James Geary, metaphorically speaking

140,790 views ・ 2009-12-18

TED


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Translator: Adi Maslo Reviewer: Sandra Gojic
00:15
Metaphor lives a secret life all around us.
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Metafora živi život u tajnosti, svuda oko nas.
00:19
We utter about six metaphors a minute.
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Izgovaramo oko šest metafora u minuti.
00:23
Metaphorical thinking is essential
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Metaforičko razmišljanje je ključno za
00:25
to how we understand ourselves and others,
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razumijevanje nas samih, i drugih;
00:28
how we communicate, learn, discover
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kako komuniciramo, učimo, otkrivamo,
00:31
and invent.
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pronalazimo.
00:33
But metaphor is a way of thought before it is a way with words.
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Ali metafora je način mišljenja, više nego način s riječima.
00:38
Now, to assist me in explaining this,
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Kako bih ovo mogao objasniti,
00:41
I've enlisted the help of one of our greatest philosophers,
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u pomoć sam pozvao jednog od najvećih filozofa,
00:44
the reigning king of the metaphorians,
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vladajućeg kralja među metaforičarima,
00:48
a man whose contributions to the field
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čovjeka čiji je doprinos ovom polju
00:50
are so great that he himself
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toliki da je on sam
00:53
has become a metaphor.
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postao metafora.
00:55
I am, of course, referring to none other
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Ne mislim ni koga drugoga, do
00:59
than Elvis Presley.
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Elvisa Presleya.
01:01
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:02
Now, "All Shook Up" is a great love song.
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Dakle, ''All Shook Up'' je sjajna ljubavna pjesma.
01:05
It's also a great example of how
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Ali je i primjer kako mi,
01:07
whenever we deal with anything abstract --
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kada god se bavimo apstraktnim
01:09
ideas, emotions, feelings, concepts, thoughts --
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idejama, emocijama, osjećajima, konceptima, mislima,
01:13
we inevitably resort to metaphor.
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neizbježno pribjegavamo metafori.
01:15
In "All Shook Up," a touch is not a touch, but a chill.
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U ''All Shook Up'', dodir nije dodir nego hladnoća.
01:20
Lips are not lips, but volcanoes.
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Usne nisu usne, nego vulkani.
01:23
She is not she, but a buttercup.
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Ona nije ona, nego ljutić (cvijet).
01:26
And love is not love, but being all shook up.
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Ni ljubav nije ljubav, nego stanje potresa (''All Shook Up'')
01:31
In this, Elvis is following Aristotle's classic definition of metaphor
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Ovdje se Elvis koristi klasičnom Aristotelovom definicijom metafore -
01:35
as the process of giving the thing
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postupak davanja stvari imena
01:38
a name that belongs to something else.
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koje pripada nečemu drugom.
01:41
This is the mathematics of metaphor.
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Ovo je matematika metafore.
01:44
And fortunately it's very simple.
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I na sreću je veoma jednostavna.
01:46
X equals Y.
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X = Y.
01:48
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:51
This formula works wherever metaphor is present.
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Ovu formulu nalazimo gdje god je metafora prisutna.
01:54
Elvis uses it, but so does Shakespeare
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Elvis je koristi, ali i Šekspir
01:57
in this famous line from "Romeo and Juliet:"
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u ovom poznatom stihu iz ''Romea i Julije'',
01:59
Juliet is the sun.
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Julija je sunce.
02:02
Now, here, Shakespeare gives the thing, Juliet,
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Šekspir stvari, Juliji, daje
02:06
a name that belongs to something else, the sun.
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ime koje pripada nečemu drugom - suncu.
02:11
But whenever we give a thing a name that belongs to something else,
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Ali kada god stvari dajemo ime koje pripada nečemu drugom,
02:14
we give it a whole network of analogies too.
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u isto vrijeme joj dajemo čitavu mrežu analogija.
02:17
We mix and match what we know about the metaphor's source,
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Mješamo i sastavljamo ono što znamo o izvoru metafore,
02:20
in this case the sun,
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u ovom slučaju suncu,
02:22
with what we know about its target, Juliet.
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s onim što znamo o njenom cilju, Juliji.
02:25
And metaphor gives us a much more vivid understanding of Juliet
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Metafora nam daje jasniju sliku Julije
02:28
than if Shakespeare had literally described what she looks like.
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nego da je Šekspir doslovno opisao njen izgled.
02:33
So, how do we make and understand metaphors?
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Dakle, kako pravimo i razumijevamo metafore?
02:35
This might look familiar.
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Ovo vam se može činiti poznatim.
02:37
The first step is pattern recognition.
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Prvi korak je raspoznavanje oblika.
