red image.
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ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑ ุงู„ุนุงุฏูŠ.
05:39
And the image on the right is an ultraviolet image.
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุจู†ูุณุฌูŠุฉ.
05:41
And in the image on the right
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†
05:42
you might be able to see some of the Archimedes writing.
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ู‚ุฏ ุชุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ูƒุชุงุจุงุช ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณ.
05:44
If you merge them together into one digital canvas,
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ุฅุฐุง ู‚ู…ุช ุจุฏู…ุฌู‡ู…ุง ู…ุนุง ููŠ ู„ูˆุญุฉ ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉุŒ
05:47
the parchment is bright in both images
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ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุจุฑุดู…ุงู† ู…ุถุงุก ููŠ ูƒู„ุชูŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุชูŠู†
05:50
and it comes out bright.
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ูˆุชุฑุงู‡ ุณุงุทุนุง.
05:52
The prayer book is dark in both images
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ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุตู„ุงุฉ ู…ุธู„ู… ููŠ ูƒู„ุง ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุชูŠู†
05:55
and it comes out dark.
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ูˆูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฏุงูƒู†ุง.
05:57
The Archimedes text is dark in one image and bright in another.
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ู†ุตู‘ ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณ ู…ุธู„ู… ููŠ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูˆุณุงุทุน ููŠ ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
06:00
And it'll come out dark but red,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุณูŠุจุฏูˆ ู…ุธู„ู…ุง ู„ูƒู† ุจุงู„ู‘ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑุŒ
06:02
and then you can start to read it rather clearly.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุจุฏุก ููŠ ู‚ุฑุงุกุชู‡ ุจูˆุถูˆุญ.
06:05
And that's what it looks like.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ.ุนู„ูŠู‡.
06:07
Now that's a before and after image,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ ูˆ ุจุนุฏุŒ
06:11
but you don't read the image on the screen like that.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ุชู‚ุฑุฃ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุงุดุฉ ู‡ูƒุฐุง.
06:14
You zoom in and you zoom in
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ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ุชูƒุจูŠุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ุชูƒุจูŠุฑ
06:16
and you zoom in and you zoom in,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชูƒุจูŠุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ุชูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ
06:20
and you can just read it now.
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ูŽูˆุงู„ุขู† ูู‚ุท ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ู‚ุฑุงุกุชู‡ุง.
06:22
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
06:28
If you process the same two images in a different way,
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ุฅุฐุง ู‚ู…ุช ุจู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุตู‘ูˆุฑุชูŠู† ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ
06:32
you can actually get rid of the prayer book text.
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ููŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุชู‘ุฎู„ุต ู…ู† ู†ุต ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ุตู„ุงุฉ.
06:35
And this is terribly important,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏู‘ุงุŒ
06:36
because the diagrams in the manuscript
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฑุณูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชุฎุทูŠุทูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุฉ
06:39
are the unique source for the diagrams
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ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ู„ู„ุฑุณูˆู… ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ูŠุฉ
06:41
that Archimedes drew in the sand in the fourth century B.C.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฑุณู…ู‡ุง ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุฑุงุจุน ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏ.
06:44
And there we are, I can give them to you.
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ู‡ุง ู†ุญู† ุฐุงุŒ ุฃุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ุฃุนุทูŠู‡ุง ู„ูƒู….
06:47
With this kind of imaging --
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ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุตูˆูŠุฑ-
06:49
this kind of infrared, ultraviolet, invisible light imaging --
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ุจุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ุชุญุช ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก ูˆุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุจู†ูุณุฌูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ู„ุงู‘ู…ุฑุฆูŠ-
06:52
we were never going to image through the gold ground forgeries.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‘ู†ุง ู„ู† ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุชุตูˆูŠุฑ ู…ุง ุชุญุช ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุจูŠุฉ.
06:54
How were we going to do that?
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ุฅุฐู† ูƒูŠู ุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒุŸ
06:56
Well we took the manuscript,
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ู‚ุฏ ุฃุฎุฐู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุŒ
06:58
and we decided to image it in X-ray fluorescence imaging.
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ูˆู‚ุฑู‘ุฑู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุตูˆู‘ุฑู‡ ุจุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ุงู„ุณูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูู„ูˆุฑูŠู‘ุฉ.
