William Noel: Revealing the lost codex of Archimedes

118,556 views ・ 2012-05-29

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Prevoditelj: Vedrana Čemerin Recezent: Suzana Baric
00:15
The great texts of the ancient world
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Važni tekstovi antičkog svijeta
00:18
don't survive to us in their original form.
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nisu do nas stigli u svom izvornom obliku.
00:21
They survive because medieval scribes copied them
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Opstali su zato što su ih srednjovjekovni pisari kopirali
00:25
and copied them and copied them.
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i kopirali i kopirali.
00:27
And so it is with Archimedes,
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Tako je i s Arhimedom,
00:29
the great Greek mathematician.
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velikim grčkim matematičarem.
00:31
Everything we know about Archimedes as a mathematician
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Sve što o Arhimedu kao matematičaru znamo
00:34
we know about because of just three books,
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znamo zbog samo tri knjige,
00:37
and they're called A, B and C.
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koje se nazivaju A, B i C.
00:39
And A was lost by an Italian humanist in 1564.
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A je izgubio talijanski humanist 1564. godine.
00:43
And B was last heard of in the Pope's Library
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A za B se zadnji put čulo u Papinskoj knjižnici
00:46
about a hundred miles north of Rome in Viterbo in 1311.
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oko 160 kilometara sjeverno od Rima u Viterbu 1311. godine.
00:52
Now Codex C was only discovered in 1906,
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Kodeks C otkriven je tek 1906. godine,
00:56
and it landed on my desk in Baltimore
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a na moj je stol u Baltimoreu stigao
00:59
on the 19th of January, 1999.
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19. siječnja 1999.
01:03
And this is Codex C here.
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Ovo je Kodeks C.
01:05
Now Codex C is actually buried in this book.
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Kodeks C zapravo je skriven u ovoj knjizi.
01:11
It's buried treasure.
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On je zakopano blago.
01:12
Because this book is actually a prayer book.
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Jer ova je knjiga zapravo molitvenik.
01:14
It was finished by a guy called Johannes Myrones
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Dovršio ju je tip po imenu Johannes Myrones
01:17
on the 14th of April, 1229.
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14. travnja 1229. godine.
01:21
And to make his prayer book he used parchment.
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Za izradu svog molitvenika upotrijebio je pergament.
01:23
But he didn't use new parchment,
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No nije upotrijebio novi pergament,
01:26
he used parchment recycled from earlier manuscripts,
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već pergament recikliran od ranijih rukopisa,
01:29
and there were seven of them.
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kojih je bilo sedam.
01:31
And Archimedes Codex C was just one of those seven.
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A Arhimedov Kodeks C bio je samo jedan od tih sedam.
01:34
He took apart the Archimedes manuscript and the other seven manuscripts.
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Rastavio je Arhimedov rukopis i ostalih sedam rukopisa.
01:40
He erased all of their texts,
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Izbrisao je sve njihove tekstove,
01:43
and then he cut the sheets down in the middle,
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zatim je stranice razrezao po sredini,
01:46
he shuffled them up,
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izmiješao ih
01:48
and he rotated them 90 degrees,
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preokrenuo za 90 stupnjeva
01:50
and he wrote prayers on top of these books.
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i pisao molitve povrh tih knjiga.
01:52
And essentially these seven manuscripts
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U osnovi je tih sedam rukopisa
01:54
disappeared for 700 years, and we have a prayer book.
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nestalo na 700 godina i imamo molitvenik.
01:58
The prayer book was discovered by this guy,
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Molitvenik je otkrio ovaj tip,
02:01
Johan Ludvig Heiberg, in 1906.
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Johan Ludvig Heiberg, 1906. godine.
02:04
And with just a magnifying glass,
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Koristeći samo povećalo
02:05
he transcribed as much of the text as he could.
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prepisao je onoliko teksta koliko je mogao.
02:08
And the thing is that he found two texts in this manuscript
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Riječ je o tome da je pronašao dva teksta u ovom rukopisu
02:11
that were unique texts.
