James Geary, metaphorically speaking

141,346 views ใƒป 2009-12-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Moshe Sayag ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Metaphor lives a secret life all around us.
0
15260
4000
ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
00:19
We utter about six metaphors a minute.
1
19260
4000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื›ืฉืฉ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืงื”.
00:23
Metaphorical thinking is essential
2
23260
2000
ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช
00:25
to how we understand ourselves and others,
3
25260
3000
ืœื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื,
00:28
how we communicate, learn, discover
4
28260
3000
ืœื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื, ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืžื’ืœื™ื
00:31
and invent.
5
31260
2000
ื•ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื.
00:33
But metaphor is a way of thought before it is a way with words.
6
33260
5000
ืื‘ืœ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืœ.
00:38
Now, to assist me in explaining this,
7
38260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
00:41
I've enlisted the help of one of our greatest philosophers,
8
41260
3000
ื’ื™ื™ืกืชื™ ืืช ืขื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:44
the reigning king of the metaphorians,
9
44260
4000
ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช,
00:48
a man whose contributions to the field
10
48260
2000
ืื“ื ืฉืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืœื ื•ืฉื
00:50
are so great that he himself
11
50260
3000
ื›ื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื•
00:53
has become a metaphor.
12
53260
2000
ื”ืคืš ืœืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื”.
00:55
I am, of course, referring to none other
13
55260
4000
ืื ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืœื ืื—ืจ
00:59
than Elvis Presley.
14
59260
2000
ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื•ื•ื™ืก ืคืจืกืœื™.
01:01
(Laughter)
15
61260
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:02
Now, "All Shook Up" is a great love song.
16
62260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, "ืื ื™ ืžื ื•ืขื ืข" ("All Shook Up") ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:05
It's also a great example of how
17
65260
2000
ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ืคืœืื” ืœื›ืš
01:07
whenever we deal with anything abstract --
18
67260
2000
ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜
01:09
ideas, emotions, feelings, concepts, thoughts --
19
69260
4000
ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช,
01:13
we inevitably resort to metaphor.
20
73260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ื‘ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช.
01:15
In "All Shook Up," a touch is not a touch, but a chill.
21
75260
5000
ื‘-"ืื ื™ ืžื ื•ืขื ืข", ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื ืงื•ืจ.
01:20
Lips are not lips, but volcanoes.
22
80260
3000
ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ.
01:23
She is not she, but a buttercup.
23
83260
3000
ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ืืœื ื ื•ืจื™ืช.
01:26
And love is not love, but being all shook up.
24
86260
5000
ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ืื”ื‘ื”, ืืœื ื ืขื ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ.
01:31
In this, Elvis is following Aristotle's classic definition of metaphor
25
91260
4000
ื‘ื›ืš, ืืœื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืœืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื”
01:35
as the process of giving the thing
26
95260
3000
ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉื”ื•
01:38
a name that belongs to something else.
27
98260
3000
ื‘ืฉื ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
01:41
This is the mathematics of metaphor.
28
101260
3000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช.
01:44
And fortunately it's very simple.
29
104260
2000
ื•ืœืžื–ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
01:46
X equals Y.
30
106260
2000
X ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ-Y.
01:48
(Laughter)
31
108260
3000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:51
This formula works wherever metaphor is present.
32
111260
3000
ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื”.
01:54
Elvis uses it, but so does Shakespeare
33
114260
3000
ืืœื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ.
01:57
in this famous line from "Romeo and Juliet:"
34
117260
2000
ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืž"ืจื•ืžื™ืื• ื•ื™ื•ืœื™ื”",
01:59
Juliet is the sun.
35
119260
3000
ื™ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
02:02
Now, here, Shakespeare gives the thing, Juliet,
36
122260
4000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื•, ื™ื•ืœื™ื”,
02:06
a name that belongs to something else, the sun.
37
126260
5000
ื‘ืฉื ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
02:11
But whenever we give a thing a name that belongs to something else,
38
131260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
02:14
we give it a whole network of analogies too.
39
134260
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ื’ื ืจืฉืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
02:17
We mix and match what we know about the metaphor's source,
40
137260
3000
ืื ื• ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ
02:20
in this case the sun,
41
140260
2000
ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
02:22
with what we know about its target, Juliet.
42
142260
3000
ืขื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื”, ื™ื•ืœื™ื”.
02:25
And metaphor gives us a much more vivid understanding of Juliet
43
145260
3000
ื•ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื”
02:28
than if Shakespeare had literally described what she looks like.
44
148260
5000
ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™.
02:33
So, how do we make and understand metaphors?
45
153260
2000
ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช?
02:35
This might look familiar.
46
155260
2000
ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ.
