William Noel: Revealing the lost codex of Archimedes

117,706 views ใƒป 2012-05-29

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Inho Jeong ๊ฒ€ํ† : M.J. Cho
00:15
The great texts of the ancient world
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๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„œ์ ๋“ค์€
00:18
don't survive to us in their original form.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณด์กด์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ 
00:21
They survive because medieval scribes copied them
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์„œ์ ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์•„ ๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด, ์ค‘์„ธ์˜ ์„œ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
00:25
and copied them and copied them.
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๋˜ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”
00:27
And so it is with Archimedes,
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์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž์˜€๋˜ ์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค ์—ญ์‹œ
00:29
the great Greek mathematician.
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ 
00:31
Everything we know about Archimedes as a mathematician
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑด
00:34
we know about because of just three books,
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๋‹จ ์„ธ ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ฑ… ๋•๋ถ„์ด์—์š”
00:37
and they're called A, B and C.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ A, B, C๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ 
00:39
And A was lost by an Italian humanist in 1564.
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A๋Š” 1564๋…„ ํ•œ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ธ๋ฌธ์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ 
00:43
And B was last heard of in the Pope's Library
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B๋Š” ๊ตํ™ฉ์˜ ์„œ์žฌ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋๋Š”๋ฐ
00:46
about a hundred miles north of Rome in Viterbo in 1311.
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1311๋…„ ๋กœ๋งˆ์—์„œ ๋ถ์œผ๋กœ 100์—ฌ ๋งˆ์ผ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๋น„ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋ณด์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
00:52
Now Codex C was only discovered in 1906,
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1906๋…„์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ์•ผ C ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:56
and it landed on my desk in Baltimore
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๋ณผํ‹ฐ๋ชจ์–ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ ์ฑ…์ƒ์—
00:59
on the 19th of January, 1999.
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1999๋…„ 1์›” 19์ผ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์–ด์š”
01:03
And this is Codex C here.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒŒ C๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:05
Now Codex C is actually buried in this book.
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C๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ์ฑ… ์•ˆ์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
01:11
It's buried treasure.
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์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋ณด๋ฌผ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์ฃ 
01:12
Because this book is actually a prayer book.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ธฐ๋„์„œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”
01:14
It was finished by a guy called Johannes Myrones
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์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์š”ํ•˜๋„ค์Šค ๋งˆ์ด๋กœ๋„ค์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€
01:17
on the 14th of April, 1229.
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1229๋…„ 4์›” 14์ผ์— ์™„์„ฑํ–ˆ์–ด์š”
01:21
And to make his prayer book he used parchment.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ๋„์„œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ ์–‘ํ”ผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:23
But he didn't use new parchment,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–‘ํ”ผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์“ด๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:26
he used parchment recycled from earlier manuscripts,
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์ „์— ์žˆ๋˜ ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ๋“ค์˜ ์–‘ํ”ผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
01:29
and there were seven of them.
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์ด 7๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:31
And Archimedes Codex C was just one of those seven.
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๊ทธ 7๊ฐœ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค์˜ C๋ฒˆ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜€์ฃ 
01:34
He took apart the Archimedes manuscript and the other seven manuscripts.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค์˜ ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ๋“ค์„ ์ผ์ผ์ด ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:40
He erased all of their texts,
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์ ํ˜€์žˆ๋˜ ๊ธ€์„ ๋‹ค ์ง€์›Œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
01:43
and then he cut the sheets down in the middle,
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์ข…์ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—
01:46
he shuffled them up,
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์„œ๋กœ ์„ž์€ ํ›„
01:48
and he rotated them 90 degrees,
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90๋„๋กœ ํšŒ์ „์‹œ์ผœ
01:50
and he wrote prayers on top of these books.
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๊ทธ ์œ„์— ๊ธฐ๋„๋ฌธ์„ ์ ์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
01:52
And essentially these seven manuscripts
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด 7๊ถŒ์˜ ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ๋“ค์€
01:54
disappeared for 700 years, and we have a prayer book.
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700๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ž์ทจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ถ”์—ˆ๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋„์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
01:58
The prayer book was discovered by this guy,
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์ด ๊ธฐ๋„์„œ๋Š” ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋‚จ์ž
02:01
Johan Ludvig Heiberg, in 1906.