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koja su bila jedinstvena.
02:13
They weren't in A and B at all;
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Uopće se nije radilo o A i B;
02:15
they were completely new texts by Archimedes,
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riječ je bila o posve novim Arhimedovim tekstovima,
02:16
and they were called "The Method" and "The Stomachion."
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nazvanim "Metoda" i "Stomachion".
02:20
And it became a world famous manuscript.
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Rukopis je postao svjetski slavan.
02:22
Now it should be clear by now
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Do sad bi trebalo biti jasno
02:24
that this book is in bad condition.
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da je ova knjiga u lošem stanju.
02:27
It got in worse condition in the 20th century
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Stanje joj se pogoršalo tijekom 20. stoljeća
02:30
after Heiberg saw it.
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nakon što ju je Heiberg vidio.
02:32
Forgeries were painted over it,
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Preko nje su slikane krivotvorine,
02:33
and it suffered very badly from mold.
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i plijesan ju je jako oštetila.
02:36
This book is the definition of a write-off.
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Ova knjiga ispunjava definiciju otpisanog.
02:40
It's the sort of book
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To je takav tip knjige
02:42
that you thought would be in an institution.
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za kakav biste smatrali da bi trebao biti u nekoj instituciji.
02:44
But it's not in an institution,
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No ona se ne nalazi u nekoj instituciji,
02:47
it was bought by a private owner in 1998.
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kupio ju je privatni vlasnik 1998. godine.
02:51
Why did he buy this book?
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Zašto ju je kupio?
02:53
Because he wanted to make that which was fragile safe.
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Zato što je krhko želio učiniti sigurnim.
02:57
He wanted to make that which was unique ubiquitous.
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Želio je jedinstveno učiniti svuda prisutnim.
03:00
He wanted to make that which was expensive free.
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Želio je skupo učiniti besplatnim.
03:04
And he wanted to do this as a matter of principle.
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I želio je to učiniti kao stvar principa.
03:08
Because not many people are really going to read Archimedes in ancient Greek,
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Jer neće mnogo ljudi uistinu čitati Arhimeda na starogrčkom,
03:12
but they should have the chance to do it.
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no trebali bi dobiti priliku učiniti to.
03:15
So he gathered around himself the friends of Archimedes,
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Zato je oko sebe okupio prijatelje Arhimeda
03:18
and he promised to pay for all the work.
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i obećao platiti sav izvršen rad.
03:20
And it was an expensive job,
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Bio je to skup posao,
03:22
but actually it wouldn't be as much as you think
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no ne toliko koliko biste pomislili
03:25
because these people, they didn't come from money,
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jer ti ljudi nisu došli zbog novca,
03:28
they came from Archimedes.
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već zbog Arhimeda.
03:29
And they came from all sorts of different backgrounds.
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Došli su iz različitih područja.
03:31
They came from particle physics,
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Došli su iz fizike elementarnih čestica,
03:33
they came from classical philology,
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došli su iz klasične filologije,
03:35
they came from book conservation,
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došli su iz konzervacije knjiga,
03:37
they came from ancient mathematics,
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došli su iz antičke matematike,
03:39
they came from data management,
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došli su iz upravljanja podacima,
03:41
they came from scientific imaging and program management.
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došli su iz znanstvenog oslikavanja i upravljanja programima.
03:44
And they got together to work on this manuscript.
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I svi su se okupili kako bi radili na ovom rukopisu.
03:48
The first problem was a conservation problem.
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Prvi je problem bila konzervacija.
03:52
And this is the sort of thing that we had to deal with:
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Morali smo se nositi s ovakvim stvarima:
03:54
There was glue on the spine of the book.
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Na hrptu knjige bilo je ljepila.
03:56
And if you look at this photograph carefully,
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Ako pozorno promotrite ovu fotografiju,
03:58
the bottom half of this is rather brown.
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njezina je donja polovica prilično smeđa.
04:01
And that glue is hide glue.
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To je ljepilo za drvo.
