James Geary, metaphorically speaking

140,651 views ・ 2009-12-18

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Soo Hyun Lee κ²€ν† : Sunphil Ga
00:15
Metaphor lives a secret life all around us.
0
15260
4000
μ€μœ λŠ” 우리 주변에 λΉ„λ°€μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ 항상 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
We utter about six metaphors a minute.
1
19260
4000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 1뢄에 μ•½ 6개의 μ€μœ λ₯Ό λ§ν•˜μ£ .
00:23
Metaphorical thinking is essential
2
23260
2000
μ€μœ μ  μ‚¬κ³ λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 자기 μžμ‹ κ³Ό
00:25
to how we understand ourselves and others,
3
25260
3000
남을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ©°, μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅ν•˜κ³ ,
00:28
how we communicate, learn, discover
4
28260
3000
배우며, λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ³ , 발λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 방법에
00:31
and invent.
5
31260
2000
ν•„μˆ˜μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
But metaphor is a way of thought before it is a way with words.
6
33260
5000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ€μœ λŠ” λ§μ†œμ”¨μ΄κΈ° 이전에 μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
Now, to assist me in explaining this,
7
38260
3000
그럼, 이에 λŒ€ν•œ μ„€λͺ…을 돕기 μœ„ν•΄
00:41
I've enlisted the help of one of our greatest philosophers,
8
41260
3000
μ €λŠ” κ°€μž₯ 우리의 μœ„λŒ€ν•œ μ² ν•™μž 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…μ—κ²Œ 도움을 μš”μ²­ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
the reigning king of the metaphorians,
9
44260
4000
κ·ΈλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ€μœ  μœ ν¬μžλ“€μ˜ 왕이며
00:48
a man whose contributions to the field
10
48260
2000
이 뢄야에 λŒ€ν•΄ κ·Έκ°€ κΈ°μ—¬ν•œ μ •λ„λŠ”
00:50
are so great that he himself
11
50260
3000
λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ»€μ„œ 곧 κ·Έ μžμ‹ μ΄
00:53
has become a metaphor.
12
53260
2000
ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ€μœ κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
00:55
I am, of course, referring to none other
13
55260
4000
λ¬Όλ‘ , μ΄λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ λ‹€λ¦„μ•„λ‹Œ
00:59
than Elvis Presley.
14
59260
2000
μ—˜λΉ„μŠ€ ν”„λ ˆμŠ¬λ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
(Laughter)
15
61260
1000
(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:02
Now, "All Shook Up" is a great love song.
16
62260
3000
자, "올 μŠ‰ μ—…(All Shook Up)"은 멋진 μ‚¬λž‘ λ…Έλž˜μ£ .
01:05
It's also a great example of how
17
65260
2000
μ΄λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λͺ¨λ“  좔상적인 것듀,
01:07
whenever we deal with anything abstract --
18
67260
2000
λ°œμƒ, 감정, λŠλ‚Œ, κ°œλ…, 사고 등을 λ‹€λ£° λ•Œ
01:09
ideas, emotions, feelings, concepts, thoughts --
19
69260
4000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•„μ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ μ€μœ μ— κΈ°λŒ€λŠ”
01:13
we inevitably resort to metaphor.
20
73260
2000
μ»€λ‹€λž€ μ‚¬λ‘€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
In "All Shook Up," a touch is not a touch, but a chill.
21
75260
5000
"올 μŠ‰ μ—…"μ—μ„œλŠ”, 손길은 손길이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ˜€ν•œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
Lips are not lips, but volcanoes.
22
80260
3000
μž…μˆ μ€ μž…μˆ μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 화산이고.
01:23
She is not she, but a buttercup.
23
83260
3000
κ·Έλ…€λŠ” κ·Έλ…€κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, λ―Έλ‚˜λ¦¬μ•„μž¬λΉ„(식물- 꽃과)이죠.
01:26
And love is not love, but being all shook up.