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์š”ํ•œ ๋ฃจ๋“œ๋น„๊ทธ ํ•˜์ด๋ฒ„๊ทธ์— ์˜ํ•ด 1906๋…„์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:04
And with just a magnifying glass,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
02:05
he transcribed as much of the text as he could.
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์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ๊ธ€์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์ด ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ์ ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”
02:08
And the thing is that he found two texts in this manuscript
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธ€์€
02:11
that were unique texts.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ธ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์ฃ 
02:13
They weren't in A and B at all;
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A์™€ B์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์—๋Š” ์—†๋Š”
02:15
they were completely new texts by Archimedes,
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜€์–ด์š”
02:16
and they were called "The Method" and "The Stomachion."
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ "๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•"๊ณผ "์Šคํ† ๋งˆํ‚ค์˜จ"์ด๋ž€ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ถ™์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:20
And it became a world famous manuscript.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ 
02:22
Now it should be clear by now
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์ง€๊ธˆ์ฏค ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ„์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
02:24
that this book is in bad condition.
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์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‚˜์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:27
It got in worse condition in the 20th century
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ํ•˜์ด๋ฒ„๊ทธ๊ฐ€ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์ดํ›„
02:30
after Heiberg saw it.
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๊ณ„์† ์•…ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ 
02:32
Forgeries were painted over it,
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๊ทธ ์œ„์— ์œ„์กฐํ’ˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:33
and it suffered very badly from mold.
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๊ณฐํŒก์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋” ํ›ผ์†๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:36
This book is the definition of a write-off.
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๊ณ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ์ฃ 
02:40
It's the sort of book
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋„์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„
02:42
that you thought would be in an institution.
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์ „๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋ณด๊ด€๋ผ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
02:44
But it's not in an institution,
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์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์ „๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:47
it was bought by a private owner in 1998.
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1998๋…„ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ๋งค๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
Why did he buy this book?
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์ด ์ฑ…์„ ์™œ ์ƒ€์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:53
Because he wanted to make that which was fragile safe.
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์†์ƒ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
02:57
He wanted to make that which was unique ubiquitous.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์œ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:00
He wanted to make that which was expensive free.
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๋˜ ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ์ฃ 
03:04
And he wanted to do this as a matter of principle.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:08
Because not many people are really going to read Archimedes in ancient Greek,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด๋กœ ๋œ ์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ์ฝ์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
03:12
but they should have the chance to do it.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ฝ์„ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋Š” ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
03:15
So he gathered around himself the friends of Archimedes,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค ์ถ”์ข…์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„
03:18
and he promised to pay for all the work.
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์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:20
And it was an expensive job,
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๋ˆ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:22
but actually it wouldn't be as much as you think
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋งŒํผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”
03:25
because these people, they didn't come from money,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:28
they came from Archimedes.
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์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
03:29
And they came from all sorts of different backgrounds.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:31
They came from particle physics,
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์†Œ์ž…์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:33
they came from classical philology,
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๊ณ ์ „ ๋ฌธํ—Œํ•™์ž๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:35
they came from book conservation,
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๋„์„œ ๋ณด์กด๊ฐ€,
03:37
they came from ancient mathematics,
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž,
03:39
they came from data management,
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์ •๋ณด๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€,
03:41
they came from scientific imaging and program management.
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์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ 
03:44
And they got together to work on this manuscript.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์ด ์ž‘์—…์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:48
The first problem was a conservation problem.
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์ฒซ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ณด์กด์ด์—ˆ์ฃ 
03:52
And this is the sort of thing that we had to deal with:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น๋ฉดํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด
03:54
There was glue on the spine of the book.
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์ฑ…๋“ฑ์— ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌป์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:56
And if you look at this photograph carefully,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ณด์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:58
the bottom half of this is rather brown.
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์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์ธ ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ 
04:01
And that glue is hide glue.
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๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ ์•„๊ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:02
Now if you're a conservator,
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๋ณด์กด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋ฉด
04:03
you can take off this glue reasonably easily.
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์ด ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต์  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:05
The top half is Elmer's wood glue.