07:03
So an X-ray comes in in the diagram on the left
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ูŠุชุฌู‡ ุดุนุงุน ุงูƒุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุณูˆู…ุงุชุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ
07:06
and it knocks out an electron from the inner shell of an atom.
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ูŠุตุทุฏู… ุจุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุชูƒุงูุคูŠู‘ ู„ู„ุฐุฑุฉ.
07:09
And that electron disappears.
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ูˆูŠุฎุชููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†.
07:11
And as it disappears, an electron from a shell farther out
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ุนู†ุฏ ุงุฎุชูุงุฆู‡ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุชู‘ูƒุงูุคูŠ
07:15
jumps in and takes its place.
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ูŠู†ุชู‚ู„ ูˆูŠุฃุฎุฐ ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡.
07:18
And when it takes its place,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุฃุฎุฐ ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ุŒ
07:19
it sheds electromagnetic radiation.
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ูŠุนูƒุณ ุฃุดุนู‘ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณูŠู‘ุฉ.
07:22
It sheds an X-ray.
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ุฃูŠ ุฃุดุนู‘ุฉ ุงูƒุณ.
07:23
And this X-ray is specific in its wavelength
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุตูˆูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ุงู„ุณูŠู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุญุฏู‘ุฏ ููŠ ุทูˆู„ู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูŠู‘ุŒ
07:26
to the atom that it hits.
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ู„ู„ุฐุฑู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุตุทุฏู… ุจู‡ุง.
07:28
And what we wanted to get
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ูˆู…ุง ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ูŠู‡
07:30
was the iron.
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ.
07:32
Because the ink was written in iron.
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุญุจุฑ ูƒุงู† ู…ูƒุชูˆุจุง ุจุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ.
07:34
And if we can map
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ุง ู…ู† ูˆุถุน ุฎุงุฑุทุฉ
07:35
where this X-ray that comes out, where it comes from,
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ู„ู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฃุดุนุฉ ุงูƒุณุŒ
07:38
we can map all the iron on the page,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุนูŠูŠู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูุญุฉุŒ
07:40
then theoretically we can read the image.
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ุซู… ู†ุธุฑูŠุงู‹ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ.
07:42
The thing is that you need a very powerful light source to do this.
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ู„ูƒู† ุชุญุชุงุฌ ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุถูˆุก ู‚ูˆูŠู‘ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุฐุง.
07:47
So we took it to the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุฎุฐู†ุงู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ "ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ุณุชุงู†ููˆุฑุฏ ู„ู„ุฅุดุนุงุน ุงู„ุณู†ูƒุฑูˆุชุฑูˆู†ูŠ"
07:50
in California,
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ููŠ ูƒุงู„ูŠููˆุฑู†ูŠุงุŒ
07:52
which is a particle accelerator.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุนุฌู‘ู„ ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช.
07:53
Electrons go around one way,
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ุงู„ุงูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ุชู†ุชู‚ู„ ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ุŒ
07:55
positrons go around the other.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุจูˆุฒูŠุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ.
07:57
They meet in the middle,
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ุซู…ู‘ ูŠุชู‚ุงุจู„ูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุณุทุŒ
07:58
and they create subatomic particles
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ูุชุฎู„ู‚ ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุชุญุช ุฐุฑูŠู‘ุฉ
08:00
like the charm quark and the tau lepton.
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงุฑูƒ ุณุญุฑ ูˆู„ูŠุจุชูˆู† ุชุงูˆ..
08:03
Now we weren't actually going to put Archimedes in that beam.
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ุงู„ุขู† ู†ุญู† ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ูุนู„ุง ุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูƒุชุงุจุงุช ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณ.
08:06
But as the electrons go round at the speed of light,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู†ุฏ ุงู†ุชู‚ุงู„ ุงู„ุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ููŠ ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุถูˆุกุŒ
08:09
they shed X-rays.
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ุชุนูƒุณ ุฃุดุนุฉ ุงูƒุณ.
08:10
And this is the most powerful light source in the solar system.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃู‚ูˆู‰ ู…ุตุฏุฑ ู„ู„ุถูˆุก ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุธุงู… ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠู‘.