02:37
The first step is pattern recognition.
47
157260
2000
ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:39
Look at this image. What do you see?
48
159260
3000
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•. ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื?
02:42
Three wayward Pac-Men,
49
162260
2000
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคึผืืงืžื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื
02:44
and three pointy brackets are actually present.
50
164260
3000
ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื.
02:47
What we see, however,
51
167260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
02:49
are two overlapping triangles.
52
169260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื.
02:51
Metaphor is not just the detection of patterns;
53
171260
3000
ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช,
02:54
it is the creation of patterns.
54
174260
2000
ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:56
Second step, conceptual synesthesia.
55
176260
3000
ืฆืขื“ ืฉื ื™, ืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช.
02:59
Now, synesthesia is the experience of a stimulus in once sense organ
56
179260
5000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื™ ืื—ื“
03:04
in another sense organ as well,
57
184260
2000
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ,
03:06
such as colored hearing.
58
186260
2000
ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
03:08
People with colored hearing
59
188260
2000
ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื
03:10
actually see colors when they hear the sounds
60
190260
3000
ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื
03:13
of words or letters.
61
193260
2000
ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื• ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
03:15
We all have synesthetic abilities.
62
195260
2000
ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืกื™ื ืกืชื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:17
This is the Bouba/Kiki test.
63
197260
3000
ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”-ื‘ื•ืื•ื‘ื”/ืงื™ืงื™.
03:20
What you have to do is identify which of these shapes
64
200260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
03:22
is called Bouba, and which is called Kiki.
65
202260
4000
ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ื•ืื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืื™ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ืงื™ืงื™.
03:26
(Laughter)
66
206260
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:27
If you are like 98 percent of other people,
67
207260
2000
ืื ืืชื ื›ืžื• 98 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:29
you will identify the round, amoeboid shape as Bouba,
68
209260
4000
ืชื–ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืขื•ื’ืœืช, ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืืžื‘ื”, ื›ื‘ื•ืื•ื‘ื”,
03:33
and the sharp, spiky one as Kiki.
69
213260
3000
ื•ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ืช ื›ืงื™ืงื™.
03:36
Can we do a quick show of hands?
70
216260
2000
ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื?
03:38
Does that correspond?
71
218260
2000
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื?
03:40
Okay, I think 99.9 would about cover it.
72
220260
4000
OK, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 99.9.
03:44
Why do we do that?
73
224260
2000
ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
03:46
Because we instinctively find, or create,
74
226260
4000
ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
03:50
a pattern between the round shape
75
230260
2000
ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืขื•ื’ืœืช,
03:52
and the round sound of Bouba,
76
232260
3000
ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืื•ื‘ื”,
03:55
and the spiky shape and the spiky sound of Kiki.
77
235260
5000
ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ืช, ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืงื™.
04:00
And many of the metaphors we use everyday are synesthetic.
78
240260
4000
ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื”ืŸ ืกื™ื ืกืชื˜ื™ื•ืช.
04:04
Silence is sweet.
79
244260
2000
ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืžืชื•ืง.
04:06
Neckties are loud.
80
246260
2000
ื”ืขื ื™ื‘ื” ืจื•ืขืฉืช.
04:08
Sexually attractive people are hot.
81
248260
3000
ืื ืฉื™ื ืกืงืกื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืžื™ื.
04:11
Sexually unattractive people leave us cold.
82
251260
3000
ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืกืงืกื™ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจื™ื.
04:14
Metaphor creates a kind of conceptual synesthesia,
83
254260
3000
ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช,
04:17
in which we understand one concept
84
257260
2000
ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื—ื“
04:19
in the context of another.
85
259260
3000
ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ.
04:22
Third step is cognitive dissonance.
86
262260
2000
ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื "ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™".
04:24
This is the Stroop test.
87
264260
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื•ึผืคึผ.
04:26
What you need to do here is identify
88
266260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
04:28
as quickly as possible
89
268260
2000
ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช
04:30
the color of the ink in which these words are printed.
90
270260
3000
ืืช ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื“ื™ื• ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช.
04:33
You can take the test now.
91
273260
4000
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:37
If you're like most people, you will experience
92
277260
2000
ืื ืืชื ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืชื—ื•ื•
04:39
a moment of cognitive dissonance
93
279260
2000
ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™
04:41
when the name of the color
94
281260
3000
ื›ืฉื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืข
04:44
is printed in a differently colored ink.
95
284260
2000
ืžื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื•ื ื”.
04:46
The test shows that we cannot ignore the literal meaning of words
96
286260
3000
ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืจืื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
04:49
even when the literal meaning gives the wrong answer.
