James Geary, metaphorically speaking

140,651 views ・ 2009-12-18

TED


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Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
00:15
Metaphor lives a secret life all around us.
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Metafora živi tajnim životom svuda oko nas.
00:19
We utter about six metaphors a minute.
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Izustimo prosječno šest metafora u minuti.
00:23
Metaphorical thinking is essential
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Metafora je ključna
00:25
to how we understand ourselves and others,
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u našem razumijevanju sebe i drugih,
00:28
how we communicate, learn, discover
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u našoj komunikaciji, učenju, otkrićima
00:31
and invent.
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i izumima.
00:33
But metaphor is a way of thought before it is a way with words.
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Ali metafora je način razmišljanja prije nego je način govorenja.
00:38
Now, to assist me in explaining this,
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Kako bi mi pomogao u objašnjavanju ovoga,
00:41
I've enlisted the help of one of our greatest philosophers,
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uposlio sam jednog od naših najvećih filozofa,
00:44
the reigning king of the metaphorians,
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vladara metaforičara,
00:48
a man whose contributions to the field
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čovjeka čiji su doprinosi tom polju
00:50
are so great that he himself
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tako veliki da je on
00:53
has become a metaphor.
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sam postao metaforom.
00:55
I am, of course, referring to none other
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Naravno, ne govorim ni o kome drugom
00:59
than Elvis Presley.
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nego o Elvisu Presleyju.
01:01
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:02
Now, "All Shook Up" is a great love song.
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„All Shook Up“ je velika ljubavna pjesma.
01:05
It's also a great example of how
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Također je odličan primjer kako,
01:07
whenever we deal with anything abstract --
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kad se god bavimo s nečim apstraktnim,
01:09
ideas, emotions, feelings, concepts, thoughts --
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idejama, emocijama, osjećajima, konceptima, mislima,
01:13
we inevitably resort to metaphor.
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neizbježno se koristimo metaforom.
01:15
In "All Shook Up," a touch is not a touch, but a chill.
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U „All Shook Up“, dodir nije dodir, već jeza.
01:20
Lips are not lips, but volcanoes.
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Usne nisu usne, već vulkani.
01:23
She is not she, but a buttercup.
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Ona nije ona, već ljutić.
01:26
And love is not love, but being all shook up.
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A ljubav nije ljubav, već bivanje potresenim od glave do pete.
01:31
In this, Elvis is following Aristotle's classic definition of metaphor
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Elvis slijedi Aristotelovu klasičnu definiciju metafore
01:35
as the process of giving the thing
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kao procesa nazivanja stvari imenom
01:38
a name that belongs to something else.
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koje pripada nečem drugom.
01:41
This is the mathematics of metaphor.
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To je matematika metafore.
01:44
And fortunately it's very simple.
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I, na sreću, vrlo je jednostavna.
01:46
X equals Y.
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X je jednako Y.
01:48
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:51
This formula works wherever metaphor is present.
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Ova formula vrijedi kad god je metafora prisutna.
01:54
Elvis uses it, but so does Shakespeare
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Elvis ju koristi, kao i Shakespeare
01:57
in this famous line from "Romeo and Juliet:"
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u svojoj slavnoj rečenici iz „Romea i Julije“,
01:59
Juliet is the sun.
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Julija je sunce.
02:02
Now, here, Shakespeare gives the thing, Juliet,
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Ovdje, Shakespeare daje stvari, Juliji,
02:06
a name that belongs to something else, the sun.
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ime koje pripada nečem drugom, suncu.
02:11
But whenever we give a thing a name that belongs to something else,
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Ali, kad god pridamo jednoj stvari ime koje pripada drugoj stvari,
02:14
we give it a whole network of analogies too.
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također joj pridajemo cijelu mrežu analogija.
02:17
We mix and match what we know about the metaphor's source,
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Miješamo i slažemo ono što znamo o izvoru metafore,
02:20
in this case the sun,
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u ovom slučaju suncu,
02:22
with what we know about its target, Juliet.
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s onim što znamo o njezinom cilju, Juliji.
02:25
And metaphor gives us a much more vivid understanding of Juliet
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Metafora nam daje mnogo životniju sliku Julije
02:28
than if Shakespeare had literally described what she looks like.
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nego da ju je Shakespeare direktno opisao.
02:33
So, how do we make and understand metaphors?
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Dakle, kako stvaramo i razumijemo metafore?
02:35
This might look familiar.
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Ovo može zvučati poznato.
02:37
The first step is pattern recognition.
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Prvi je korak prepoznavanje uzoraka.
