James Geary, metaphorically speaking

140,651 views ・ 2009-12-18

TED


Molimo dvaput kliknite na engleski titl ispod za reprodukciju videa.

Translator: Adi Maslo Reviewer: Sandra Gojic
00:15
Metaphor lives a secret life all around us.
0
15260
4000
Metafora živi život u tajnosti, svuda oko nas.
00:19
We utter about six metaphors a minute.
1
19260
4000
Izgovaramo oko šest metafora u minuti.
00:23
Metaphorical thinking is essential
2
23260
2000
Metaforičko razmišljanje je ključno za
00:25
to how we understand ourselves and others,
3
25260
3000
razumijevanje nas samih, i drugih;
00:28
how we communicate, learn, discover
4
28260
3000
kako komuniciramo, učimo, otkrivamo,
00:31
and invent.
5
31260
2000
pronalazimo.
00:33
But metaphor is a way of thought before it is a way with words.
6
33260
5000
Ali metafora je način mišljenja, više nego način s riječima.
00:38
Now, to assist me in explaining this,
7
38260
3000
Kako bih ovo mogao objasniti,
00:41
I've enlisted the help of one of our greatest philosophers,
8
41260
3000
u pomoć sam pozvao jednog od najvećih filozofa,
00:44
the reigning king of the metaphorians,
9
44260
4000
vladajućeg kralja među metaforičarima,
00:48
a man whose contributions to the field
10
48260
2000
čovjeka čiji je doprinos ovom polju
00:50
are so great that he himself
11
50260
3000
toliki da je on sam
00:53
has become a metaphor.
12
53260
2000
postao metafora.
00:55
I am, of course, referring to none other
13
55260
4000
Ne mislim ni koga drugoga, do
00:59
than Elvis Presley.
14
59260
2000
Elvisa Presleya.
01:01
(Laughter)
15
61260
1000
(Smijeh)
01:02
Now, "All Shook Up" is a great love song.
16
62260
3000
Dakle, ''All Shook Up'' je sjajna ljubavna pjesma.
01:05
It's also a great example of how
17
65260
2000
Ali je i primjer kako mi,
01:07
whenever we deal with anything abstract --
18
67260
2000
kada god se bavimo apstraktnim
01:09
ideas, emotions, feelings, concepts, thoughts --
19
69260
4000
idejama, emocijama, osjećajima, konceptima, mislima,
01:13
we inevitably resort to metaphor.
20
73260
2000
neizbježno pribjegavamo metafori.
01:15
In "All Shook Up," a touch is not a touch, but a chill.
21
75260
5000
U ''All Shook Up'', dodir nije dodir nego hladnoća.
01:20
Lips are not lips, but volcanoes.
22
80260
3000
Usne nisu usne, nego vulkani.
01:23
She is not she, but a buttercup.
23
83260
3000
Ona nije ona, nego ljutić (cvijet).
01:26
And love is not love, but being all shook up.
24
86260
5000
Ni ljubav nije ljubav, nego stanje potresa (''All Shook Up'')
01:31
In this, Elvis is following Aristotle's classic definition of metaphor
25
91260
4000
Ovdje se Elvis koristi klasičnom Aristotelovom definicijom metafore -
01:35
as the process of giving the thing
26
95260
3000
postupak davanja stvari imena
01:38
a name that belongs to something else.
27
98260
3000
koje pripada nečemu drugom.
01:41
This is the mathematics of metaphor.
28
101260
3000
Ovo je matematika metafore.
01:44
And fortunately it's very simple.
29
104260
2000
I na sreću je veoma jednostavna.
01:46
X equals Y.
30
106260
2000
X = Y.
01:48
(Laughter)
31
108260
3000
(Smijeh)
01:51
This formula works wherever metaphor is present.
32
111260
3000
Ovu formulu nalazimo gdje god je metafora prisutna.
01:54
Elvis uses it, but so does Shakespeare
33
114260
3000
Elvis je koristi, ali i Šekspir
01:57
in this famous line from "Romeo and Juliet:"
34
117260
2000
u ovom poznatom stihu iz ''Romea i Julije'',
01:59
Juliet is the sun.
35
119260
3000
Julija je sunce.
02:02
Now, here, Shakespeare gives the thing, Juliet,
36
122260
4000
Šekspir stvari, Juliji, daje
02:06
a name that belongs to something else, the sun.
37
126260
5000
ime koje pripada nečemu drugom - suncu.
02:11
But whenever we give a thing a name that belongs to something else,
38
131260
3000
Ali kada god stvari dajemo ime koje pripada nečemu drugom,
02:14
we give it a whole network of analogies too.