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์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์—˜๋จธ ๋ชฉ๊ณต ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:09
It's polyvinyl acetate emulsion
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ํด๋ฆฌ์ดˆ์‚ฐ๋น„๋‹ ์œ ํ™”์•ก์ธ๋ฐ
04:11
that doesn't dissolve in water once it's dry.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋งˆ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฌผ์— ์ž˜ ๋…น์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ 
04:14
And it's much tougher than the parchment that it was written on.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์–‘ํ”ผ์ง€ ์ž์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด์—์š”
04:17
And so before we could start imaging Archimedes,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ธ€์„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์—
04:20
we had to take this book apart.
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์ฑ…์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:22
So it took four years to take apart.
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๋‚ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ด 4๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์–ด์š”
04:24
And this is a rare action shot, ladies and gentlemen.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ํ”์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์•ก์…˜ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„
04:28
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:31
Another thing is that we had to get rid of all the wax,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์™์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”
04:35
because this was used in the liturgical services
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ •๊ตํšŒ์˜
04:37
of the Greek Orthodox Church
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์˜ˆ๋ฐฐ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:39
and they'd used candle wax.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–‘์ดˆ ์™์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”
04:40
And the candle wax was dirty,
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์ด ์–‘์ดˆ ์™์Šค๊ฐ€ ์›Œ๋‚™ ๋”๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์„œ
04:42
and we couldn't image through the wax.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋šซ๊ณ  ์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
04:43
So very carefully we had to mechanically scrape off all the wax.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์„ฌ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ธ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”
04:47
It's hard to tell you exactly
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜
04:49
how bad this condition of this book is,
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์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ์ข‹์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ํž˜๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ
04:51
but it came out in little bits very often.
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์ž์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜์™”์–ด์š”
04:54
And normally in a book, you wouldn't worry about the little bits,
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ์ข€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
04:56
but these little bits might contain unique Archimedes text.
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์ด ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ธ€์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”
04:59
So, tiny fragments
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž‘์€ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ
05:02
we actually managed to put back in the right place.
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์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ๋ ค๋†“์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:06
Then, having done that, we started to image the manuscript.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž‘์—…ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ 
05:10
And we imaged the manuscript
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
05:12
in 14 different wavebands of light.
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14๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒŒ์žฅ์˜ ๋น›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:14
Because if you look at something in different wavebands of light,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒŒ์žฅ์˜ ๋น›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
05:18
you see different things.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”
05:19
And here is an image of a page
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ํ•œ ์ชฝ์„
05:20
imaged in 14 different wavebands of light.
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14๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒŒ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:23
But none of them worked.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”
05:25
So what we did was we processed the images together,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ›„
05:29
and we put two images into one blank screen.
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๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ํ•œ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์–ด์š”
05:33
And here are two different images of the Archimedes manuscript.
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์—ฌ๊ธธ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฐ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ์ฃ 
05:36
And the image on the left
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์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์€
05:37
is the normal red image.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ‰์€ ํŒŒ์žฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:39
And the image on the right is an ultraviolet image.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์€ ์ž์™ธ์„  ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด์ฃ 
05:41
And in the image on the right
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์ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ
05:42
you might be able to see some of the Archimedes writing.
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์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ธ€์„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:44
If you merge them together into one digital canvas,
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์ด ๋‘˜์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ณ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:47
the parchment is bright in both images
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์–‘ํ”ผ์ง€๋Š” ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•˜์–—๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:50
and it comes out bright.
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ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ฃ 
05:52
The prayer book is dark in both images
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๊ธฐ๋„์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฒ€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:55
and it comes out dark.
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์–ด๋‘ก๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:57
The Archimedes text is dark in one image and bright in another.
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์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ธ€์ด ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋‘ก๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
06:00
And it'll come out dark but red,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋‘ก์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ‰๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
06:02
and then you can start to read it rather clearly.
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๋น„๊ต์  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:05
And that's what it looks like.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
06:07
Now that's a before and after image,
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์ €๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ž‘์—… ์ „ํ›„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ธ๋ฐ
06:11
but you don't read the image on the screen like that.
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์ด๋ž˜์„œ๋Š” ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ 
06:14
You zoom in and you zoom in
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ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ์—
06:16
and you zoom in and you zoom in,
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๋˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:20
and you can just read it now.