08:13
This is called synchrotron radiation,
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ูˆูŠุณู…ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฅุดุนุงุน ุงู„ุณู†ูƒุฑูˆุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุŒ
08:15
and it's normally used to look at things
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ูˆูŠุชู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ ุนุงุฏุฉ ู„ู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุดูŠุงุก
08:17
like proteins and that sort of thing.
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ูˆ ู…ุง ุดุงุจู‡.
08:18
But we wanted it to look at atoms, at iron atoms,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃุฑุฏู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฐุฑู‘ุงุชุŒ ุฐุฑู‘ุงุช ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏุŒ
08:22
so that we could read the page from before and after.
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ุญุชู‰ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุงู„ุตูุญุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ ูˆุจุนุฏ.
08:25
And lo and behold, we found that we could do it.
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ูˆุจุงู„ูุนู„ุŒ ุงูƒุชุดูู†ุง ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
08:28
It took about 17 minutes to do a single page.
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ุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 17 ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุตูุญุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ.
08:31
So what did we discover?
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ุฅุฐู†ุŒ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงูƒุชุดูู†ุงู‡ุŸ
08:34
Well one of the unique texts in Archimedes
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ูˆุงุญุฏุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู‘ู†ุตูˆุต ุงู„ูุฑูŠุฏุฉ ู„ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณ
08:36
is called "The Stomachion."
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณู…ู‘ู‰ "ุณุชูˆู…ุงุชุดูŠูˆู†".
08:38
And this didn't exist in Codices A and B.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช A ูˆ B.
08:40
And we knew that it involved this square.
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ูˆูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠุดู…ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุจู‘ุน.
08:43
And this is a perfect square,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฑุจู‘ุน ู…ุซุงู„ูŠู‘ุŒ
08:44
and it's divided into 14 bits.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠู†ู‚ุณู… ุฅู„ู‰ 14 ุฌุฒุกุง.
08:46
But no one knew what Archimedes was doing with these 14 bits.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ุฃุญุฏ ูŠุนู„ู… ููŠู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุฃุฑุฎู…ูŠุฏุณ ูŠุณุชุนู…ู„ู‡ุง.
08:49
And now we think we know.
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ูˆุงู„ุขู† ูู†ุญู† ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ู†ุนุฑู.
08:51
He was trying to work out
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ูƒุงู† ูŠุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ูŠุฌุฏ
08:53
how many ways you can recombine those 14 bits
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ูƒู… ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุทู‘ุฑู‚ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุจู‡ุง ุฃู† ูŠุนูŠุฏ ุชุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„14 ุฌุฒุกุง
08:56
and still make a perfect square.
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ูˆ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑุจู‘ุน ู…ุซุงู„ูŠู‘ุง.
08:58
Anyone want to guess the answer?
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ุฃูŠู‘ ุดุฎุต ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุฎู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉุŸ
09:01
It's 17,152 divided into 536 families.
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง 17.152 ู…ู‚ุณู‘ู…ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ 536 ุตู†ูุง.
09:07
And the important point about this
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ูˆุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ู‡ุงู…ุฉ ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠ
09:09
is that it's the earliest study in combinatorics in mathematics.
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ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู‘ูˆุงูู‚ูŠุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช.
09:13
And combinatorics is a wonderful and interesting branch of mathematics.
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ุงู„ุชู‘ูˆุงูู‚ูŠุงุช ู‡ูŠ ุฃุญุฏ ูุฑูˆุน ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู….
09:17
The really astonishing thing though about this manuscript
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ุฅู†ู‘ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ุฏู‡ุด ุญู‚ุง ุจุฎุตูˆุต ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุฉ
09:20
is that we looked at the other manuscripts
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู†ู‘ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰
09:22
that the palimpsester had made,
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ูุฅู†ู‘ ุงู„ุทุฑุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠ
09:24
the scribe had made his book out of,
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุง ู…ู†ู‡
09:26
and one of them was a manuscript containing text by Hyperides.
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ูƒุงู† ุฃุญุฏู‡ุง ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุตู‘ ู„ู‡ุงูŠุจุฑูŠุฏูŠุณ.
09:29
Now Hyperides was an Athenian orator from the fourth century B.C.