39
134260
3000
u isto vrijeme joj dajemo čitavu mrežu analogija.
02:17
We mix and match what we know about the metaphor's source,
40
137260
3000
Mješamo i sastavljamo ono što znamo o izvoru metafore,
02:20
in this case the sun,
41
140260
2000
u ovom slučaju suncu,
02:22
with what we know about its target, Juliet.
42
142260
3000
s onim što znamo o njenom cilju, Juliji.
02:25
And metaphor gives us a much more vivid understanding of Juliet
43
145260
3000
Metafora nam daje jasniju sliku Julije
02:28
than if Shakespeare had literally described what she looks like.
44
148260
5000
nego da je Šekspir doslovno opisao njen izgled.
02:33
So, how do we make and understand metaphors?
45
153260
2000
Dakle, kako pravimo i razumijevamo metafore?
02:35
This might look familiar.
46
155260
2000
Ovo vam se može činiti poznatim.
02:37
The first step is pattern recognition.
47
157260
2000
Prvi korak je raspoznavanje oblika.
02:39
Look at this image. What do you see?
48
159260
3000
Pogledajte ovu sliku. Šta vidite?
02:42
Three wayward Pac-Men,
49
162260
2000
Tri tvrdoglava Pacmana,
02:44
and three pointy brackets are actually present.
50
164260
3000
i tri izlomljene zagrade
02:47
What we see, however,
51
167260
2000
Ono šta ustvari vidimo
02:49
are two overlapping triangles.
52
169260
2000
su dva trougla koji se preklapaju.
02:51
Metaphor is not just the detection of patterns;
53
171260
3000
Metafora nije samo pronalazak oblika;
02:54
it is the creation of patterns.
54
174260
2000
ona je i kreacija oblika.
02:56
Second step, conceptual synesthesia.
55
176260
3000
Drugi korak je Konceptualna sinestezija.
02:59
Now, synesthesia is the experience of a stimulus in once sense organ
56
179260
5000
Sinestezija se pojavljuje kada jedan podražaj
03:04
in another sense organ as well,
57
184260
2000
doživljavamo u dva različita osjetila,
03:06
such as colored hearing.
58
186260
2000
kao što je ''obojeno slušanje''.
03:08
People with colored hearing
59
188260
2000
Ljudi s obojenim slušanjem
03:10
actually see colors when they hear the sounds
60
190260
3000
ustvari vide boje kada čuju zvuk
03:13
of words or letters.
61
193260
2000
riječi ili slova.
03:15
We all have synesthetic abilities.
62
195260
2000
Svi mi imamo sinestetičke sposobnosti.
03:17
This is the Bouba/Kiki test.
63
197260
3000
Ovo je Buba/Kiki test.
03:20
What you have to do is identify which of these shapes
64
200260
2000
Što morate uraditi jeste odrediti koji od ovih oblika
03:22
is called Bouba, and which is called Kiki.
65
202260
4000
se zove Buba, a koji Kiki.
03:26
(Laughter)
66
206260
1000
(Smijeh)
03:27
If you are like 98 percent of other people,
67
207260
2000
Ako ste kao i 98% ostalih ljudi,
03:29
you will identify the round, amoeboid shape as Bouba,
68
209260
4000
poistovijetit ćete okrugli oblik, nalik amebi, kao Buba,
03:33
and the sharp, spiky one as Kiki.
69
213260
3000
a oštri, šiljati kao Kiki.
03:36
Can we do a quick show of hands?
70
216260
2000
Možemo li to potvrditi podizanjem ruku?
03:38
Does that correspond?
71
218260
2000
Podudara li se ovo?
03:40
Okay, I think 99.9 would about cover it.
72
220260
4000
U redu, mislim da smo dobili 99,9%.
03:44
Why do we do that?
73
224260
2000
Zašto ovako reagujemo?
03:46
Because we instinctively find, or create,
74
226260
4000
Jer instinktivno nađemo, ili kreiramo,
03:50
a pattern between the round shape
75
230260
2000
vezu između okruglog oblika
03:52
and the round sound of Bouba,
76
232260
3000
i okruglog zvuka kod Buba,
03:55
and the spiky shape and the spiky sound of Kiki.
77
235260
5000
i šiljatog oblika, i šiljatog zvuka kod Kiki.
04:00
And many of the metaphors we use everyday are synesthetic.
78
240260
4000
I mnoge od metafora koje koristimo svakodnevno su sinestetičke.