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์ด์   ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ 
06:22
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
06:28
If you process the same two images in a different way,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด
06:32
you can actually get rid of the prayer book text.
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๊ธฐ๋„์„œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์•„์˜ˆ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
06:35
And this is terribly important,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ
06:36
because the diagrams in the manuscript
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๋ฌธ์„œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„ํ˜•๋“ค์€
06:39
are the unique source for the diagrams
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์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 4์„ธ๊ธฐ์—
06:41
that Archimedes drew in the sand in the fourth century B.C.
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๋ชจ๋ž˜์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋„ํ˜•๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”
06:44
And there we are, I can give them to you.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
06:47
With this kind of imaging --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ดฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด
06:49
this kind of infrared, ultraviolet, invisible light imaging --
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์ ์™ธ์„ , ์ž์™ธ์„ , ๋น„๊ฐ€์‹œ ๊ด‘์„ ๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
06:52
we were never going to image through the gold ground forgeries.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋ชจ์กฐํ’ˆ์„ ๋šซ๊ณ  ์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:54
How were we going to do that?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:56
Well we took the manuscript,
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์ผ๋‹จ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
06:58
and we decided to image it in X-ray fluorescence imaging.
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X-์„  ํ˜•๊ด‘ ์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”
07:03
So an X-ray comes in in the diagram on the left
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X-์„ ์ด ๋„ํ˜•์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด
07:06
and it knocks out an electron from the inner shell of an atom.
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์•ˆ์ชฝ ์ „์ž๊ป์งˆ์—์„œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋นผ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:09
And that electron disappears.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์—†์–ด์ง€์ฃ 
07:11
And as it disappears, an electron from a shell farther out
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์•ˆ์ชฝ ์ „์ž๊ป์งˆ์—์„œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง€๋ฉด, ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์ „์ž๊ป์งˆ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€
07:15
jumps in and takes its place.
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๋“ค์–ด์™€์„œ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ด์š”
07:18
And when it takes its place,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
07:19
it sheds electromagnetic radiation.
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์ „์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
07:22
It sheds an X-ray.
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X-์„ ์„ ๋ง์ด์—์š”
07:23
And this X-ray is specific in its wavelength
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด X-์„ ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์›์ž์— ๋‹ฟ๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
07:26
to the atom that it hits.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŒŒ์žฅ์„ ๋„๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:28
And what we wanted to get
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์›์ž๋Š”
07:30
was the iron.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ '์ฒ '์ด์—ˆ์ฃ 
07:32
Because the ink was written in iron.
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์ž‰ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ ๋กœ ์“ฐ์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:34
And if we can map
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
07:35
where this X-ray that comes out, where it comes from,
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์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์ด X-์„ ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:38
we can map all the iron on the page,
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์ด ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฒ ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ํ›„
07:40
then theoretically we can read the image.
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์ด๋ก ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
07:42
The thing is that you need a very powerful light source to do this.
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๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑธ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋น›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:47
So we took it to the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์— ์žˆ๋Š”
07:50
in California,
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์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ ์‹ฑํฌ๋กœํŠธ๋ก  ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค๋กœ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:52
which is a particle accelerator.
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์ž…์ž ๊ฐ€์†๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
07:53
Electrons go around one way,
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์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๊ณ 
07:55
positrons go around the other.
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์–‘์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
07:57
They meet in the middle,
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๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด
07:58
and they create subatomic particles
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์ด์›์ž ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:00
like the charm quark and the tau lepton.
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๊ฐ€๋ น '์ฐธ'์ด๋‚˜ 'ํƒ€์šฐ ์ค‘์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์ž(ๅพฎๅญ)๊ฐ€' ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:03
Now we weren't actually going to put Archimedes in that beam.
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์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ ๊ด‘์„ ์— ์˜์ด๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”
08:06
But as the electrons go round at the speed of light,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:09
they shed X-rays.
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X-์„ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
And this is the most powerful light source in the solar system.
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ด‘์›์ด์ฃ 
08:13
This is called synchrotron radiation,
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์ด๊ฑธ ์‹ฑํฌ๋กœํŠธ๋ก  ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ
08:15
and it's normally used to look at things
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„
08:17
like proteins and that sort of thing.