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ู‡ุงูŠุจุฑูŠุฏูŠุณ ูƒุงู† ุฎุทูŠุจุง ุฃุซูŠู†ูŠู‘ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุฑุงุจุน ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏ.
09:34
He was an exact contemporary of Demosthenes.
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ูˆู‚ูŠู„ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุนุงุตุฑ ุฏูŠู…ูˆุณุชูŠู†ูŠุณ.
09:36
And in 338 B.C. he and Demosthenes together
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ูˆููŠ 338 ู‚. ู…. ู‚ุฑู‘ุฑ ู‡ูˆ ูˆ ุฏูŠู…ูˆุณุชูŠู†ูŠุณ ู…ุนุง
09:40
decided that they wanted to stand up
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ุฃู† ูŠู‚ูˆู…ุง ุจุงู„ุชู‘ุตุฏูŠ
09:42
to the military might of Philip of Macedon.
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ู„ู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุนุณูƒุฑูŠู‘ู‘ุฉ ู„ููŠู„ูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏูˆู†ูŠ.
09:44
So Athens and Thebes went out to fight Philip of Macedon.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุซุงุฑุช ุซูŠูุง ูˆ ุฃุซูŠู†ุง ุถุฏู‘ ููŠู„ูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏูˆู†ูŠ.
09:48
This was a bad idea,
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุชู„ูƒ ููƒุฑุฉ ุณูŠู‘ุฆุฉุŒ
09:49
because Philip of Macedon had a son called Alexander the Great,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ููŠู„ูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏูˆู†ูŠ ูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ ุงุจู† ูŠุฏุนู‰ ุงุณูƒู†ุฏุฑ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑุŒ
09:52
and they lost the battle of Chaeronea.
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ูˆุฎุณุฑูˆุง ุถุฏู‘ู‡ ู…ุนุฑูƒุฉ ุฎูŠุฑูˆู†ูŠุง.
09:55
Alexander the Great went on to conquer the known world;
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ุซู…ู‘ ุฐู‡ุจ ุงุณูƒู†ุฏุฑ ู„ุบุฒูˆ ุจู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
09:57
Hyperides found himself on trial for treason.
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ูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ุงูŠุจุฑูŠุฏูŠุณ ู†ูุณู‡ ู…ุญุงูƒู…ุง ุจุชู‡ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฎูŠุงู†ุฉ.
10:00
And this is the speech that he gave when he was on trial --
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฎุทุงุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃู„ู‚ุงู‡ ุฃุซู†ุงุก ู…ุญุงูƒู…ุชู‡ -
10:04
and it's a great speech:
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนุธูŠู… :
10:05
"Best of all," he says, "is to win.
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ู‚ุงู„:"ุงู„ููˆุฒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃูุถู„ ู„ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน."
10:07
But if you can't win,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฅู† ู„ู… ุชุณุชุทุน ุงู„ููˆุฒุŒ
10:09
then you should fight for a noble cause,
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ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชูƒุงูุญ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ู†ุจูŠู„ุฉุŒ
10:11
because then you'll be remembered.
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ู…ู…ู‘ุง ุณูŠุฎู„ู‘ุฏ ุฐูƒุฑุงูƒ.
10:13
Consider the Spartans.
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ุงู†ุธุฑูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุณูƒุงู† ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุณุจุงุฑุชุง.
10:14
They won enumerable victories,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูุงุฒูˆุง ุจุนุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฑูƒ
10:16
but no one remembers what they are
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ุฃุญุฏ ูŠุชุฐูƒู‘ุฑู‡ู…
10:18
because they were all fought for selfish ends.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ู… ุญุงุฑุจูˆุง ู„ุบุงูŠุงุช ุฃู†ุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉ.
10:20
The one battle that the Spartans fought that everybody remembers
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ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุณุจุงุฑุชูŠู‘ูŠู† ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชุฐูƒู‘ุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน
10:24
is the the battle of Thermopylae
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ู‡ูŠ ู…ุนุฑูƒุฉ ุซูŠุฑู…ูˆูŠุจู„
10:25
where they were butchered to a man,
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ุญูŠุซ ุชู…ู‘ ุฐุจุญู‡ู… ู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ู…
10:27
but fought for the freedom of Greece."