24
86260
5000
그리고 μ‚¬λž‘μ€ μ‚¬λž‘μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, μ™„μ „νžˆ λ’€μ„žμ΄λŠ”(all shook up) κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
In this, Elvis is following Aristotle's classic definition of metaphor
25
91260
4000
μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ, μ—˜λΉ„μŠ€λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ νŠΉμ •ν•œ κ²ƒμ—κ²Œ
01:35
as the process of giving the thing
26
95260
3000
λ‹€λ₯Έ 것에 μ†ν•œ 이름을 λΆ€μ—¬ν•˜λŠ”
01:38
a name that belongs to something else.
27
98260
3000
μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€μ˜ 고전적 μ€μœ μ •μ˜λ₯Ό λ”°λ₯΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
This is the mathematics of metaphor.
28
101260
3000
이것이 μ€μœ μ˜ κ³΅μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
And fortunately it's very simple.
29
104260
2000
λ‹€ν–‰μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œλ„ 맀우 κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜μ£ .
01:46
X equals Y.
30
106260
2000
XλŠ” Yλ‹€.
01:48
(Laughter)
31
108260
3000
(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:51
This formula works wherever metaphor is present.
32
111260
3000
이 곡식은 μ€μœ κ°€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” μ–΄λŠ κ³³μ—λ‚˜ μ μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
Elvis uses it, but so does Shakespeare
33
114260
3000
μ—˜λΉ„μŠ€λΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, μ…°μ΅μŠ€ν”Όμ–΄ μ—­μ‹œ
01:57
in this famous line from "Romeo and Juliet:"
34
117260
2000
"λ‘œλ―Έμ˜€μ™€ 쀄리엣"의 유λͺ…ν•œ λŒ€μ‚¬μ—μ„œ 이λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
Juliet is the sun.
35
119260
3000
쀄리엣은 νƒœμ–‘μ΄μ•Ό.
02:02
Now, here, Shakespeare gives the thing, Juliet,
36
122260
4000
자, μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ, μ…°μ΅μŠ€ν”Όμ–΄λŠ” '쀄리엣'μ΄λΌλŠ” νŠΉμ •ν•œ 것에
02:06
a name that belongs to something else, the sun.
37
126260
5000
'νƒœμ–‘'μ΄λΌλŠ”, λ‹€λ₯Έ 것에 μ†ν•œ 이름을 μ£Όκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
But whenever we give a thing a name that belongs to something else,
38
131260
3000
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–€ 것에 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²ƒμ˜ 이름을 쀄 λ•Œμ—λŠ” 항상,
02:14
we give it a whole network of analogies too.
39
134260
3000
κ·Έ μœ μ‚¬μ λ“€μ˜ 전체적인 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ„ ν•¨κ»˜ λΆ€μ—¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
We mix and match what we know about the metaphor's source,
40
137260
3000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έ μ€μœ μ˜ μ›μ²œ, 이 κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” νƒœμ–‘μ— λŒ€ν•΄
02:20
in this case the sun,
41
140260
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” 사싀을
02:22
with what we know about its target, Juliet.
42
142260
3000
λͺ©ν‘œμΈ 쀄리엣에 λŒ€ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” 사싀과 ν•¨κ»˜ 짜맞μΆ₯λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
And metaphor gives us a much more vivid understanding of Juliet
43
145260
3000
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ…°μ΅μŠ€ν”Όμ–΄κ°€ κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ™Έλͺ¨μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 문자 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ κΈ°μˆ ν–ˆμ„ κ²½μš°λ³΄λ‹€
02:28
than if Shakespeare had literally described what she looks like.
44
148260
5000
μ€μœ λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ 훨씬 더 μƒμƒν•˜κ²Œ 이해할 수 있죠.
02:33
So, how do we make and understand metaphors?
45
153260
2000
그러면, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ€μœ λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  μ΄ν•΄ν• κΉŒμš”?
02:35
This might look familiar.
46
155260
2000
이건 많이 보셨을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
The first step is pattern recognition.