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๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:18
But we wanted it to look at atoms, at iron atoms,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์›์ž๋“ค์„, ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ๋Š” ์ฒ  ์›์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด์„œ
08:22
so that we could read the page from before and after.
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์ „ํ›„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:25
And lo and behold, we found that we could do it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”
08:28
It took about 17 minutes to do a single page.
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ํ•œ ์ชฝ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€๋žต 17๋ถ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:31
So what did we discover?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
08:34
Well one of the unique texts in Archimedes
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์ผ๋‹จ ์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
08:36
is called "The Stomachion."
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"์Šคํ† ๋งˆํ‚ค์˜จ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:38
And this didn't exist in Codices A and B.
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์„œ A๋‚˜ B์—๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”
08:40
And we knew that it involved this square.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:43
And this is a perfect square,
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14์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋œ
08:44
and it's divided into 14 bits.
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์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์ด์—์š”
08:46
But no one knew what Archimedes was doing with these 14 bits.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์•„๋ฅดํ‚ค๋ฉ”๋ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ด 14์กฐ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์ฃ .
08:49
And now we think we know.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”
08:51
He was trying to work out
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
08:53
how many ways you can recombine those 14 bits
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์ด 14์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ
08:56
and still make a perfect square.
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์ด ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”
08:58
Anyone want to guess the answer?
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๋‹ต์„ ๋งž์ถฐ ๋ณด์‹ค ๋ถ„?
09:01
It's 17,152 divided into 536 families.
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17,152 ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ 536๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:07
And the important point about this
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€
09:09
is that it's the earliest study in combinatorics in mathematics.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์—์„œ ์กฐํ•ฉ๋ก ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”
09:13
And combinatorics is a wonderful and interesting branch of mathematics.
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์กฐํ•ฉ๋ก ์€ ์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜ํ•™์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ฃ 
09:17
The really astonishing thing though about this manuscript
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์„œ์—์„œ ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
09:20
is that we looked at the other manuscripts
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์„œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์šฐ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์“ฐ๊ณ 
09:22
that the palimpsester had made,
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ํ•„๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์—ฎ์€
09:24
the scribe had made his book out of,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด ๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ
09:26
and one of them was a manuscript containing text by Hyperides.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ํ—คํŽ˜๋ ˆ์ด๋ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์“ด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ 
09:29
Now Hyperides was an Athenian orator from the fourth century B.C.
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ํ—คํŽ˜๋ ˆ์ด๋ฐ์Šค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 4์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค ์—ฐ์„ค๊ฐ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:34
He was an exact contemporary of Demosthenes.
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๋ฐ๋ชจ์Šคํ…Œ๋„ค์Šค์™€ ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ 
09:36
And in 338 B.C. he and Demosthenes together
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๊ธฐ์›์ „ 338๋…„, ๊ทธ์™€ ๋ฐ๋ชจ์Šคํ…Œ๋„ค์Šค๋Š”
09:40
decided that they wanted to stand up
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๋งˆ์ผ€๋„๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ํ•„๋ฆฌํฌ์Šค ์™•์˜ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์—
09:42
to the military might of Philip of Macedon.
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๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:44
So Athens and Thebes went out to fight Philip of Macedon.
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์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค์™€ ํ…Œ๋ฒ ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ผ€๋„๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ํ•„๋ฆฌํฌ์Šค ์™•๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:48
This was a bad idea,
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์ž˜๋ชป ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด์—ˆ์ฃ 
09:49
because Philip of Macedon had a son called Alexander the Great,
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ํ•„๋ฆฌํฌ์Šค ์™•์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•„๋“ค ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋“œ๋กœ์Šค ๋Œ€์™•์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:52
and they lost the battle of Chaeronea.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์นด์ด๋กœ๋„ค์ด์•„ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:55
Alexander the Great went on to conquer the known world;
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์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋“œ๋กœ์Šค ๋Œ€์™•์€ ๋Œ€์ œ๊ตญ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๊ณ 
09:57
Hyperides found himself on trial for treason.