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ู‚ุงุชู„ูˆุง ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุญุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†."
10:29
It was such a great speech
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุฎุทุงุจู‡ ุนุธูŠู…ุง
10:31
that the Athenian law courts let him off.
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ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูƒู… ุงู„ุฃุซูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุฃุฎู„ุช ุณุจูŠู„ู‡.
10:35
He lived for another 10 years,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุนุงุด ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ุนุดุฑ ุณู†ูˆุงุชุŒ
10:37
then the Macedonian faction caught up with him.
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ุซู…ู‘ ู‚ุจุถุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู‚ุฏูˆู†ูŠู‘ุฉ.
10:40
They cut out his tongue in mockery of his oratory,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุทุนูˆุง ู„ุณุงู†ู‡ ุณุฎุฑูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุฎุทุงุจู‡ุŒ
10:42
and no one knows what they did with his body.
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ูˆู„ุง ุฃุญุฏ ูŠุนู„ู… ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูุนู„ูˆู‡ ุจุฌุณุฏู‡.
10:46
So this is the discovery of a lost voice from antiquity,
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ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ูุฅู† ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุตูˆุช ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉุŒ
10:49
speaking to us, not from the grave,
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ูŠุชุญุฏู‘ุซ ุฅู„ูŠู†ุงุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุจุฑ
10:51
because his grave doesn't exist,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ู‚ุจุฑู‡ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ
10:53
but from the Athenian law courts.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ู…ุญุงูƒู… ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุซูŠู†ูŠู‘ุฉ.
10:54
Now I should say at this point
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ูˆุงู„ุขู† ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ
10:56
that normally when you're looking
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ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุจุญุซ
10:59
at medieval manuscripts that have been scraped off,
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆุณุทูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชู…ู‘ ุฎุฏุดู‡ุงุŒ
11:01
you don't find unique texts.
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ู„ู† ุชุนุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุตูˆุต ูุฑูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู†ูˆุนู‡ุง.
11:02
And to find two in one manuscript is really something.
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ูˆุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุชูŠู† ุงุซู†ูŠู† ููŠ ูˆุซูŠู‚ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ู…ูŠู‘ุฒ.
11:05
To find three is completely weird.
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ู„ูƒู† ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃู…ุฑุง ุบุฑูŠุจุง.
11:08
And we found three.
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ูˆูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุซู„ุงุซุฉ.
11:10
Aristotle's "Categories"
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"ูุฆุงุช" ู„ุฃุฑุณุทูˆ ู‡ูŠ
11:11
is one of the foundational texts of Western philosophy.
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ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ุตูˆุต ุงู„ุชุฃุณูŠุณูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ู„ูู„ุณูุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ.
11:14
And we found a third century A.D. commentary on it,
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ูˆูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุซู‘ุงู„ุซ ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏูŠู‘ุงุŒ
11:18
possibly by Galen and probably by Porphyry.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ุฌุงู„ูŠู†ูˆุณ ุฃูˆ ูุฑูุฑูŠูˆุณ.
11:21
Now all this data that we collected,
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ูƒู„ู‘ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฌู…ุนู†ุงู‡ุงุŒ
11:24
all the images, all the raw images,
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ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุตู‘ูˆุฑุŒ ูˆุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุตู‘ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุŒ
11:26
all the transcriptions that we made and that sort of thing
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ุฌู…ูŠุน ู†ุตูˆุต ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฏูˆู‘ู†ุงู‡ุง ูˆ ู…ุง ุดุงุจู‡ู‡ุง
11:29
have been put online under a Creative Commons license
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ูˆุถุนุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช ุชุญุช ุฑุฎุต ุงู„ู…ุดุงุน ุงู„ุฅุจุฏุงุนูŠ
11:32
for anyone to use for any commercial purpose.
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ู„ุฃูŠู‘ ุดุฎุต ู„ูŠุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง ู„ุฃูŠู‘ ุบุฑุถ ุชุฌุงุฑูŠ.
11:35
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
11:42
Why did the owner of the manuscript do this?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‚ุงู… ุตุงุญุจ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุฉ ุจุฐู„ูƒุŸ
11:45
He did this because he understands data as well as books.