02:39
Look at this image. What do you see?
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Pogledajte ovu sliku. Šta vidite?
02:42
Three wayward Pac-Men,
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Tri tvrdoglava Pacmana,
02:44
and three pointy brackets are actually present.
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i tri izlomljene zagrade
02:47
What we see, however,
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Ono šta ustvari vidimo
02:49
are two overlapping triangles.
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su dva trougla koji se preklapaju.
02:51
Metaphor is not just the detection of patterns;
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Metafora nije samo pronalazak oblika;
02:54
it is the creation of patterns.
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ona je i kreacija oblika.
02:56
Second step, conceptual synesthesia.
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Drugi korak je Konceptualna sinestezija.
02:59
Now, synesthesia is the experience of a stimulus in once sense organ
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Sinestezija se pojavljuje kada jedan podražaj
03:04
in another sense organ as well,
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doživljavamo u dva različita osjetila,
03:06
such as colored hearing.
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kao što je ''obojeno slušanje''.
03:08
People with colored hearing
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Ljudi s obojenim slušanjem
03:10
actually see colors when they hear the sounds
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ustvari vide boje kada čuju zvuk
03:13
of words or letters.
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riječi ili slova.
03:15
We all have synesthetic abilities.
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Svi mi imamo sinestetičke sposobnosti.
03:17
This is the Bouba/Kiki test.
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Ovo je Buba/Kiki test.
03:20
What you have to do is identify which of these shapes
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Što morate uraditi jeste odrediti koji od ovih oblika
03:22
is called Bouba, and which is called Kiki.
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se zove Buba, a koji Kiki.
03:26
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:27
If you are like 98 percent of other people,
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Ako ste kao i 98% ostalih ljudi,
03:29
you will identify the round, amoeboid shape as Bouba,
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poistovijetit ćete okrugli oblik, nalik amebi, kao Buba,
03:33
and the sharp, spiky one as Kiki.
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a oštri, šiljati kao Kiki.
03:36
Can we do a quick show of hands?
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Možemo li to potvrditi podizanjem ruku?
03:38
Does that correspond?
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Podudara li se ovo?
03:40
Okay, I think 99.9 would about cover it.
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U redu, mislim da smo dobili 99,9%.
03:44
Why do we do that?
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Zašto ovako reagujemo?
03:46
Because we instinctively find, or create,
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Jer instinktivno nađemo, ili kreiramo,
03:50
a pattern between the round shape
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vezu između okruglog oblika
03:52
and the round sound of Bouba,
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i okruglog zvuka kod Buba,
03:55
and the spiky shape and the spiky sound of Kiki.
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i šiljatog oblika, i šiljatog zvuka kod Kiki.
04:00
And many of the metaphors we use everyday are synesthetic.
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I mnoge od metafora koje koristimo svakodnevno su sinestetičke.
04:04
Silence is sweet.
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Tišina je slatka.
04:06
Neckties are loud.
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Boje kravate su prodorne.
04:08
Sexually attractive people are hot.
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Seksualno privlačne osobe su vatrene.
04:11
Sexually unattractive people leave us cold.
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Seksualno neprivlačne osobe nas ostavljaju hladnima.
04:14
Metaphor creates a kind of conceptual synesthesia,
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Metafora kreira jednu vrstu konceptualne sinestezije
04:17
in which we understand one concept
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u kojoj jedan koncept
04:19
in the context of another.
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razumijemo u kontekstu drugog.
04:22
Third step is cognitive dissonance.
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Treći stepen je kognitivna disonanca (nesklad).
04:24
This is the Stroop test.
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Ovo je Stroopov test.
04:26
What you need to do here is identify
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Ovdje morate odrediti,
04:28
as quickly as possible
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što je brže moguće,
04:30
the color of the ink in which these words are printed.
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boju kojom su ove riječi ispisane.
04:33
You can take the test now.
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Možete pokušati sada.
04:37
If you're like most people, you will experience
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Ako ste poput većine ljudi, doživjećete
04:39
a moment of cognitive dissonance
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trenutak kognitivne disonance
04:41
when the name of the color
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kada je ime boje
04:44
is printed in a differently colored ink.
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napisano drugom bojom.
04:46
The test shows that we cannot ignore the literal meaning of words
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Test pokazuje da ne možemo zanemariti doslovno značenje riječi
04:49
even when the literal meaning gives the wrong answer.
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čak i kada doslovno značenje daje pogrešan odgovor.
04:52
Stroop tests have been done with metaphor as well.
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Stroopov test se sprovodio i sa metaforom.
04:54
The participants had to identify, as quickly as possible,
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Učesnici su morali identifikovati, što je brže moguće,
04:58
the literally false sentences.