97
289260
3000
ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื ื•ืชื ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
04:52
Stroop tests have been done with metaphor as well.
98
292260
2000
ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื•ึผืคึผ ื ืขืฉื” ื’ื ืขื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช.
04:54
The participants had to identify, as quickly as possible,
99
294260
4000
ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช, ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ,
04:58
the literally false sentences.
100
298260
2000
ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื.
05:00
They took longer to reject metaphors as false
101
300260
3000
ืœืงื— ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช
05:03
than they did to reject literally false sentences.
102
303260
3000
ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
05:06
Why? Because we cannot ignore
103
306260
3000
ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื
05:09
the metaphorical meaning of words either.
104
309260
3000
ื’ื ืžื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื.
05:12
One of the sentences was, "Some jobs are jails."
105
312260
3000
ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื” "ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื".
05:15
Now, unless you're a prison guard,
106
315260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœื ืื ืืชื” ืกื•ื”ืจ,
05:18
the sentence "Some jobs are jails" is literally false.
107
318260
3000
ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ "ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื" ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
05:21
Sadly, it's metaphorically true.
108
321260
3000
ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™ืช.
05:24
And the metaphorical truth interferes with our ability
109
324260
3000
ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™ืช ืžืฉื‘ืฉืช ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•
05:27
to identify it as literally false.
110
327260
2000
ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
05:29
Metaphor matters because
111
329260
2000
ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™
05:31
it's around us every day, all the time.
112
331260
3000
ื”ืŸ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
05:34
Metaphor matters because it creates expectations.
113
334260
3000
ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช.
05:37
Pay careful attention the next time you read the financial news.
114
337260
4000
ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
05:41
Agent metaphors describe price movements
115
341260
2000
ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื
05:43
as the deliberate action of a living thing,
116
343260
2000
ื›ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™,
05:45
as in, "The NASDAQ climbed higher."
117
345260
4000
ื›ืžื• "ื”ื ืืกื“ืง ื˜ื™ืคืก ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ".
05:49
Object metaphors describe price movements
118
349260
3000
ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฆื ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื
05:52
as non-living things,
119
352260
2000
ื›ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื,
05:54
as in, "The Dow fell like a brick."
120
354260
3000
ื›ืžื• "ื”ื“ืื• ื ืคืœ ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืŸ".
05:57
Researchers asked a group of people
121
357260
2000
ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื
05:59
to read a clutch of market commentaries,
122
359260
2000
ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืช,
06:01
and then predict the next day's price trend.
123
361260
3000
ื•ืื– ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช.
06:04
Those exposed to agent metaphors
124
364260
2000
ืืœื• ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืŸ
06:06
had higher expectations that price trends would continue.
125
366260
3000
ืฆื™ืคื• ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื™ื™ืžืฉืš.
06:09
And they had those expectations because
126
369260
2000
ื•ื”ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืคื ื™
06:11
agent metaphors imply the deliberate action
127
371260
3000
ืฉืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืจื•ืžื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช
06:14
of a living thing pursuing a goal.
128
374260
3000
ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืžื˜ืจื”.
06:17
If, for example, house prices
129
377260
2000
ืื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื
06:19
are routinely described as climbing and climbing,
130
379260
3000
ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื›ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื,
06:22
higher and higher, people might naturally assume
131
382260
2000
ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžืขืœื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™
06:24
that that rise is unstoppable.
132
384260
2000
ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืขืฆื™ืจื”.
06:26
They may feel confident, say,
133
386260
2000
ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื ื ื™ื—,
06:28
in taking out mortgages they really can't afford.
134
388260
3000
ืœืงื—ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื.
06:31
That's a hypothetical example of course.
135
391260
3000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ืช.
06:34
But this is how metaphor misleads.
136
394260
4000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื•ืช.
06:38
Metaphor also matters because it influences decisions
137
398260
3000
ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
06:41
by activating analogies.
138
401260
3000
ืข"ื™ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
06:44
A group of students was told that a small democratic country
139
404260
2000
ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื ืืžืจ ืฉืคืœืฉื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”
06:46
had been invaded and had asked the U.S. for help.
140
406260
3000
ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืืจื”"ื‘.
06:49
And they had to make a decision.
141
409260
2000
ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜.
06:51
What should they do?
142
411260
2000
ืžื” ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
06:53
Intervene, appeal to the U.N., or do nothing?
143
413260
3000
ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘, ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืื•"ื ืื• ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื•ื?
06:56
They were each then given one of three
144
416260
2000
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื”
06:58
descriptions of this hypothetical crisis.
145
418260
2000
ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™.
07:00
Each of which was designed to trigger
146
420260
3000
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืขื•ืจืจ
07:03
a different historical analogy:
147
423260
2000
ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”:
07:05
World War II, Vietnam,
148
425260
2000
ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื,
07:07
and the third was historically neutral.