47
157260
2000
첫 λ‹¨κ³„λŠ” νŒ¨ν„΄ μΈμ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
Look at this image. What do you see?
48
159260
3000
이 그림을 λ³΄μ„Έμš”. 뭐가 λ³΄μ΄μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
02:42
Three wayward Pac-Men,
49
162260
2000
사싀, μ„Έ λͺ»λœ 팩맨과
02:44
and three pointy brackets are actually present.
50
164260
3000
μ„Έ 개의 λΎ°μ‘±ν•œ κ΄„ν˜Έλ§Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜ 있죠.
02:47
What we see, however,
51
167260
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³΄λŠ” 것은, κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜,
02:49
are two overlapping triangles.
52
169260
2000
겹쳐진 두 개의 μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
Metaphor is not just the detection of patterns;
53
171260
3000
μ€μœ λŠ” λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ κ°μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:54
it is the creation of patterns.
54
174260
2000
νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ°½μ‘°ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
Second step, conceptual synesthesia.
55
176260
3000
두 번째 λ‹¨κ³„λŠ” κ°œλ…μ  κ³΅κ°κ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
Now, synesthesia is the experience of a stimulus in once sense organ
56
179260
5000
자, 곡감각은 ν•œ κ°κ°κΈ°κ΄€μ—μ„œ λŠλΌλŠ” μ–΄λ–€ μžκ·Ήμ„
03:04
in another sense organ as well,
57
184260
2000
λ‹€λ₯Έ 감각기관을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œλ„ λŠλΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
such as colored hearing.
58
186260
2000
예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ 색청(色聽: μ–΄λ–€ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ“£κ³  νŠΉμ •ν•œ 색채λ₯Ό λŠλΌλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯) 같은 것이죠.
03:08
People with colored hearing
59
188260
2000
색청을 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
03:10
actually see colors when they hear the sounds
60
190260
3000
λ‹¨μ–΄λ‚˜ κΈ€μžμ˜ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ“€μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ
03:13
of words or letters.
61
193260
2000
μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 색듀을 λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
We all have synesthetic abilities.
62
195260
2000
우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” 곡감각적인 λŠ₯λ ₯을 가지고 있죠.
03:17
This is the Bouba/Kiki test.
63
197260
3000
이건 λΆ€λ°”/ν‚€ν‚€ ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
What you have to do is identify which of these shapes
64
200260
2000
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  일은 이 두 λͺ¨μ–‘ μ€‘μ—μ„œ
03:22
is called Bouba, and which is called Kiki.
65
202260
4000
μ–΄λ–€ 것이 'λΆ€λ°”'이고 'ν‚€ν‚€'인지λ₯Ό κ°€λ €λ‚΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
(Laughter)
66
206260
1000
(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:27
If you are like 98 percent of other people,
67
207260
2000
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ 98νΌμ„ΌνŠΈμ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό κ°™λ‹€λ©΄,
03:29
you will identify the round, amoeboid shape as Bouba,
68
209260
4000
λ‘₯κΈ€κ³  μ•„λ©”λ°” 같은 λͺ¨μ–‘을 뢀바라고 ν•  것이고
03:33
and the sharp, spiky one as Kiki.
69
213260
3000
λ‚ μΉ΄λ‘­κ³  λΎ°μ‘±λΎ°μ‘±ν•œ λͺ¨μ–‘을 킀킀라고 ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
Can we do a quick show of hands?
70
216260
2000
ν•œ 번, κ·Έλž¬λŠ”μ§€ 손을 λ“€μ–΄ λ³΄μ‹€λž˜μš”?
03:38
Does that correspond?
71
218260
2000
톡계와 λ§žλ‚˜μš”?
03:40
Okay, I think 99.9 would about cover it.
72
220260
4000
예, 거의 99.9νΌμ„ΌνŠΈλŠ” λ˜λŠ” 것 κ°™κ΅°μš”.
03:44
Why do we do that?