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doslovno netačne rečenice.
05:00
They took longer to reject metaphors as false
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Duže im je trebalo da proglase metafore netačnim
05:03
than they did to reject literally false sentences.
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nego da odbace doslovno netačne rečenice.
05:06
Why? Because we cannot ignore
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Zašto? Jer ne možemo zanemariti
05:09
the metaphorical meaning of words either.
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ni metaforičko značenje riječi.
05:12
One of the sentences was, "Some jobs are jails."
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Jedna od rečenica je bila, ''Neki poslovi su zatvori''.
05:15
Now, unless you're a prison guard,
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Osim ako ste čuvar u zatvoru
05:18
the sentence "Some jobs are jails" is literally false.
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ova rečenica ''Neki poslovi su zatvori'' je doslovno netačna.
05:21
Sadly, it's metaphorically true.
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Nažalost, ona je metaforički tačna.
05:24
And the metaphorical truth interferes with our ability
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Metaforička istina se sukobljava s našom mogućnosti
05:27
to identify it as literally false.
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da je identifikujemo kao netačnu.
05:29
Metaphor matters because
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Metafora je važna jer
05:31
it's around us every day, all the time.
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je svakodnevno oko nas, svo vrijeme.
05:34
Metaphor matters because it creates expectations.
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Metafora je važna jer kreira očekivanja.
05:37
Pay careful attention the next time you read the financial news.
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Dobro pazite kada sljedeći put budete čitali finansijske novosti.
05:41
Agent metaphors describe price movements
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Agent metafore opisuju kretanje cijena
05:43
as the deliberate action of a living thing,
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kao svjesnu aktivnost žive stvari,
05:45
as in, "The NASDAQ climbed higher."
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kao npr., ''NASDAQ je porastao''.
05:49
Object metaphors describe price movements
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Objekt metafore opisuju kretanje cijena
05:52
as non-living things,
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kao nežive stvari, kao npr.,
05:54
as in, "The Dow fell like a brick."
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''Indeks njujorške berze je pao poput cigle''.
05:57
Researchers asked a group of people
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Istraživači su pitali skupinu ljudi
05:59
to read a clutch of market commentaries,
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da pročitaju nekolicinu komentara tržišta
06:01
and then predict the next day's price trend.
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te da predvide kretanje cijena za sljedeći dan.
06:04
Those exposed to agent metaphors
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Oni izloženi agent metaforama
06:06
had higher expectations that price trends would continue.
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su imali veća očekivanja da će se kretanje cijena nastaviti.
06:09
And they had those expectations because
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A ta očekivanja su imali jer
06:11
agent metaphors imply the deliberate action
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agent metafore ukazuju na svjesno djelovanje
06:14
of a living thing pursuing a goal.
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žive stvari da ostvari neki cilj.
06:17
If, for example, house prices
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Ako se, na primjer, cijene kuća
06:19
are routinely described as climbing and climbing,
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stalno opisuju kao da se penju i penju,
06:22
higher and higher, people might naturally assume
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sve više i više, prirodno je za podrazumjeti
06:24
that that rise is unstoppable.
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da je taj rast nezaustavan.
06:26
They may feel confident, say,
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Čitaoci se mogu osjećati sigurnim u, npr.,
06:28
in taking out mortgages they really can't afford.
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uzimanju zaloga koje sebi u stvarnosti ne mogu priuštiti.
06:31
That's a hypothetical example of course.
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Ovo je naravno hipotetički primjer.
06:34
But this is how metaphor misleads.
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Ali ovo je način na koji nas metafora obmanjuje.
06:38
Metaphor also matters because it influences decisions
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Metafora je još važna jer utječe na odluke
06:41
by activating analogies.
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aktiviranjem analogija.
06:44
A group of students was told that a small democratic country
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Grupi studenata je rečeno da je mala demokratska država
06:46
had been invaded and had asked the U.S. for help.
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napadnuta i da je zatražila pomoć SAD-a,
06:49
And they had to make a decision.
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te su morali donijeti odluku.
06:51
What should they do?
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Šta su trebali uraditi?
06:53
Intervene, appeal to the U.N., or do nothing?
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Umješati se, obratiti se UN-u, ili ne djelovati?
06:56
They were each then given one of three
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Svakome od njih je dat jedan od tri
06:58
descriptions of this hypothetical crisis.
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opisa ove hipotetičke krize,
07:00
Each of which was designed to trigger
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od kojih je svaki trebao proizvesti
07:03
a different historical analogy:
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različitu historijsku analogiju:
07:05
World War II, Vietnam,
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Drugi svjetski rat, Vietnamski rat,
07:07
and the third was historically neutral.