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ํ—คํŽ˜๋ ˆ์ด๋ฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์—ญ์ฃ„๋กœ ์žฌํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:00
And this is the speech that he gave when he was on trial --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์žฌํŒ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์—ฐ์„ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:04
and it's a great speech:
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์—ฐ์„ค๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
10:05
"Best of all," he says, "is to win.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, "๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค
10:07
But if you can't win,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์ผ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:09
then you should fight for a noble cause,
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๋Œ€์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ธ์›Œ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค
10:11
because then you'll be remembered.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค
10:13
Consider the Spartans.
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์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฅดํƒ€์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ผ
10:14
They won enumerable victories,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์—†์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ™๊ฒผ์ง€๋งŒ
10:16
but no one remembers what they are
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์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ธ์› ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
10:18
because they were all fought for selfish ends.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†๋‹ค
10:20
The one battle that the Spartans fought that everybody remembers
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํˆฌ๋Š”
10:24
is the the battle of Thermopylae
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ํ…Œ๋ฅด๋ชจํ•„๋ ˆ ์ „ํˆฌ์ธ๋ฐ
10:25
where they were butchered to a man,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋ก ํ•™์‚ด์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜
10:27
but fought for the freedom of Greece."
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ธ์› ๋‹ค."
10:29
It was such a great speech
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์ด๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์—ฐ์„ค์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ์—
10:31
that the Athenian law courts let him off.
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์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค ๋ฒ•์ •์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:35
He lived for another 10 years,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ›„ 10๋…„์„ ๋” ์‚ด์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
10:37
then the Macedonian faction caught up with him.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋งˆ์ผ€๋„๋‹ˆ์•„ํŒŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:40
They cut out his tongue in mockery of his oratory,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์›…๋ณ€์ˆ ์„ ๋น„์›ƒ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜€๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ 
10:42
and no one knows what they did with his body.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด์˜ ํ–‰๋ฐฉ์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:46
So this is the discovery of a lost voice from antiquity,
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:49
speaking to us, not from the grave,
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๋ฌด๋ค์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์•„ํ…Œ๋„ค ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ
10:51
because his grave doesn't exist,
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์ „ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:53
but from the Athenian law courts.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฌด๋ค์€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”
10:54
Now I should say at this point
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์ง€๊ธˆ์ฏค ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•  ๋ง์€
10:56
that normally when you're looking
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋ฒ—๊ฒจ ๋‚ธ
10:59
at medieval manuscripts that have been scraped off,
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์ค‘์„ธ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
11:01
you don't find unique texts.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ธ€์€ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:02
And to find two in one manuscript is really something.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ 
11:05
To find three is completely weird.
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์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ผ์ด๊ณ ์š”
11:08
And we found three.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:10
Aristotle's "Categories"
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์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ "๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ก "์€
11:11
is one of the foundational texts of Western philosophy.
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์„œ์–‘ ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์„œ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:14
And we found a third century A.D. commentary on it,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ก ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ 3์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ•ด์„ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:18
possibly by Galen and probably by Porphyry.
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๊ฐˆ๋ ˆ๋…ธ์Šค์™€ ํฌ๋ฅดํ”ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ค์Šค๊ฐ€ ์“ด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:21
Now all this data that we collected,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž๋ฃŒ,
11:24
all the images, all the raw images,
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์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ์›๋ณธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€,
11:26
all the transcriptions that we made and that sort of thing
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๊ธฐ๋ก ์ „๋ฌธ ๋“ฑ์€
11:29
have been put online under a Creative Commons license
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ƒ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ถŒ ์•„๋ž˜
11:32
for anyone to use for any commercial purpose.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์—…์  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:35
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:42
Why did the owner of the manuscript do this?
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์ด ๋ฌธํ—Œ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ์€ ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:45
He did this because he understands data as well as books.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ฑ… ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
Now the thing to do with books,
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๋„์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
11:50
if you want to ensure their long-term utility,
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
11:52
is to hide them away in closets
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์˜ท์žฅ์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ ๋†“๊ณ 
11:54
and let very few people look at them.
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๊ทน์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ 
11:56
The thing to do with data, if you want it to survive,
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์ •๋ณด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ƒ์กด์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
11:58
is to let it out and have everybody have it
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ํ’€์–ด ๋†“๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ
12:02
with as little control on that data as possible.