73
224260
2000
μ™œ μ΄λŸ΄κΉŒμš”?
03:46
Because we instinctively find, or create,
74
226260
4000
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ³ΈλŠ₯적으둜 λ‘₯κ·Ό λͺ¨μ–‘κ³Ό
03:50
a pattern between the round shape
75
230260
2000
'λΆ€λ°”'의 λ‘₯κ·Ό μ†Œλ¦¬ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄,
03:52
and the round sound of Bouba,
76
232260
3000
λΎ°μ‘±ν•œ λͺ¨μ–‘κ³Ό 'ν‚€ν‚€'λΌλŠ” λΎ°μ‘±ν•œ μ†Œλ¦¬ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„
03:55
and the spiky shape and the spiky sound of Kiki.
77
235260
5000
μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄κ±°λ‚˜ μ°½μ‘°ν•΄ λ‚΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
And many of the metaphors we use everyday are synesthetic.
78
240260
4000
그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μΌμƒμ μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ€μœ  쀑 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ 곡감각적이죠.
04:04
Silence is sweet.
79
244260
2000
침묡은 λ‹¬μ½€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
Neckties are loud.
80
246260
2000
λ„₯νƒ€μ΄λŠ” μ•Όλ‹¨μŠ€λŸ½κ³ μš”.
04:08
Sexually attractive people are hot.
81
248260
3000
성적 맀λ ₯을 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 뜨겁죠.
04:11
Sexually unattractive people leave us cold.
82
251260
3000
μ„±μ μœΌλ‘œ 맀λ ₯이 μ „ν˜€ μ—†λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 우리λ₯Ό 'μ‹κ²Œ' λ§Œλ“€κ³ μš”.
04:14
Metaphor creates a kind of conceptual synesthesia,
83
254260
3000
μ€μœ λŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ κ°œλ…μ„
04:17
in which we understand one concept
84
257260
2000
λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°œλ…μ˜ λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ”
04:19
in the context of another.
85
259260
3000
μΌμ’…μ˜ κ°œλ…μ  곡감각을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
Third step is cognitive dissonance.
86
262260
2000
μ„Έ 번째 λ‹¨κ³„λŠ” 인지 λΆ€μ‘°ν™”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
This is the Stroop test.
87
264260
2000
이것은 슀트룹 ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
What you need to do here is identify
88
266260
2000
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ 빨리
04:28
as quickly as possible
89
268260
2000
이 단어듀이 μ–΄λ–€ μƒ‰κΉ”μ˜ μž‰ν¬λ‘œ
04:30
the color of the ink in which these words are printed.
90
270260
3000
μΈμ‡„λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λ§žμΆ”μ…”μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
You can take the test now.
91
273260
4000
μ§€κΈˆ ν•΄ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:37
If you're like most people, you will experience
92
277260
2000
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜μ™€ κ°™λ‹€λ©΄, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€
04:39
a moment of cognitive dissonance
93
279260
2000
κ·Έ μƒ‰κΉ”μ˜ 이름이
04:41
when the name of the color
94
281260
3000
λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒ‰μƒμ˜ μž‰ν¬λ‘œ μΈμ‡„λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ„ λ•Œ
04:44
is printed in a differently colored ink.
95
284260
2000
ν•œμˆœκ°„ 인지 λΆ€μ‘°ν™”λ₯Ό κ²ͺ을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
The test shows that we cannot ignore the literal meaning of words
96
286260
3000
이 ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλŠ”, 문자 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œμ˜ 뜻이 ν‹€λ¦° 닡일 λ•Œμ—λ„
04:49
even when the literal meaning gives the wrong answer.
97
289260
3000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έ 문자 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œμ˜ λœ»μ„ λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 보여주죠.
04:52
Stroop tests have been done with metaphor as well.
98
292260
2000
슀트룹 ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈ μ—­μ‹œ μ€μœ λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
The participants had to identify, as quickly as possible,
99
294260
4000
μ°Έμ—¬μžλ“€μ€ μ΅œλŒ€ν•œ 빨리, 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œλŠ” ν‹€λ¦° λ¬Έμž₯듀을
04:58
the literally false sentences.