04:02
Now if you're a conservator,
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Ako ste konzervator,
04:03
you can take off this glue reasonably easily.
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ovo ljepilo možete prilično lako skinuti.
04:05
The top half is Elmer's wood glue.
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Gornju polovicu čini Elmerovo ljepilo za drvo.
04:09
It's polyvinyl acetate emulsion
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To je emulzija polivinil acetata
04:11
that doesn't dissolve in water once it's dry.
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koja se, kad se jednom osuši, ne otapa u vodi.
04:14
And it's much tougher than the parchment that it was written on.
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I mnogo je čvršća od pergamenta na kojem je pisana.
04:17
And so before we could start imaging Archimedes,
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I tako smo, prije no što smo mogli započeti s oslikavanjem Arhimeda,
04:20
we had to take this book apart.
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morali rastaviti knjigu.
04:22
So it took four years to take apart.
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Za to nam je trebalo četiri godine.
04:24
And this is a rare action shot, ladies and gentlemen.
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Ovo je rijetka fotografija nas u akciji, dame i gospodo.
04:28
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:31
Another thing is that we had to get rid of all the wax,
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Uz to smo se morali riješiti svog voska,
04:35
because this was used in the liturgical services
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jer je ovo korišteno u službi liturgije
04:37
of the Greek Orthodox Church
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Grčke pravoslavne crkve,
04:39
and they'd used candle wax.
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a oni su koristili vosak za svijeće.
04:40
And the candle wax was dirty,
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A vosak za svijeće je bio prljav
04:42
and we couldn't image through the wax.
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i nismo mogli oslikavati kroz njega.
04:43
So very carefully we had to mechanically scrape off all the wax.
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Morali smo jako pažljivo mehanički sastrugati sav vosak.
04:47
It's hard to tell you exactly
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Teško je točno vam reći
04:49
how bad this condition of this book is,
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koliko je loše stanje ove knjige
04:51
but it came out in little bits very often.
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no vrlo često se mrvila.
04:54
And normally in a book, you wouldn't worry about the little bits,
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Inače se ne biste brinuli zbog mrvica kod knjige
04:56
but these little bits might contain unique Archimedes text.
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no ovi bi komadići mogli sadržavati jedinstven Arhimedov tekst.
04:59
So, tiny fragments
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Dakle, sićušne smo fragmente
05:02
we actually managed to put back in the right place.
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doista uspjeli vratiti na njihovo pravo mjesto.
05:06
Then, having done that, we started to image the manuscript.
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Nakon što smo to učinili, počeli smo oslikavati rukopis.
05:10
And we imaged the manuscript
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Oslikali smo rukopis
05:12
in 14 different wavebands of light.
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s 14 različitih svjetlosnih frekvencija.
05:14
Because if you look at something in different wavebands of light,
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Zato što kad nešto pogledate u različitim svjetlosnim frekvencijama,
05:18
you see different things.
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vidite različite stvari.
05:19
And here is an image of a page
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Ovo je slika stranice
05:20
imaged in 14 different wavebands of light.
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oslikane u 14 različitih svjetlosnih frekvencija.
05:23
But none of them worked.
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No ni jedna od njih nije funkcionirala.
05:25
So what we did was we processed the images together,
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Stoga smo slike obradili zajedno
05:29
and we put two images into one blank screen.
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i stavili dvije slike na jedan prazan zaslon.
05:33
And here are two different images of the Archimedes manuscript.
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Ovo su dvije različite slike Arhimedova rukopisa.
05:36
And the image on the left
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Slika s lijeve strane
05:37
is the normal red image.
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normalna je infracrvena slika.
05:39
And the image on the right is an ultraviolet image.
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Slika zdesna ultraljubičasta je slika.
05:41
And in the image on the right
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I na slici zdesna
05:42
you might be able to see some of the Archimedes writing.
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mogli biste vidjeti nešto od Arhimedovih zapisa.
05:44
If you merge them together into one digital canvas,
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Ako ih spojite zajedno u jedno digitalno platno,
05:47
the parchment is bright in both images
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pergament je na obje slike svijetao
05:50
and it comes out bright.