02:39
Look at this image. What do you see?
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Pogledajte ovu sliku. Što vidite?
02:42
Three wayward Pac-Men,
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Zapravo se radi o tri ćudljiva Pacmana
02:44
and three pointy brackets are actually present.
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i tri izlomljene zagrade.
02:47
What we see, however,
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Ono što mi vidimo, međutim,
02:49
are two overlapping triangles.
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dva su preklapajuća trokuta.
02:51
Metaphor is not just the detection of patterns;
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Metafora nije samo zapažanje uzoraka;
02:54
it is the creation of patterns.
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ona je stvaranje uzoraka.
02:56
Second step, conceptual synesthesia.
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Sljedeći je korak konceptualna sinestezija.
02:59
Now, synesthesia is the experience of a stimulus in once sense organ
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Sinestezija je doživljaj podražaja u dva osjetila
03:04
in another sense organ as well,
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istovremeno,
03:06
such as colored hearing.
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kao slušanje boja.
03:08
People with colored hearing
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Ljudi koji slušaju boje
03:10
actually see colors when they hear the sounds
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zapravo vide boje kada čuju zvuk
03:13
of words or letters.
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riječi ili slova.
03:15
We all have synesthetic abilities.
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Svi posjedujemo sinestezijske sposobnosti.
03:17
This is the Bouba/Kiki test.
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Ovo je Bouba/Kiki test.
03:20
What you have to do is identify which of these shapes
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Ono što morate napraviti jest razlikovati koji se od ovih oblika
03:22
is called Bouba, and which is called Kiki.
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zove Bouba, a koji Kiki.
03:26
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:27
If you are like 98 percent of other people,
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Ako ste slični 98 posto drugih ljudi,
03:29
you will identify the round, amoeboid shape as Bouba,
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identificirat ćete okrugli, ameboidni oblik kao Boubu,
03:33
and the sharp, spiky one as Kiki.
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a oštri, šiljasti kao Kiki.
03:36
Can we do a quick show of hands?
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Možete li podignuti ruke?
03:38
Does that correspond?
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Da li to odgovara?
03:40
Okay, I think 99.9 would about cover it.
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Ok, mislim da je to 99.9 posto.
03:44
Why do we do that?
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Zašto to činimo?
03:46
Because we instinctively find, or create,
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Zato što instinktivno pronalazimo, ili stvaramo
03:50
a pattern between the round shape
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uzorak između okruglog oblika
03:52
and the round sound of Bouba,
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i okruglastog zvuka Boube,
03:55
and the spiky shape and the spiky sound of Kiki.
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i šiljastog oblika i šiljatog zvuka Kikija.
04:00
And many of the metaphors we use everyday are synesthetic.
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Mnoge svakodnevne metafore su sinestezijske.
04:04
Silence is sweet.
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Tišina je slatka.
04:06
Neckties are loud.
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Kravate su kričave.
04:08
Sexually attractive people are hot.
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Seksualno privlačni ljudi nas uzbuđuju.
04:11
Sexually unattractive people leave us cold.
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Seksualno neprivlačni nas ostavljaju hladnima.
04:14
Metaphor creates a kind of conceptual synesthesia,
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Metafora stvara neku vrstu konceptualne sinestezije,
04:17
in which we understand one concept
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u kojoj razumijemo jedan koncept
04:19
in the context of another.
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u kontekstu drugog.
04:22
Third step is cognitive dissonance.
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Treći je korak kognitivna disonanca.
04:24
This is the Stroop test.
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Ovo je Stroopov test.
04:26
What you need to do here is identify
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Ono što morate učiniti jest prepoznati
04:28
as quickly as possible
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što je brže moguće
04:30
the color of the ink in which these words are printed.
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boju tinte kojom su ove riječi tiskane.
04:33
You can take the test now.
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Sada možete početi test.
04:37
If you're like most people, you will experience
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Ako ste poput većine ljudi, iskusit ćete
04:39
a moment of cognitive dissonance
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trenutak kognitivne disonance
04:41
when the name of the color
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ako je ime boje tiskano
04:44
is printed in a differently colored ink.
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tintom druge boje.
04:46
The test shows that we cannot ignore the literal meaning of words
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Test pokazuje da ne možemo ignorirati doslovno značenje riječi
04:49
even when the literal meaning gives the wrong answer.
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čak i kad ono pruža krivi odgovor.
04:52
Stroop tests have been done with metaphor as well.
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Stroopovi testovi primijenjeni su i na metaforu.