100
298260
2000
ꡬ별해 λ‚΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
They took longer to reject metaphors as false
101
300260
3000
μ§„μ§œλ‘œ 말도 μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” λ¬Έμž₯듀을 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Ό λ•Œλ³΄λ‹€
05:03
than they did to reject literally false sentences.
102
303260
3000
문자 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œλŠ” μ˜³μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μ€μœ λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 데 더 였래 κ±Έλ Έμ£ .
05:06
Why? Because we cannot ignore
103
306260
3000
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λ“€μ˜
05:09
the metaphorical meaning of words either.
104
309260
3000
μ€μœ μ  μ˜λ―Έλ„ λ¬΄μ‹œν•  수 μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
One of the sentences was, "Some jobs are jails."
105
312260
3000
κ·Έ λ¬Έμž₯λ“€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” "λͺ‡λͺ‡ 직μž₯은 감μ˜₯이닀."μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:15
Now, unless you're a prison guard,
106
315260
3000
자, λ§Œμ•½ 당신이 κ°„μˆ˜κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλ©΄,
05:18
the sentence "Some jobs are jails" is literally false.
107
318260
3000
"λͺ‡λͺ‡ 직μž₯은 감μ˜₯이닀."λΌλŠ” λ¬Έμž₯은 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œλŠ” ν‹€λ Έμ£ .
05:21
Sadly, it's metaphorically true.
108
321260
3000
μœ κ°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œλ„, μ΄λŠ” μ€μœ μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
And the metaphorical truth interferes with our ability
109
324260
3000
그리고 이 μ€μœ μ  진싀은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 λ¬Έμž₯을 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œλŠ”
05:27
to identify it as literally false.
110
327260
2000
ν‹€λ Έλ‹€κ³  뢄별해 λ‚Ό λŠ₯λ ₯κ³Ό μΆ©λŒν•˜μ£ .
05:29
Metaphor matters because
111
329260
2000
μ€μœ κ°€ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ”
05:31
it's around us every day, all the time.
112
331260
3000
우리 μ£Όμœ„μ— 항상, μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:34
Metaphor matters because it creates expectations.
113
334260
3000
μ€μœ λŠ” μ˜ˆμƒμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:37
Pay careful attention the next time you read the financial news.
114
337260
4000
λ‹€μŒμ— 금육 λ‰΄μŠ€λ₯Ό 읽을 λ•ŒλŠ” μ£Όμ˜ν•΄μ„œ μžμ„Ένžˆ 읽어 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
05:41
Agent metaphors describe price movements
115
341260
2000
ν–‰μœ„μžμ  μ€μœ (agent metaphors)λŠ” κ°€κ²©μ˜ 동ν–₯을
05:43
as the deliberate action of a living thing,
116
343260
2000
μƒλ¬Όμ˜ μ˜λ„μ μΈ ν–‰λ™μ²˜λŸΌ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:45
as in, "The NASDAQ climbed higher."
117
345260
4000
"λ‚˜μŠ€λ‹₯ μ§€μˆ˜κ°€ 더 높이 μ˜¬λΌκ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€." μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
05:49
Object metaphors describe price movements
118
349260
3000
λͺ©μ μ–΄μ  μ€μœ (object metaphors)λŠ” κ°€κ²©μ˜ 동ν–₯을
05:52
as non-living things,
119
352260
2000
λ¬΄μƒλ¬Όμ²˜λŸΌ ν‘œν˜„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:54
as in, "The Dow fell like a brick."
120
354260
3000
"λ‹€μš° μ§€μˆ˜κ°€ 벽돌처럼 λ–¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€." 처럼.