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i ispada svijetao.
05:52
The prayer book is dark in both images
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Molitvenik je na obje slike taman
05:55
and it comes out dark.
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i ispada taman.
05:57
The Archimedes text is dark in one image and bright in another.
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Arhimedov je tekst na jednoj slici taman, a na drugoj svijetao.
06:00
And it'll come out dark but red,
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I ispast će taman, ali crven
06:02
and then you can start to read it rather clearly.
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i onda ga možete prilično jasno čitati.
06:05
And that's what it looks like.
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Ovako to izgleda.
06:07
Now that's a before and after image,
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Ovo je slika prije i poslije,
06:11
but you don't read the image on the screen like that.
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no ne čitate sliku ovako na zaslonu.
06:14
You zoom in and you zoom in
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Zumirate i zumirate
06:16
and you zoom in and you zoom in,
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pa zatim još zumirate i zumirate
06:20
and you can just read it now.
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i sada je možete čitati.
06:22
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
06:28
If you process the same two images in a different way,
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Ako dvije iste slike obradite na različite načine,
06:32
you can actually get rid of the prayer book text.
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možete se riješiti teksta molitvenika.
06:35
And this is terribly important,
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To je jako važno,
06:36
because the diagrams in the manuscript
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jer dijagrami u rukopisu
06:39
are the unique source for the diagrams
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jedinstven su izvor za dijagrame
06:41
that Archimedes drew in the sand in the fourth century B.C.
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koje je Arhimed crtao u pijesku u četvrtom stoljeću prije Krista.
06:44
And there we are, I can give them to you.
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I eto, mogu vam ih pokazati.
06:47
With this kind of imaging --
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Pomoću ovakvog oslikavanja -
06:49
this kind of infrared, ultraviolet, invisible light imaging --
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ovakvog oslikavanja pomoću infracrvene, ultraljubičaste, nevidljive svjetlosti -
06:52
we were never going to image through the gold ground forgeries.
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nikad nećemo moći oslikavati kroz pozlaćene krivotvorine.
06:54
How were we going to do that?
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Kako smo to kanili učiniti?
06:56
Well we took the manuscript,
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Pa, uzeli smo rukopis
06:58
and we decided to image it in X-ray fluorescence imaging.
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i odlučili ga oslikati pomoću rendgenskog fluorescentnog oslikavanja.
07:03
So an X-ray comes in in the diagram on the left
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Rendgenska zraka stiže na dijagram slijeva
07:06
and it knocks out an electron from the inner shell of an atom.
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i izbacuje elektron iz unutrašnje ljuske atoma.
07:09
And that electron disappears.
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Taj elektron nestaje.
07:11
And as it disappears, an electron from a shell farther out
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Dok on nestaje, elektron iz udaljenije vanjske ljuske
07:15
jumps in and takes its place.
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uskače i zauzima njegovo mjesto.
07:18
And when it takes its place,
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A kad preuzme njegovo mjesto
07:19
it sheds electromagnetic radiation.
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ispušta elektromagnetsko zračenje.
07:22
It sheds an X-ray.
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Ispušta rendgensku zraku.
07:23
And this X-ray is specific in its wavelength
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Ta je rendgenska zraka specifična po svojoj valnoj dužini
07:26
to the atom that it hits.
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prema atomu koji pogađa.
07:28
And what we wanted to get
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Ono što smo zapravo htjeli dobiti
07:30
was the iron.
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bilo je željezo.
07:32
Because the ink was written in iron.
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Zato što je tinta pisana željezom.
07:34
And if we can map
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I ako bismo mogli mapirati
07:35
where this X-ray that comes out, where it comes from,
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mjesto gdje ta rendgenska zraka izlazi i odakle dolazi,
07:38
we can map all the iron on the page,
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mogli bismo mapirati svo željezo na stranici,
07:40
then theoretically we can read the image.
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i zatim bismo teoretski mogli čitati sliku.