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dok je treća bila historijski neutralna.
07:10
Those exposed to the World War II scenario
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Oni izloženi scenariju Drugog svjetskog rata
07:12
made more interventionist recommendations
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su više predlagali opciju uplitanja
07:14
than the others.
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nego li su to ostali.
07:16
Just as we cannot ignore the literal meaning of words,
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Jednako kao što ne možemo zanemariti doslovno značenje riječi,
07:19
we cannot ignore the analogies
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ne možemo zanemariti ni analogije
07:21
that are triggered by metaphor.
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koje su proizvedene metaforom.
07:25
Metaphor matters because it opens the door to discovery.
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Metafora je važna jer otvara vrata otkrivanja.
07:28
Whenever we solve a problem, or make a discovery,
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Kada god riješimo problem ili nešto otkrijemo,
07:31
we compare what we know with what we don't know.
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poređujemo ono šta znamo s onim što ne znamo.
07:34
And the only way to find out about the latter
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A jedini način da nešto saznamo o drugopomenutom
07:36
is to investigate the ways it might be like the former.
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je istraživanje načina na koje bi mogla biti slična prvopomenutoj
07:40
Einstein described his scientific method as combinatory play.
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Ajnštajn je opisao svoj naučni metod kao kombinatorna igra.
07:44
He famously used thought experiments,
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Uspješno je koristio eksperimente misli
07:46
which are essentially elaborate analogies,
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koji su u stvarnosti bili razrađene analogije,
07:49
to come up with some of his greatest discoveries.
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kako bi došao do jedne od svojih najvećih otkrića.
07:52
By bringing together what we know
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Spajanjem onoga što znamo
07:54
and what we don't know through analogy,
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s onim što ne znamo kroz analogiju,
07:56
metaphorical thinking strikes the spark
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metaforičko razmišljanje pokreće iskru
07:58
that ignites discovery.
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koja pali otkriće.
08:02
Now metaphor is ubiquitous, yet it's hidden.
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Iako je metafora svugdje prisutna, još je skrivena.
08:06
But you just have to look at the words around you
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Ali jednostavno morate posmatrati riječi oko Vas
08:09
and you'll find it.
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i naći ćete je.
08:11
Ralph Waldo Emerson described language
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Ralf Waldo Emerson je jezik opisao kao
08:13
as "fossil poetry."
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''fosilnu poeziju''.
08:15
But before it was fossil poetry
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Ali, prije nego je postao fosilna poezija
08:17
language was fossil metaphor.
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jezik je bio fosilna metafora.
08:20
And these fossils still breathe.
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Ali ovi fosili još uvijek dišu.
08:23
Take the three most famous words in all of Western philosophy:
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Uzmite tri najpoznatije izreke cijele Zapadne filozofije:
08:28
"Cogito ergo sum."
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''Cogito ergo sum''.
08:30
That's routinely translated as, "I think, therefore I am."
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Uobičajeno je prevođeno kao ''Mislim, dakle, postojim''.
08:34
But there is a better translation.
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Ali postoji bolji prevod.
08:36
The Latin word "cogito"
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Latinska riječ ''cogito''
08:38
is derived from the prefix "co," meaning "together,"
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je izvedena iz prefiksa ''co'', sa značenjem ''zajedno'',
08:41
and the verb "agitare," meaning "to shake."
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i glagola ''agitare'', sa značenjem ''tresti''.
08:44
So, the original meaning of "cogito"
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Tako da ''cogito'' zapravo znači
08:47
is to shake together.
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stresanje.
08:49
And the proper translation of "cogito ergo sum"
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Te ''cogito ergo sum'' zapravo znači
08:52
is "I shake things up, therefore I am."
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''Tresem stvari, dakle, postojim''.
08:56
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:58
Metaphor shakes things up,
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Metafora potresa stvari,
09:00
giving us everything from Shakespeare to scientific discovery in the process.
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dajući nam sve od Šekspira do naučnih otkrića u razvoju.
09:05
The mind is a plastic snow dome,
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Um je plastična sniježna kupola,
09:08
the most beautiful, most interesting,
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najljepša, najinteresantnija,
09:10
and most itself, when, as Elvis put it,
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i najispravnija, kada je, kao što je Elvis rekao,
09:13
it's all shook up.
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sve potreseno.
09:15
And metaphor keeps the mind shaking,
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A metafora um održava u potresu,
09:17
rattling and rolling, long after Elvis has left the building.
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kleptavim i u pokretu, dugo nako što nas je Elvis napustio.
09:20
Thank you very much.
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Hvala Vam.
09:22
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
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