05:57
Researchers asked a group of people
121
357260
2000
μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ ν•œ 무리의 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
05:59
to read a clutch of market commentaries,
122
359260
2000
μ‹œμž₯에 λŒ€ν•œ λ‰΄μŠ€λ₯Ό ν•œ 아름 읽도둝 ν•œ λ’€
06:01
and then predict the next day's price trend.
123
361260
3000
λ‚΄μΌμ˜ 가격 동ν–₯을 μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•΄ 보도둝 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:04
Those exposed to agent metaphors
124
364260
2000
ν–‰μœ„μžμ  μ€μœ μ— λ…ΈμΆœλœ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
06:06
had higher expectations that price trends would continue.
125
366260
3000
가격 동ν–₯이 계속될 것이라고 더 크게 κΈ°λŒ€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
And they had those expectations because
126
369260
2000
그리고 그듀이 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κΈ°λŒ€λ₯Ό ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ”
06:11
agent metaphors imply the deliberate action
127
371260
3000
ν–‰μœ„μžμ  μ€μœ λŠ” ν•œ λͺ©μ μ„ μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” μƒλ¬Όμ˜
06:14
of a living thing pursuing a goal.
128
374260
3000
μ˜λ„μ  ν–‰λ™μ΄λΌλŠ” λŠλ‚Œμ„ μ£ΌκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
If, for example, house prices
129
377260
2000
λ§Œμ•½μ—, 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 집값이
06:19
are routinely described as climbing and climbing,
130
379260
3000
더 높이, 였λ₯΄κ³  μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ μƒμŠΉν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³ 
06:22
higher and higher, people might naturally assume
131
382260
2000
λ¬˜μ‚¬λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄, μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ
06:24
that that rise is unstoppable.
132
384260
2000
κ·Έ μƒμŠΉμ„ΈλŠ” 막을 수 μ—†λ‹€κ³  느끼게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:26
They may feel confident, say,
133
386260
2000
그듀은, λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄, 그듀이 감당 λͺ» ν• 
06:28
in taking out mortgages they really can't afford.
134
388260
3000
담보 λŒ€μΆœμ„ 신청해도 λ˜κ² λ‹€λŠ” μžμ‹ κ°μ„ λŠλ‚„ 수 있죠.
06:31
That's a hypothetical example of course.
135
391260
3000
μ΄λŠ” λ¬Όλ‘  κ°€μƒμ˜ μ‚¬λ‘€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:34
But this is how metaphor misleads.
136
394260
4000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것이 λ°”λ‘œ μ€μœ κ°€ 우리λ₯Ό 잘λͺ» μ΄λ„λŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:38
Metaphor also matters because it influences decisions
137
398260
3000
μ€μœ λŠ” λ˜ν•œ μœ μ‚¬μ μ„ λ°œλ™μ‹œν‚΄μœΌλ‘œμ¨
06:41
by activating analogies.
138
401260
3000
νŒλ‹¨μ— 영ν–₯을 미치기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:44
A group of students was told that a small democratic country
139
404260
2000
ν•œ 무리의 ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ–΄λ–€ μž‘μ€ λ―Όμ£Ό κ΅­κ°€κ°€
06:46
had been invaded and had asked the U.S. for help.
140
406260
3000
μΉ¨λž΅λ°›μ•„μ„œ 미ꡭ에 도움을 μš”μ²­ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄ 쀬죠.
06:49
And they had to make a decision.
141
409260
2000
그리고 κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ νŒλ‹¨μ„ 내렀달라고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:51
What should they do?
142
411260
2000
그듀은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν–ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
06:53
Intervene, appeal to the U.N., or do nothing?
143
413260
3000
κ°œμž…? UN에 ν˜Έμ†Œ? μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 아무것도 μ•ˆ ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜?
06:56
They were each then given one of three
144
416260
2000
κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ 이 κ°€μƒμ˜ μœ„κΈ°μ— λŒ€ν•œ
06:58
descriptions of this hypothetical crisis.