07:42
The thing is that you need a very powerful light source to do this.
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Problem je što vam treba jako snažan izvor svjetlosti da biste to mogli učiniti.
07:47
So we took it to the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
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Tako da smo ga odnijeli u Laboratorij sinkrotronskog zračenja na Stanfordu
07:50
in California,
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u Kaliforniji,
07:52
which is a particle accelerator.
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što je čestični akcelerator.
07:53
Electrons go around one way,
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Elektroni kruže na jednu stranu,
07:55
positrons go around the other.
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pozitroni na drugu.
07:57
They meet in the middle,
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Susreću se u sredini,
07:58
and they create subatomic particles
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i stvaraju subatomske čestice
08:00
like the charm quark and the tau lepton.
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poput čarobnih kvarkova ili tau leptona.
08:03
Now we weren't actually going to put Archimedes in that beam.
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Nismo doista kanili staviti Arhimeda u tu zraku.
08:06
But as the electrons go round at the speed of light,
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No kako elektroni kruže brzinom svjetlosti,
08:09
they shed X-rays.
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oni ispuštaju rendgenske zrake.
08:10
And this is the most powerful light source in the solar system.
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To je najsnažniji izvor svjetlosti u Sunčevu sustavu.
08:13
This is called synchrotron radiation,
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To se naziva sinkrotronskim zračenjem
08:15
and it's normally used to look at things
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i obično se koristi da bi se nešto gledalo,
08:17
like proteins and that sort of thing.
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poput bjelančevina i tome sličnog.
08:18
But we wanted it to look at atoms, at iron atoms,
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No mi smo željeli gledati atome, atome željeza,
08:22
so that we could read the page from before and after.
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da bismo mogli čitati stranicu prije i poslije.
08:25
And lo and behold, we found that we could do it.
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I gle čuda, otkrili smo da to možemo učiniti.
08:28
It took about 17 minutes to do a single page.
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Bilo je potrebno oko 17 minuta da bi se obradila jedna jedina stranica.
08:31
So what did we discover?
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Što smo dakle otkrili?
08:34
Well one of the unique texts in Archimedes
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Pa, jedan od jedinstvenih tekstova u Arhimedovu rukopisu
08:36
is called "The Stomachion."
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naziva se "Stomachion".
08:38
And this didn't exist in Codices A and B.
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On nije postojao u Kodeksima A i B.
08:40
And we knew that it involved this square.
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Znali smo da on sadrži ovaj kvadrat.
08:43
And this is a perfect square,
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To je savršen kvadrat,
08:44
and it's divided into 14 bits.
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i podijeljen je na 14 djelića.
08:46
But no one knew what Archimedes was doing with these 14 bits.
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No nitko nije znao što je Arhimed radio s tih 14 djelića.
08:49
And now we think we know.
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Sad mislimo da znamo.
08:51
He was trying to work out
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Pokušavao je shvatiti
08:53
how many ways you can recombine those 14 bits
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na koliko je načina moguće rekombinirati tih 14 djelića
08:56
and still make a perfect square.
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i još uvijek dobiti savršeni kvadrat.
08:58
Anyone want to guess the answer?
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Želi li itko pogađati odgovor?
09:01
It's 17,152 divided into 536 families.
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Riječ je o 17.152 podijeljenih na 536 porodica.
09:07
And the important point about this
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Pritom je važno
09:09
is that it's the earliest study in combinatorics in mathematics.
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to da je riječ o najranijem proučavanju matematičke kombinatorike.
09:13
And combinatorics is a wonderful and interesting branch of mathematics.
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A kombinatorika je čudesna i zanimljiva grana matematike.
09:17
The really astonishing thing though about this manuscript
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No ono što doista zapanjuje kod ovog rukopisa
09:20
is that we looked at the other manuscripts
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jest to da smo razgledali ostale rukopise
09:22
that the palimpsester had made,
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koje je izrađivač palimpsesta izradio,
09:24
the scribe had made his book out of,
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od kojih je pisar načinio svoju knjigu,
09:26
and one of them was a manuscript containing text by Hyperides.