04:04
Silence is sweet.
79
244260
2000
Tišina je slatka.
04:06
Neckties are loud.
80
246260
2000
Boje kravate su prodorne.
04:08
Sexually attractive people are hot.
81
248260
3000
Seksualno privlačne osobe su vatrene.
04:11
Sexually unattractive people leave us cold.
82
251260
3000
Seksualno neprivlačne osobe nas ostavljaju hladnima.
04:14
Metaphor creates a kind of conceptual synesthesia,
83
254260
3000
Metafora kreira jednu vrstu konceptualne sinestezije
04:17
in which we understand one concept
84
257260
2000
u kojoj jedan koncept
04:19
in the context of another.
85
259260
3000
razumijemo u kontekstu drugog.
04:22
Third step is cognitive dissonance.
86
262260
2000
Treći stepen je kognitivna disonanca (nesklad).
04:24
This is the Stroop test.
87
264260
2000
Ovo je Stroopov test.
04:26
What you need to do here is identify
88
266260
2000
Ovdje morate odrediti,
04:28
as quickly as possible
89
268260
2000
što je brže moguće,
04:30
the color of the ink in which these words are printed.
90
270260
3000
boju kojom su ove riječi ispisane.
04:33
You can take the test now.
91
273260
4000
Možete pokušati sada.
04:37
If you're like most people, you will experience
92
277260
2000
Ako ste poput većine ljudi, doživjećete
04:39
a moment of cognitive dissonance
93
279260
2000
trenutak kognitivne disonance
04:41
when the name of the color
94
281260
3000
kada je ime boje
04:44
is printed in a differently colored ink.
95
284260
2000
napisano drugom bojom.
04:46
The test shows that we cannot ignore the literal meaning of words
96
286260
3000
Test pokazuje da ne možemo zanemariti doslovno značenje riječi
04:49
even when the literal meaning gives the wrong answer.
97
289260
3000
čak i kada doslovno značenje daje pogrešan odgovor.
04:52
Stroop tests have been done with metaphor as well.
98
292260
2000
Stroopov test se sprovodio i sa metaforom.
04:54
The participants had to identify, as quickly as possible,
99
294260
4000
Učesnici su morali identifikovati, što je brže moguće,
04:58
the literally false sentences.
100
298260
2000
doslovno netačne rečenice.
05:00
They took longer to reject metaphors as false
101
300260
3000
Duže im je trebalo da proglase metafore netačnim
05:03
than they did to reject literally false sentences.
102
303260
3000
nego da odbace doslovno netačne rečenice.
05:06
Why? Because we cannot ignore
103
306260
3000
Zašto? Jer ne možemo zanemariti
05:09
the metaphorical meaning of words either.
104
309260
3000
ni metaforičko značenje riječi.
05:12
One of the sentences was, "Some jobs are jails."
105
312260
3000
Jedna od rečenica je bila, ''Neki poslovi su zatvori''.
05:15
Now, unless you're a prison guard,
106
315260
3000
Osim ako ste čuvar u zatvoru
05:18
the sentence "Some jobs are jails" is literally false.
107
318260
3000
ova rečenica ''Neki poslovi su zatvori'' je doslovno netačna.
05:21
Sadly, it's metaphorically true.
108
321260
3000
Nažalost, ona je metaforički tačna.
05:24
And the metaphorical truth interferes with our ability
109
324260
3000
Metaforička istina se sukobljava s našom mogućnosti
05:27
to identify it as literally false.
110
327260
2000
da je identifikujemo kao netačnu.
05:29
Metaphor matters because
111
329260
2000
Metafora je važna jer
05:31
it's around us every day, all the time.
112
331260
3000
je svakodnevno oko nas, svo vrijeme.
05:34
Metaphor matters because it creates expectations.
113
334260
3000
Metafora je važna jer kreira očekivanja.
05:37
Pay careful attention the next time you read the financial news.
114
337260
4000
Dobro pazite kada sljedeći put budete čitali finansijske novosti.
05:41
Agent metaphors describe price movements
115
341260
2000
Agent metafore opisuju kretanje cijena
05:43
as the deliberate action of a living thing,
116
343260
2000
kao svjesnu aktivnost žive stvari,
05:45
as in, "The NASDAQ climbed higher."
117
345260
4000
kao npr., ''NASDAQ je porastao''.
05:49
Object metaphors describe price movements
118
349260
3000
Objekt metafore opisuju kretanje cijena
05:52
as non-living things,
119
352260
2000
kao nežive stvari, kao npr.,
05:54
as in, "The Dow fell like a brick."