145
418260
2000
μ„Έ κ°€μ§€μ˜ μ„€λͺ… 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ”©μ„ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
Each of which was designed to trigger
146
420260
3000
각각의 μ‚¬λ‘€λŠ” μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 역사적 사건을
07:03
a different historical analogy:
147
423260
2000
μœ μΆ”ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ””μžμΈλ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
07:05
World War II, Vietnam,
148
425260
2000
제2μ°¨ μ„Έκ³„λŒ€μ „, λ² νŠΈλ‚¨ μ „μŸ,
07:07
and the third was historically neutral.
149
427260
3000
그리고 μ—­μ‚¬μ μœΌλ‘œ 쀑립적인 사둀λ₯Όμš”.
07:10
Those exposed to the World War II scenario
150
430260
2000
제2μ°¨ μ„Έκ³„λŒ€μ „ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ— λ…ΈμΆœλœ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
07:12
made more interventionist recommendations
151
432260
2000
λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ³΄λ‹€ 더 κ°„μ„­μ£Όμ˜μžμ μΈ
07:14
than the others.
152
434260
2000
결정을 λ‚΄λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
Just as we cannot ignore the literal meaning of words,
153
436260
3000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 문자 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œμ˜ λœ»μ„ λ¬΄μ‹œν•  수 없듯이,
07:19
we cannot ignore the analogies
154
439260
2000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ€μœ μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ΄‰λ°œλœ
07:21
that are triggered by metaphor.
155
441260
4000
μœ μ‚¬μ μ„ λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:25
Metaphor matters because it opens the door to discovery.
156
445260
3000
μ€μœ λŠ” 발견의 κ°€λŠ₯성을 μ£ΌκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:28
Whenever we solve a problem, or make a discovery,
157
448260
3000
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 문제λ₯Ό ν’€κ±°λ‚˜, μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°œκ²¬μ„ ν•  λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
07:31
we compare what we know with what we don't know.
158
451260
3000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” 것을 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 것과 λΉ„κ΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
And the only way to find out about the latter
159
454260
2000
그리고 λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜λŠ” μœ μΌν•œ 방법은
07:36
is to investigate the ways it might be like the former.
160
456260
4000
그것이 μ•„λŠ” 것과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ” 방법을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
07:40
Einstein described his scientific method as combinatory play.
161
460260
4000
μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ€ 그의 과학적 방법을 μ‘°ν•© λ†€μ΄λ‘œ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:44
He famously used thought experiments,
162
464260
2000
κ·ΈλŠ” 그의 κ°€μž₯ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ 발견 쀑 λͺ‡μ„ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄λŠ” 데
07:46
which are essentially elaborate analogies,
163
466260
3000
λ³Έμ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ •κ΅ν•œ μœ μΆ”λΌκ³  ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
07:49
to come up with some of his greatest discoveries.
164
469260
3000
사고 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν›Œλ₯­ν•˜κ²Œ μ΄μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
By bringing together what we know
165
472260
2000
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λŠ” 것과 λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 것을
07:54
and what we don't know through analogy,
166
474260
2000
μœ μΆ”λ₯Ό 톡해 ν•œ 곳에 λͺ¨μŒμœΌλ‘œμ¨
07:56
metaphorical thinking strikes the spark
167
476260
2000
μ€μœ μ  μ‚¬κ³ λŠ”
07:58
that ignites discovery.
168
478260
4000
μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°œκ²¬μ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
Now metaphor is ubiquitous, yet it's hidden.
169
482260
4000
이제 μ€μœ λŠ” μ–΄λ””μ—λ‚˜ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, 숨겨져 μžˆκΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:06
But you just have to look at the words around you
170
486260
3000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‹Ήμ‹  μ£Όλ³€μ˜ 단어듀을 λŒμ•„λ³΄κΈ°λ§Œ ν•˜λ©΄
08:09
and you'll find it.
171
489260
2000
찾을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.,
08:11
Ralph Waldo Emerson described language
172
491260
2000
λž ν”„ 월도 μ—λ¨ΈμŠ¨μ€ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό
08:13
as "fossil poetry."