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i jedan je od njih bio rukopis koji je sadržavao Hiperidov tekst.
09:29
Now Hyperides was an Athenian orator from the fourth century B.C.
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Hiperid je bio atenski govornik iz četvrtog stoljeća prije Krista.
09:34
He was an exact contemporary of Demosthenes.
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Bio je Demostenov izravni suvremenik.
09:36
And in 338 B.C. he and Demosthenes together
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I 338. pr. Kr. on i Demosten su zajednički
09:40
decided that they wanted to stand up
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odlučili da se žele suprotstaviti
09:42
to the military might of Philip of Macedon.
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vojnoj moći Filipa Makedonskog.
09:44
So Athens and Thebes went out to fight Philip of Macedon.
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I tako su Atena i Teba započele borbu protiv Filipa Makedonskog.
09:48
This was a bad idea,
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Bila je to loša ideja
09:49
because Philip of Macedon had a son called Alexander the Great,
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jer je Filip Makedonski imao sina zvanog Aleksandar Veliki
09:52
and they lost the battle of Chaeronea.
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i izgubili su bitku kod Heroneje.
09:55
Alexander the Great went on to conquer the known world;
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Aleksandar Veliki zatim je osvojio tada poznati svijet,
09:57
Hyperides found himself on trial for treason.
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a Hiperid se našao optužen za izdaju.
10:00
And this is the speech that he gave when he was on trial --
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Ovo je govor koji je održao na suđenju
10:04
and it's a great speech:
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i to je odličan govor:
10:05
"Best of all," he says, "is to win.
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"Najbolje je od svega", kaže on, "pobijediti.
10:07
But if you can't win,
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No ako ne možeš pobijediti,
10:09
then you should fight for a noble cause,
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tada bi se trebao boriti za plemenit cilj,
10:11
because then you'll be remembered.
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jer u tom će te se slučaju sjećati.
10:13
Consider the Spartans.
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Imajte na umu Spartance.
10:14
They won enumerable victories,
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Ostvarili su bezbrojne pobjede,
10:16
but no one remembers what they are
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no nitko se ne sjeća koje su
10:18
because they were all fought for selfish ends.
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jer za sve su se borili iz sebičnih razloga.
10:20
The one battle that the Spartans fought that everybody remembers
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Jedina bitka u kojoj su se Spartanci borili, a koje se svi sjećaju
10:24
is the the battle of Thermopylae
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jest bitka kod Termopila
10:25
where they were butchered to a man,
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2003
gdje su poklani do posljednjeg čovjeka,
10:27
but fought for the freedom of Greece."
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1932
no gdje su se borili za slobodu Grčke."
10:29
It was such a great speech
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Bio je to tako dobar govor
10:31
that the Athenian law courts let him off.
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da su ga atenski sudovi oslobodili.
10:35
He lived for another 10 years,
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2066
Živio je još 10 godina,
10:37
then the Macedonian faction caught up with him.
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kada ga je sustigla makedonska frakcija.
10:40
They cut out his tongue in mockery of his oratory,
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Odrezali su mu jezik kao ismijavanje njegova govorništva
10:42
and no one knows what they did with his body.
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i nitko ne zna što su učinili s njegovim tijelom.
10:46
So this is the discovery of a lost voice from antiquity,
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Tako da je ovo otkriće izgubljenog glasa iz antike,
10:49
speaking to us, not from the grave,
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1982
koji nam se obraća, ne iz groba,
10:51
because his grave doesn't exist,
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1478
jer njegov grob ne postoji,
10:53
but from the Athenian law courts.
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1773
nego s atenskih sudova.
10:54
Now I should say at this point
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1649
Sada bih trebao reći
10:56
that normally when you're looking
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da inače kad proučavate
10:59
at medieval manuscripts that have been scraped off,
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1996
srednjovjekovne rukopise koji su sastrugani
11:01
you don't find unique texts.
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ne pronalazite jedinstvene tekstove.