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ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠูู‡ู… ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ูˆ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ.
11:49
Now the thing to do with books,
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ู…ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ูƒุชุจุŒ
11:50
if you want to ensure their long-term utility,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุถู…ุงู† ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„ุŒ
11:52
is to hide them away in closets
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ู‡ูˆ ุฅุฎูุงุคู‡ุง ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุงุช
11:54
and let very few people look at them.
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ูˆุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุณ ุชู†ุธุฑ ู„ู‡ุง.
11:56
The thing to do with data, if you want it to survive,
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ู…ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุชุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑูŠุฏู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชุจู‚ู‰ุŒ
11:58
is to let it out and have everybody have it
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ู‡ูˆ ู†ุดุฑู‡ุงุŒ ูƒูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน
12:02
with as little control on that data as possible.
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ู…ุน ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูŠุทุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช.
12:05
And that's what he did.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูุนู„ู‡.
12:06
And institutions can learn from this.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ุจู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู‡ุฏ ุฃู† ุชุชุนู„ู‘ู… ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง.
12:09
Because institutions at the moment
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงู‡ุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุฑุงู‡ู†
12:12
confine their data with copyright restrictions and that sort of thing.
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ุชุญุตุฑ ุจูŠุงู†ุงุชู‡ุง ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุญู‚ ุงู„ู…ุคู„ู ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
12:15
And if you want to look at medieval manuscripts on the Web,
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ูˆุฅู† ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ุงู„ุนุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุดุจูƒุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุชุŒ
12:17
at the moment you have to go to the National Library of Y's site
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ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ
12:21
or the University Library of X's site,
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ุฃูˆ ููŠ ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ู…ุงุŒ
12:23
which is about the most boring way
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ุทู‘ุฑู‚ ู…ู„ู„ุง
12:25
in which you can deal with digital data.
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ู„ู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฑู‚ู…ูŠู‘ุฉ.
12:27
What you want to do is to aggregate it all together.
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชูุนู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุชุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ุง ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู…ุนุง.
12:30
Because the Web of the ancient manuscripts of the future
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ู„ุฃู† ู…ูˆู‚ุน ูˆูŠุจ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„
12:33
isn't going to be built by institutions.
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ู„ู† ูŠุชู…ู‘ ุจู†ุงุคู‡ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู‡ุฏ.
12:35
It's going to be built by users,
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ุจู„ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู…ูŠู†ุŒ
12:39
by people who get this data together,
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ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ู…ุนุงุŒ
12:40
by people who want to aggregate all sorts of maps
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ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุฑุบุจูˆู† ููŠ ุชุฌู…ูŠุน ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฎุฑุงุฆุท
12:44
from wherever they come from,
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ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุฃุชูˆุงุŒ
12:45
all sorts of medieval romances
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ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุฑูˆู…ุงู†ุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆู† ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰
12:47
from wherever they come from,
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ู…ู‡ู…ุง ูŠูƒู† ู…ุตุฏุฑู‡ุงุŒ
12:49
people who just want to curate their own glorious selection
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ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุญูุธ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุชู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ
12:53
of beautiful things.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ.
12:54
And that is the future of the Web.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช.
12:56
And it's an attractive and beautiful future,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุฌุฐุงุจ ูˆุฌู…ูŠู„ุŒ
12:59
if only we can make it happen.
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ุฃู† ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ุง ู…ู† ุฌุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุญุฏุซ.
13:01
Now we at the Walters Art Museum have followed this example,
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ุงู„ุขู† ู†ุญู† ููŠ ู…ุชุญู ูˆุงู„ุชุฑุฒ ู„ู„ูู†ูˆู† ุงู„ุชุฒู…ู†ุง ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ
13:04
and we have put up all our manuscripts on the Web
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ูˆุทุฑุญู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุน ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุดุจูƒุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช
13:07
for people to enjoy --
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ูƒูŠ ูŠุชู…ุชู‘ุน ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุณ --
13:09
all the raw data, all the descriptions, all the metadata.
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ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุŒ ูˆุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุชุญุงู„ูŠู„ุŒ ูˆุฌู…ูŠุน ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู.
13:11
under a Creative Commons license.