120
354260
3000
''Indeks njujorške berze je pao poput cigle''.
05:57
Researchers asked a group of people
121
357260
2000
Istraživači su pitali skupinu ljudi
05:59
to read a clutch of market commentaries,
122
359260
2000
da pročitaju nekolicinu komentara tržišta
06:01
and then predict the next day's price trend.
123
361260
3000
te da predvide kretanje cijena za sljedeći dan.
06:04
Those exposed to agent metaphors
124
364260
2000
Oni izloženi agent metaforama
06:06
had higher expectations that price trends would continue.
125
366260
3000
su imali veća očekivanja da će se kretanje cijena nastaviti.
06:09
And they had those expectations because
126
369260
2000
A ta očekivanja su imali jer
06:11
agent metaphors imply the deliberate action
127
371260
3000
agent metafore ukazuju na svjesno djelovanje
06:14
of a living thing pursuing a goal.
128
374260
3000
žive stvari da ostvari neki cilj.
06:17
If, for example, house prices
129
377260
2000
Ako se, na primjer, cijene kuća
06:19
are routinely described as climbing and climbing,
130
379260
3000
stalno opisuju kao da se penju i penju,
06:22
higher and higher, people might naturally assume
131
382260
2000
sve više i više, prirodno je za podrazumjeti
06:24
that that rise is unstoppable.
132
384260
2000
da je taj rast nezaustavan.
06:26
They may feel confident, say,
133
386260
2000
Čitaoci se mogu osjećati sigurnim u, npr.,
06:28
in taking out mortgages they really can't afford.
134
388260
3000
uzimanju zaloga koje sebi u stvarnosti ne mogu priuštiti.
06:31
That's a hypothetical example of course.
135
391260
3000
Ovo je naravno hipotetički primjer.
06:34
But this is how metaphor misleads.
136
394260
4000
Ali ovo je način na koji nas metafora obmanjuje.
06:38
Metaphor also matters because it influences decisions
137
398260
3000
Metafora je još važna jer utječe na odluke
06:41
by activating analogies.
138
401260
3000
aktiviranjem analogija.
06:44
A group of students was told that a small democratic country
139
404260
2000
Grupi studenata je rečeno da je mala demokratska država
06:46
had been invaded and had asked the U.S. for help.
140
406260
3000
napadnuta i da je zatražila pomoć SAD-a,
06:49
And they had to make a decision.
141
409260
2000
te su morali donijeti odluku.
06:51
What should they do?
142
411260
2000
Šta su trebali uraditi?
06:53
Intervene, appeal to the U.N., or do nothing?
143
413260
3000
Umješati se, obratiti se UN-u, ili ne djelovati?
06:56
They were each then given one of three
144
416260
2000
Svakome od njih je dat jedan od tri
06:58
descriptions of this hypothetical crisis.
145
418260
2000
opisa ove hipotetičke krize,
07:00
Each of which was designed to trigger
146
420260
3000
od kojih je svaki trebao proizvesti
07:03
a different historical analogy:
147
423260
2000
različitu historijsku analogiju:
07:05
World War II, Vietnam,
148
425260
2000
Drugi svjetski rat, Vietnamski rat,
07:07
and the third was historically neutral.
149
427260
3000
dok je treća bila historijski neutralna.
07:10
Those exposed to the World War II scenario
150
430260
2000
Oni izloženi scenariju Drugog svjetskog rata
07:12
made more interventionist recommendations
151
432260
2000
su više predlagali opciju uplitanja
07:14
than the others.
152
434260
2000
nego li su to ostali.
07:16
Just as we cannot ignore the literal meaning of words,
153
436260
3000
Jednako kao što ne možemo zanemariti doslovno značenje riječi,
07:19
we cannot ignore the analogies
154
439260
2000
ne možemo zanemariti ni analogije
07:21
that are triggered by metaphor.
155
441260
4000
koje su proizvedene metaforom.
07:25
Metaphor matters because it opens the door to discovery.
156
445260
3000
Metafora je važna jer otvara vrata otkrivanja.
07:28
Whenever we solve a problem, or make a discovery,
157
448260
3000
Kada god riješimo problem ili nešto otkrijemo,
07:31
we compare what we know with what we don't know.
158
451260
3000
poređujemo ono šta znamo s onim što ne znamo.
07:34
And the only way to find out about the latter
159
454260
2000
A jedini način da nešto saznamo o drugopomenutom
07:36
is to investigate the ways it might be like the former.
160
456260
4000
je istraživanje načina na koje bi mogla biti slična prvopomenutoj
07:40
Einstein described his scientific method as combinatory play.