11:02
And to find two in one manuscript is really something.
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Tako da je pronalazak dvaju njih u jednome rukopisu doista značajan.
11:05
To find three is completely weird.
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No pronalazak triju takvih tekstova je totalno čudan.
11:08
And we found three.
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A mi smo pronašli tri.
11:10
Aristotle's "Categories"
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1266
Aristotelove "Kategorije"
11:11
is one of the foundational texts of Western philosophy.
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2453
jedan su od temeljnih tekstova zapadne filozofije.
11:14
And we found a third century A.D. commentary on it,
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Pronašli smo komentare na njega iz trećeg stoljeća naše ere
11:18
possibly by Galen and probably by Porphyry.
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čiji je autori su možda Galen, a vjerojatno Porfirije.
11:21
Now all this data that we collected,
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Svi ti podaci koje smo prikupili,
11:24
all the images, all the raw images,
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2535
sve slike, sve neobrađene slike,
11:26
all the transcriptions that we made and that sort of thing
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svi prijepisi koje smo načinili i tome slično
11:29
have been put online under a Creative Commons license
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stavljeni su na internet pod licencom Creative Commons
11:32
for anyone to use for any commercial purpose.
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da ih može koristiti bilo tko za bilo koju komercijalnu svrhu.
11:35
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
11:42
Why did the owner of the manuscript do this?
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Zašto je to vlasnik rukopisa učinio?
11:45
He did this because he understands data as well as books.
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Učinio je to jer razumije podatke jednako dobro kao i knjige.
11:49
Now the thing to do with books,
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1335
Što se tiče knjiga,
11:50
if you want to ensure their long-term utility,
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2131
ako želite osigurati njihovu dugotrajnu upotrebljivost,
11:52
is to hide them away in closets
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2216
morate ih sakriti u ormare
11:54
and let very few people look at them.
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1800
i dopustiti vrlo malom broju ljudi da ih gleda.
11:56
The thing to do with data, if you want it to survive,
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Što se tiče podataka, ako želite da oni prežive,
11:58
is to let it out and have everybody have it
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morate ih objaviti i pobrinuti se da ih svi imaju,
12:02
with as little control on that data as possible.
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uz što je manje moguće kontrole nad podacima.
12:05
And that's what he did.
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1164
On je učinio upravo to.
12:06
And institutions can learn from this.
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Institucije bi trebale učiti iz toga.
12:09
Because institutions at the moment
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Jer u ovom trenutku institucije
12:12
confine their data with copyright restrictions and that sort of thing.
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3057
ograničavaju svoje podatke pomoću ograničenja autorskih prava i tome sličnog.
12:15
And if you want to look at medieval manuscripts on the Web,
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2192
Ako želite proučavati srednjovjekovne rukopise na internetu,
12:17
at the moment you have to go to the National Library of Y's site
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3471
u ovom trenutku morate otići na stranicu neke Nacionalne knjižnice
12:21
or the University Library of X's site,
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2668
ili stranicu neke Sveučilišne knjižnice,
12:23
which is about the most boring way
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1899
što je manje-više najdosadniji način
12:25
in which you can deal with digital data.
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na koji se možete baviti digitalnim podacima.
12:27
What you want to do is to aggregate it all together.
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Zapravo ih želite sve skupiti zajedno.
12:30
Because the Web of the ancient manuscripts of the future
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Jer buduću mrežu drevnih rukopisa za budućnost
12:33
isn't going to be built by institutions.
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neće izgraditi institucije.
12:35
It's going to be built by users,
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Izgradit će je korisnici,
12:39
by people who get this data together,
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ljudi koji prikupljaju te podatke,
12:40
by people who want to aggregate all sorts of maps
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3535
ljudi koji žele skupiti sve vrste karata
12:44
from wherever they come from,
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1632
odakle god dolazile,
12:45
all sorts of medieval romances
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1800
sve vrste srednjovjekovnih romanci,
12:47
from wherever they come from,
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1549
odakle god dolazile,
12:49
people who just want to curate their own glorious selection
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3783
ljudi koji žele biti kustosi vlastite veličanstvene selekcije
12:53
of beautiful things.