173
493260
2000
"μ‹œμ˜ 화석"이라고 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:15
But before it was fossil poetry
174
495260
2000
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ‹œμ˜ 화석이기 이전에
08:17
language was fossil metaphor.
175
497260
3000
μ–Έμ–΄λŠ” μ€μœ μ˜ ν™”μ„μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:20
And these fossils still breathe.
176
500260
3000
그리고 이 화석듀은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ μˆ¨μ‰¬κ³  있죠.
08:23
Take the three most famous words in all of Western philosophy:
177
503260
5000
μ„œμ–‘ μ² ν•™μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 유λͺ…ν•œ κ΅¬μ ˆμ„ μΈμš©ν•΄ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:28
"Cogito ergo sum."
178
508260
2000
"Cogito ergo sum." [라틴어]
08:30
That's routinely translated as, "I think, therefore I am."
179
510260
4000
이 말은 ν”νžˆ "λ‚˜λŠ” μƒκ°ν•œλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ λ‚˜λŠ” μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€."둜 λ²ˆμ—­λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:34
But there is a better translation.
180
514260
2000
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 더 λ‚˜μ€ λ²ˆμ—­μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:36
The Latin word "cogito"
181
516260
2000
라틴어 "cogito"λŠ”
08:38
is derived from the prefix "co," meaning "together,"
182
518260
3000
"ν•¨κ»˜"λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 접두사 "co"와
08:41
and the verb "agitare," meaning "to shake."
183
521260
3000
"흔듀닀"λΌλŠ” 뜻의 동사 "agitare"λ‘œλΆ€ν„° νŒŒμƒλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:44
So, the original meaning of "cogito"
184
524260
3000
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ, "cogito"의 본래 μ˜λ―ΈλŠ”
08:47
is to shake together.
185
527260
2000
ν•¨κ»˜ ν”λ“ λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
08:49
And the proper translation of "cogito ergo sum"
186
529260
3000
그리고 "cogito ergo sum"의 μ•Œλ§žμ€ λ²ˆμ—­μ€
08:52
is "I shake things up, therefore I am."
187
532260
4000
"λ‚˜λŠ” 흔듀어 μ„žλŠ”λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ―€λ‘œ λ‚˜λŠ” μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€."κ°€ λ˜κ² λ„€μš”.
08:56
(Laughter)
188
536260
2000
(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:58
Metaphor shakes things up,
189
538260
2000
μ€μœ λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  것을 흔듀어 μ„žμ–΄λ²„λ¦¬κ³ 
09:00
giving us everything from Shakespeare to scientific discovery in the process.
190
540260
5000
κ·Έ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ…°μ΅μŠ€ν”Όμ–΄λΆ€ν„° 과학적 λ°œκ²¬μ— 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ λͺ¨λ“  것을 μ£Όμ£ .
09:05
The mind is a plastic snow dome,
191
545260
3000
정신은, μ—˜λΉ„μŠ€κ°€ λ§ν•˜λ“―,
09:08
the most beautiful, most interesting,
192
548260
2000
μ „λΆ€ λ‹€ λ’€μ„žμ—¬λ²„λ Έμ„ λ•Œ(all shook up) κ°€μž₯ 아름닡고,
09:10
and most itself, when, as Elvis put it,
193
550260
3000
κ°€μž₯ ν₯미둜우며, κ°€μž₯ κ·Έκ²ƒλ‹€μš΄
09:13
it's all shook up.
194
553260
2000
ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹±μ œ μŠ€λ…Έμš° λ”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
And metaphor keeps the mind shaking,
195
555260
2000
그리고 μ€μœ λŠ” μ—˜λΉ„μŠ€μ˜ 곡연이 λλ‚œ 후에도
09:17
rattling and rolling, long after Elvis has left the building.
196
557260
3000
덜컹거리고, ꡬλ₯΄κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:20
Thank you very much.
197
560260
2000
κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:22
(Applause)
198
562260
2000
(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7