04:54
The participants had to identify, as quickly as possible,
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Sudionici su morali što je brže moguće identificirati
04:58
the literally false sentences.
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doslovno netočne rečenice.
05:00
They took longer to reject metaphors as false
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Trebalo im je duže da odbiju metafore kao netočne
05:03
than they did to reject literally false sentences.
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nego da odbiju doslovno netočne rečenice.
05:06
Why? Because we cannot ignore
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Zašto? Zato što ne možemo ignorirati
05:09
the metaphorical meaning of words either.
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ni metaforičko značenje riječi.
05:12
One of the sentences was, "Some jobs are jails."
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Jedna od rečenica glasila je: „Neki su poslovi zatvori.“
05:15
Now, unless you're a prison guard,
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Sad, osim ako niste zatvorski čuvar,
05:18
the sentence "Some jobs are jails" is literally false.
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rečenica je doslovno netočna.
05:21
Sadly, it's metaphorically true.
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Nažalost, metaforički ovo je točno.
05:24
And the metaphorical truth interferes with our ability
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A metaforička istina sprječava da ovu rečenicu shvatite
05:27
to identify it as literally false.
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kao doslovno netočnu.
05:29
Metaphor matters because
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Metafora je bitna jer je
05:31
it's around us every day, all the time.
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oko nas svaki dan, cijelo vrijeme.
05:34
Metaphor matters because it creates expectations.
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Metafora je bitna jer stvara očekivanje.
05:37
Pay careful attention the next time you read the financial news.
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Obratite posebnu pažnju kad slijedeći put čitate financijske vijesti.
05:41
Agent metaphors describe price movements
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Agentne metafore opisuju kretanja cijena
05:43
as the deliberate action of a living thing,
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kao namjerne činove živih bića,
05:45
as in, "The NASDAQ climbed higher."
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kao npr. „NASDAQ je otišao gore.“
05:49
Object metaphors describe price movements
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Objektne metafore opisuju kretanja cijena
05:52
as non-living things,
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kao neživa bića,
05:54
as in, "The Dow fell like a brick."
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npr. „Dow je pao poput cigle.“
05:57
Researchers asked a group of people
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Istraživači su zamolili grupu ljudi
05:59
to read a clutch of market commentaries,
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da pročitaju šačicu marketinških komentara
06:01
and then predict the next day's price trend.
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i onda predvide sutrašnji trend cijena.
06:04
Those exposed to agent metaphors
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Oni izloženi agentnim metaforama
06:06
had higher expectations that price trends would continue.
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češće su očekivali da će se trend cijena nastaviti.
06:09
And they had those expectations because
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A to su očekivali zato što
06:11
agent metaphors imply the deliberate action
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agentne metafore impliciraju namjerne činove
06:14
of a living thing pursuing a goal.
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živih bića usmjerene nekom cilju.
06:17
If, for example, house prices
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Ako se, primjerice, cijene
06:19
are routinely described as climbing and climbing,
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rutinski opisuju kao neprestano
06:22
higher and higher, people might naturally assume
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rastuće, ljudi bi prirodno mogli pretpostaviti
06:24
that that rise is unstoppable.
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da je taj rast nezaustavljiv.
06:26
They may feel confident, say,
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Mogli bi se osjećati uvjereni, recimo,
06:28
in taking out mortgages they really can't afford.
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u podizanje hipoteka koje si ne mogu priuštiti.
06:31
That's a hypothetical example of course.
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Ovo je hipotetski primjer, naravno.
06:34
But this is how metaphor misleads.
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Ali ovako metafora obmanjuje.
06:38
Metaphor also matters because it influences decisions
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Metafora je također bitna jer utječe na odluke
06:41
by activating analogies.
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aktiviranjem analogija.
06:44
A group of students was told that a small democratic country
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Grupi studenata rečeno je da je mala demokratska država
06:46
had been invaded and had asked the U.S. for help.
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napadnuta i da je tražila pomoć od SAD-a.
06:49
And they had to make a decision.
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Oni su morali odlučiti.
06:51
What should they do?
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Što će učiniti?
06:53
Intervene, appeal to the U.N., or do nothing?
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Intervenirati, žaliti se UN-u, ili ne činiti ništa?
06:56
They were each then given one of three
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Svakome je od njih dan jedan od tri
06:58
descriptions of this hypothetical crisis.
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opisa ove hipotetske krize.
07:00
Each of which was designed to trigger
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Svaka od njih bila je osmišljena da izazove
07:03
a different historical analogy:
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drukčiju povijesnu analogiju:
07:05
World War II, Vietnam,
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II. svjetski rat, Vijetnam,
07:07
and the third was historically neutral.