161
460260
4000
Ajnštajn je opisao svoj naučni metod kao kombinatorna igra.
07:44
He famously used thought experiments,
162
464260
2000
Uspješno je koristio eksperimente misli
07:46
which are essentially elaborate analogies,
163
466260
3000
koji su u stvarnosti bili razrađene analogije,
07:49
to come up with some of his greatest discoveries.
164
469260
3000
kako bi došao do jedne od svojih najvećih otkrića.
07:52
By bringing together what we know
165
472260
2000
Spajanjem onoga što znamo
07:54
and what we don't know through analogy,
166
474260
2000
s onim što ne znamo kroz analogiju,
07:56
metaphorical thinking strikes the spark
167
476260
2000
metaforičko razmišljanje pokreće iskru
07:58
that ignites discovery.
168
478260
4000
koja pali otkriće.
08:02
Now metaphor is ubiquitous, yet it's hidden.
169
482260
4000
Iako je metafora svugdje prisutna, još je skrivena.
08:06
But you just have to look at the words around you
170
486260
3000
Ali jednostavno morate posmatrati riječi oko Vas
08:09
and you'll find it.
171
489260
2000
i naći ćete je.
08:11
Ralph Waldo Emerson described language
172
491260
2000
Ralf Waldo Emerson je jezik opisao kao
08:13
as "fossil poetry."
173
493260
2000
''fosilnu poeziju''.
08:15
But before it was fossil poetry
174
495260
2000
Ali, prije nego je postao fosilna poezija
08:17
language was fossil metaphor.
175
497260
3000
jezik je bio fosilna metafora.
08:20
And these fossils still breathe.
176
500260
3000
Ali ovi fosili još uvijek dišu.
08:23
Take the three most famous words in all of Western philosophy:
177
503260
5000
Uzmite tri najpoznatije izreke cijele Zapadne filozofije:
08:28
"Cogito ergo sum."
178
508260
2000
''Cogito ergo sum''.
08:30
That's routinely translated as, "I think, therefore I am."
179
510260
4000
Uobičajeno je prevođeno kao ''Mislim, dakle, postojim''.
08:34
But there is a better translation.
180
514260
2000
Ali postoji bolji prevod.
08:36
The Latin word "cogito"
181
516260
2000
Latinska riječ ''cogito''
08:38
is derived from the prefix "co," meaning "together,"
182
518260
3000
je izvedena iz prefiksa ''co'', sa značenjem ''zajedno'',
08:41
and the verb "agitare," meaning "to shake."
183
521260
3000
i glagola ''agitare'', sa značenjem ''tresti''.
08:44
So, the original meaning of "cogito"
184
524260
3000
Tako da ''cogito'' zapravo znači
08:47
is to shake together.
185
527260
2000
stresanje.
08:49
And the proper translation of "cogito ergo sum"
186
529260
3000
Te ''cogito ergo sum'' zapravo znači
08:52
is "I shake things up, therefore I am."
187
532260
4000
''Tresem stvari, dakle, postojim''.
08:56
(Laughter)
188
536260
2000
(Smijeh)
08:58
Metaphor shakes things up,
189
538260
2000
Metafora potresa stvari,
09:00
giving us everything from Shakespeare to scientific discovery in the process.
190
540260
5000
dajući nam sve od Šekspira do naučnih otkrića u razvoju.
09:05
The mind is a plastic snow dome,
191
545260
3000
Um je plastična sniježna kupola,
09:08
the most beautiful, most interesting,
192
548260
2000
najljepša, najinteresantnija,
09:10
and most itself, when, as Elvis put it,
193
550260
3000
i najispravnija, kada je, kao što je Elvis rekao,
09:13
it's all shook up.
194
553260
2000
sve potreseno.
09:15
And metaphor keeps the mind shaking,
195
555260
2000
A metafora um održava u potresu,
09:17
rattling and rolling, long after Elvis has left the building.
196
557260
3000
kleptavim i u pokretu, dugo nako što nas je Elvis napustio.
09:20
Thank you very much.
197
560260
2000
Hvala Vam.
09:22
(Applause)
198
562260
2000
(Aplauz)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati sa YouTube video zapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete časove engleskog jezika koje drže vrhunski nastavnici iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na titlove na engleskom koji su prikazani na svakoj stranici s videozapisom da odatle reprodukujete videozapis. Titlovi se pomeraju sinhronizovano sa video reprodukcijom. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, kontaktirajte nas putem ove kontakt forme.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7