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ุชุญุช ุฑุฎุต ุงู„ู…ุดุงุน ุงู„ุฅุจุฏุงุนูŠ.
13:14
Now the Walters Art Museum is a small museum
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ุงู„ุขู† ู…ุชุญู ูˆุงู„ุชุฑุฒ ู„ู„ูู†ูˆู† ู…ุชุญู ุตุบูŠุฑ
13:16
and it has beautiful manuscripts,
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ูˆุจู‡ ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉุŒ
13:17
but the data is fantastic.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ.
13:19
And the result of this
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ูˆู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ู‡ุฐุง
13:21
is that if you do a Google search on images right now
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ุฃู†ู‘ูƒ ุฅู† ูƒู†ุช ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุฌูˆุฌู„ ู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุขู†
13:24
and you type in "Illuminated manuscript Koran" for example,
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ูˆูƒุชุจุช ููŠ "ู…ุฎุทูˆุทุงุช ู…ุถูŠุฆุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ุฑุขู†" ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ
13:27
24 of the 28 images you'll find come from my institution.
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24 ู…ู† ุงู„28 ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุชุฌุฏู‡ุงุŒ ู…ุตุฏุฑู‡ุง ู…ุนู‡ุฏูŠ.
13:32
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
13:37
Now, let's think about this for a minute.
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ูˆุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ููƒู‘ุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
13:42
What's in it for the institution?
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ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฑุจุญ ุงู„ู…ุนู‡ุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
13:44
There are all sorts of things that are in it for the institution.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฑู‘ุจุญ ู„ู„ู…ุคุณุณุฉ.
13:47
You can talk about the Humanities and that sort of thing,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุชู‘ุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‘ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŒ
13:49
but let's talk about selfish things.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุชุญุฏู‘ุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ุฃู†ุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉ.
13:51
Because what's really in it for the institution is this:
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุญู‚ู‘ุง ููŠ ู…ุตู„ุญุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู‡ุฏ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง:
13:55
Now why do people go to the Louvre?
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ุงู„ุขู† ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุชุญู ุงู„ู„ูˆูุฑุŸ
13:58
They go to see the Mona Lisa.
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ูŠุฐู‡ุจูˆู† ู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆู†ุงู„ูŠุฒุง.
14:01
Why do they go to see the Mona Lisa?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุฐู‡ุจูˆู† ู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆู†ุงู„ูŠุฒุงุŸ
14:04
Because they already know what she looks like.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุนุฑููˆู† ู…ุณุจู‚ุงู‹ ู…ุง ุชุจุฏูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡.
14:06
And they know what she looks like
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ูˆูŠุนุฑููˆู† ู…ุง ุชุจุฏูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡
14:09
because they've seen pictures of her absolutely everywhere.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ู… ุฑุฃูˆุง ุตูˆุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ูƒู„ู‘ ู…ูƒุงู†.
14:13
Now, there is no need
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุงุฌุฉ
14:18
for these restrictions at all.
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ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูŠูˆุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚.
14:20
And I think that institutions should stand up
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู‡ุฏ ุฃู† ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู…ูˆู‚ูุง
14:22
and release all their data under unrestricted licenses,
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ูˆุชู†ุดุฑ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุช ุงู„ุชุฑุงุฎูŠุต ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู‚ูŠู‘ุฏุฉุŒ
14:25
and it would be a great benefit to everybody.
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ูˆุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูุงุฆุฏุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน.
14:28
Why don't we just let everybody have access to this data
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ุง ู†ุฏุน ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ูŠุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุจูƒู„ู‘ ุจุณุงุทุฉ
14:31
and curate their own collection
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ูŠุถูŠููˆู†ู‡ุง ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุชู‡ู…
14:33
of ancient knowledge and wonderful and beautiful things
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ู„ู„ู…ุนุงุฑู ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ
14:35
and increase the beauty and the cultural significance
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ูˆุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุฌู…ุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงููŠุฉ
14:38
of the Internet.
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ู„ุดุจูƒุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช.
14:40
Thank you very much indeed.
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ุฃุดูƒุฑูƒู… ูƒุซูŠุฑุง ุฌุฏุงู‹.
14:41
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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