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prekrasnih stvari.
12:54
And that is the future of the Web.
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To je budućnost interneta.
12:56
And it's an attractive and beautiful future,
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3183
To je privlačna i prekrasna budućnost,
12:59
if only we can make it happen.
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1602
kad bismo je samo mogli ostvariti.
13:01
Now we at the Walters Art Museum have followed this example,
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Mi u Walters Art Museuma slijedili smo ovaj primjer
13:04
and we have put up all our manuscripts on the Web
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3350
i postavili sve naše rukopise na internet
13:07
for people to enjoy --
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1683
da bi ljudi mogli uživati u njima -
13:09
all the raw data, all the descriptions, all the metadata.
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sve neobrađene podatke, sve opise, sve metapodatke,
13:11
under a Creative Commons license.
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pod licencom Creative Commons.
13:14
Now the Walters Art Museum is a small museum
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1518
Walters Art Museum je maleni muzej
13:16
and it has beautiful manuscripts,
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1548
i ima prekrasne rukopise,
13:17
but the data is fantastic.
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2018
no podaci su fantastični.
13:19
And the result of this
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1783
Rezultat je toga
13:21
is that if you do a Google search on images right now
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to da ako sada izvršite pretragu slika na Googleu
13:24
and you type in "Illuminated manuscript Koran" for example,
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3332
i utipkate, na primjer, "Iluminirani rukopis Kur'ana",
13:27
24 of the 28 images you'll find come from my institution.
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24 od 28 slika koje ćete pronaći doći će iz moje institucije.
13:32
(Applause)
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5550
(Pljesak)
13:37
Now, let's think about this for a minute.
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5033
Razmislimo o tome na trenutak.
13:42
What's in it for the institution?
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1983
Što institucija time dobiva?
13:44
There are all sorts of things that are in it for the institution.
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2596
Institucija time dobiva mnogo toga.
13:47
You can talk about the Humanities and that sort of thing,
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2123
Možete govoriti o humanističkim znanostima i tome sličnom,
13:49
but let's talk about selfish things.
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1881
no razgovarajmo o sebičnim stvarima.
13:51
Because what's really in it for the institution is this:
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3868
Jer institucija time doista dobiva ovo:
13:55
Now why do people go to the Louvre?
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3056
zašto ljudi idu u Louvre?
13:58
They go to see the Mona Lisa.
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2984
Idu vidjeti Mona Lisu.
14:01
Why do they go to see the Mona Lisa?
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3059
Zašto idu vidjeti Mona Lisu?
14:04
Because they already know what she looks like.
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2382
Zato što već znaju kako ona izgleda.
14:06
And they know what she looks like
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2334
A znaju kako ona izgleda
14:09
because they've seen pictures of her absolutely everywhere.
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4702
zato što su posvuda vidjeli njezine slike.
14:13
Now, there is no need
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4449
Uopće nema potrebe
14:18
for these restrictions at all.
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2279
za tim ograničenjima.
14:20
And I think that institutions should stand up
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2087
Mislim da bi institucije trebale ustati
14:22
and release all their data under unrestricted licenses,
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3134
i objaviti sve svoje podatke pod neograničenim licencama,
14:25
and it would be a great benefit to everybody.
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2216
i svi bi od toga imali velike koristi.
14:28
Why don't we just let everybody have access to this data
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3166
Zašto ne bismo svima dopustili pristup tim podacima
14:31
and curate their own collection
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2336
da budu kustosti vlastite kolekcije
14:33
of ancient knowledge and wonderful and beautiful things
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2165
drevnog znanja i čudesnih i predivnih stvari
14:35
and increase the beauty and the cultural significance
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3088
te time povećali ljepotu i kulturnu važnost
14:38
of the Internet.
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1228
interneta?
14:40
Thank you very much indeed.
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Doista vam mnogo hvala.
14:41
(Applause)
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4433
(Pljesak)
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