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dok je treća bila povijesno neutralna.
07:10
Those exposed to the World War II scenario
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Oni izloženi scenariju II.svjetskog rata
07:12
made more interventionist recommendations
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preporučali su intervenciju
07:14
than the others.
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više od drugih.
07:16
Just as we cannot ignore the literal meaning of words,
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Kao što ne možemo zanemariti doslovno značenje riječi,
07:19
we cannot ignore the analogies
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ne možemo ignorirati ni analogije
07:21
that are triggered by metaphor.
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izazvane metaforom.
07:25
Metaphor matters because it opens the door to discovery.
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Metafora je bitna jer otvara vrata otkriću.
07:28
Whenever we solve a problem, or make a discovery,
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Kad god riješimo problem, ili otkrijemo nešto novo,
07:31
we compare what we know with what we don't know.
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uspoređujemo ono što znamo s onim što ne znamo.
07:34
And the only way to find out about the latter
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A jedini način da otkrijemo nešto o zadnjem
07:36
is to investigate the ways it might be like the former.
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jest da istražimo na koji je način ono poput prvog.
07:40
Einstein described his scientific method as combinatory play.
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Einstein je opisao vlastitu znanstvenu metodu kao igru kombinatorike.
07:44
He famously used thought experiments,
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Poslovično se koristio eksperimentima s mislima,
07:46
which are essentially elaborate analogies,
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koji su zapravo bili razvijene analogije,
07:49
to come up with some of his greatest discoveries.
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kako bi došao do nekih od svojih najvećih otkrića.
07:52
By bringing together what we know
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Spajajući ono što znamo
07:54
and what we don't know through analogy,
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s onim što ne znamo kroz analogije,
07:56
metaphorical thinking strikes the spark
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metaforičko razmišljanje stvara iskru
07:58
that ignites discovery.
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koja će dovesti do otkrića.
08:02
Now metaphor is ubiquitous, yet it's hidden.
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Metafora je općeprisutna pa ipak je prikrivena.
08:06
But you just have to look at the words around you
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Ali trebate samo pogledati riječi koje vas okružuju
08:09
and you'll find it.
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i naći ćete je.
08:11
Ralph Waldo Emerson described language
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R. W. Emerson opisao je jezik
08:13
as "fossil poetry."
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kao „fosiliziranu poeziju.“
08:15
But before it was fossil poetry
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Ali prije nego je bio fosilizirana poezija,
08:17
language was fossil metaphor.
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jezik je bio fosilizirana metafora.
08:20
And these fossils still breathe.
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A ti fosili još dišu.
08:23
Take the three most famous words in all of Western philosophy:
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Uzmite tri najpoznatije riječi u čitavoj zapadnjačkoj filozofiji:
08:28
"Cogito ergo sum."
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„Cogito ergo sum.“
08:30
That's routinely translated as, "I think, therefore I am."
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Uobičajeno se prevodi kao „Mislim dakle jesam.“
08:34
But there is a better translation.
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Ali postoji bolji prijevod.
08:36
The Latin word "cogito"
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Latinska riječ „cogito“
08:38
is derived from the prefix "co," meaning "together,"
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izvodi se iz prefiksa „co“, „zajedno“,
08:41
and the verb "agitare," meaning "to shake."
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i glagola „agitare“, „tresti“.
08:44
So, the original meaning of "cogito"
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Dakle, originalno značenje „cogito“
08:47
is to shake together.
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je „tresti zajedno“.
08:49
And the proper translation of "cogito ergo sum"
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A točan prijevod „cogito ergo sum“
08:52
is "I shake things up, therefore I am."
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je „Protresam stvari, dakle jesam“.
08:56
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:58
Metaphor shakes things up,
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Metafora protresa stvari pritom
09:00
giving us everything from Shakespeare to scientific discovery in the process.
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nam dajući sve od Shakespearea do znanstvenih otkrića.
09:05
The mind is a plastic snow dome,
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Um je plastična snježna kupola,
09:08
the most beautiful, most interesting,
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najljepša, najzanimljivija,
09:10
and most itself, when, as Elvis put it,
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i najviše svoja, kad je, prema Elvisu,
09:13
it's all shook up.
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sva protresena.
09:15
And metaphor keeps the mind shaking,
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A metafora čini da se um trese,
09:17
rattling and rolling, long after Elvis has left the building.
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klepeće i kotrlja, dugo nakon što je Elvis napustio zgradu.
09:20
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
09:22
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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