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
And that's what he did.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:06
And institutions can learn from this.
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๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:09
Because institutions at the moment
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ
12:12
confine their data with copyright restrictions and that sort of thing.
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์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:15
And if you want to look at medieval manuscripts on the Web,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ์ค‘์„ธ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:17
at the moment you have to go to the National Library of Y's site
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” Y ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์˜ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
12:21
or the University Library of X's site,
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X ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
12:23
which is about the most boring way
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์ด๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
12:25
in which you can deal with digital data.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:27
What you want to do is to aggregate it all together.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:30
Because the Web of the ancient manuscripts of the future
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์ •๋ณด๋ง์€
12:33
isn't going to be built by institutions.
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๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
12:35
It's going to be built by users,
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์œ ์ €๋“ค์ด๋‚˜,
12:39
by people who get this data together,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
12:40
by people who want to aggregate all sorts of maps
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ถœ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ
12:44
from wherever they come from,
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๋ชจ์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
12:45
all sorts of medieval romances
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ถœ์ฒ˜์˜ ์ค‘์„ธ ๋กœ๋งจ์Šค ๋ฌธํ•™๋“ค์„
12:47
from wherever they come from,
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๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
12:49
people who just want to curate their own glorious selection
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ์ € ์ž์‹ ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
12:53
of beautiful things.
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์ •๋ณด๋ง์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ 
12:54
And that is the future of the Web.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:56
And it's an attractive and beautiful future,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ฃ 
12:59
if only we can make it happen.
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ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:01
Now we at the Walters Art Museum have followed this example,
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์›”ํ„ฐ์Šค ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ณธ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ
13:04
and we have put up all our manuscripts on the Web
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค
13:07
for people to enjoy --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:09
all the raw data, all the descriptions, all the metadata.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์›๋ณธ ์ž๋ฃŒ, ์„ค๋ช…๋ฌธ, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๋ฐ์ดํƒ€๊นŒ์ง€
13:11
under a Creative Commons license.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ดํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ถŒ ์•„๋ž˜์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
13:14
Now the Walters Art Museum is a small museum
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์›”ํ„ฐ์Šค ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€์€ ๋น„๋ก ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
13:16
and it has beautiful manuscripts,
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋ฌธํ—Œ๋“ค์„ ์†Œ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
13:17
but the data is fantastic.
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:19
And the result of this
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
13:21
is that if you do a Google search on images right now
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:24
and you type in "Illuminated manuscript Koran" for example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด "์ฑ„์ƒ‰๋œ ์ฝ”๋ž€ ์›๊ณ "๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:27
24 of the 28 images you'll find come from my institution.
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28๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ค‘ 24๊ฐœ๋Š” ์ €ํฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:32
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:37
Now, let's think about this for a minute.
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค
13:42
What's in it for the institution?
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์ด๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ด๋“์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:44
There are all sorts of things that are in it for the institution.
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:47
You can talk about the Humanities and that sort of thing,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๋“ ์ง€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
13:49
but let's talk about selfish things.
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์ผ๋‹จ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค
13:51
Because what's really in it for the institution is this:
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋“์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:55
Now why do people go to the Louvre?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์™œ ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ๋ฅด ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:58
They go to see the Mona Lisa.
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๋ชจ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ฃ 
14:01
Why do they go to see the Mona Lisa?
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์™œ ๋ชจ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
14:04
Because they already know what she looks like.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
14:06
And they know what she looks like
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
14:09
because they've seen pictures of her absolutely everywhere.
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:13
Now, there is no need
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ œ์•ฝ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„ ํ•„์š”๋Š”
14:18
for these restrictions at all.
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์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:20
And I think that institutions should stand up
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์„œ์„œ
14:22
and release all their data under unrestricted licenses,
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ฝ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:25
and it would be a great benefit to everybody.
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๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ด๋“์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:28
Why don't we just let everybody have access to this data
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๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ 
14:31
and curate their own collection
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„
14:33
of ancient knowledge and wonderful and beautiful things
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์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ์ปฌ๋ ‰์…˜์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ณ 
14:35
and increase the beauty and the cultural significance
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„
14:38
of the Internet.
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๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”
14:40
Thank you very much indeed.
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์ •๋ง ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:41
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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