149
427260
3000
ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื˜ืจืืœื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
07:10
Those exposed to the World War II scenario
150
430260
2000
ืืœื• ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
07:12
made more interventionist recommendations
151
432260
2000
ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช
07:14
than the others.
152
434260
2000
ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:16
Just as we cannot ignore the literal meaning of words,
153
436260
3000
ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื,
07:19
we cannot ignore the analogies
154
439260
2000
ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช
07:21
that are triggered by metaphor.
155
441260
4000
ืฉืžืขื•ึผืจืจื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช.
07:25
Metaphor matters because it opens the door to discovery.
156
445260
3000
ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืคืชื— ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
07:28
Whenever we solve a problem, or make a discovery,
157
448260
3000
ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•,
07:31
we compare what we know with what we don't know.
158
451260
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข.
07:34
And the only way to find out about the latter
159
454260
2000
ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข
07:36
is to investigate the ways it might be like the former.
160
456260
4000
ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข.
07:40
Einstein described his scientific method as combinatory play.
161
460260
4000
ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื›ืžืฉื—ืง ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื™.
07:44
He famously used thought experiments,
162
464260
2000
ื ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ื™ื,
07:46
which are essentially elaborate analogies,
163
466260
3000
ืฉื”ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื•ืช,
07:49
to come up with some of his greatest discoveries.
164
469260
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•.
07:52
By bringing together what we know
165
472260
2000
ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
07:54
and what we don't know through analogy,
166
474260
2000
ื•ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื“ืจืš ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
07:56
metaphorical thinking strikes the spark
167
476260
2000
ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ
07:58
that ignites discovery.
168
478260
4000
ืฉืžืฆื™ืช ืชื’ืœื™ืช.
08:02
Now metaphor is ubiquitous, yet it's hidden.
169
482260
4000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืืš ื”ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช.
08:06
But you just have to look at the words around you
170
486260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื
08:09
and you'll find it.
171
489260
2000
ืชืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชืŸ.
08:11
Ralph Waldo Emerson described language
172
491260
2000
ืจืืœืฃ ื•ื•ืืœื“ื• ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ ืชื™ืืจ ืฉืคื”
08:13
as "fossil poetry."
173
493260
2000
ื›"ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื‘ื ืช".
08:15
But before it was fossil poetry
174
495260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื‘ื ืช
08:17
language was fossil metaphor.
175
497260
3000
ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื‘ื ืช.
08:20
And these fossils still breathe.
176
500260
3000
ื•ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื.
08:23
Take the three most famous words in all of Western philosophy:
177
503260
5000
ืงื—ื• ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช:
08:28
"Cogito ergo sum."
178
508260
2000
"Cogito ergo sum".
08:30
That's routinely translated as, "I think, therefore I am."
179
510260
4000
ื‘ื“"ื› ื”ืŸ ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื•ืช ื›-"ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืžืฉืžืข ืื ื™ ืงื™ื™ื".
08:34
But there is a better translation.
180
514260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:36
The Latin word "cogito"
181
516260
2000
ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช "Cogito"
08:38
is derived from the prefix "co," meaning "together,"
182
518260
3000
ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื”ืชื—ื™ืœื™ืช "ืงื•" ืฉืคืจื•ืฉื” "ื‘ื™ื—ื“",
08:41
and the verb "agitare," meaning "to shake."
183
521260
3000
ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœ "ืื’ื™ื˜ืจ" ืฉืคืจื•ืฉื• "ืœื ืขื ืข", "ืœื–ืขื–ืข".
08:44
So, the original meaning of "cogito"
184
524260
3000
ืื– ื”ืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ "Cogito"
08:47
is to shake together.
185
527260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื—ื“
08:49
And the proper translation of "cogito ergo sum"
186
529260
3000
ื•ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืœ "Cogito ergo sum"
08:52
is "I shake things up, therefore I am."
187
532260
4000
ื”ื•ื: "ืื ื™ ืžื–ืขื–ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืžืข ืื ื™ ืงื™ื™ื".
08:56
(Laughter)
188
536260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:58
Metaphor shakes things up,
189
538260
2000
ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ืžื–ืขื–ืขื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
09:00
giving us everything from Shakespeare to scientific discovery in the process.
190
540260
5000
ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ื›ืœ, ืžืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื•ืขืœ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช.
09:05
The mind is a plastic snow dome,
191
545260
3000
ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ืคืช ืฉืœื’ ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
09:08
the most beautiful, most interesting,
192
548260
2000
ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื”, ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช,
09:10
and most itself, when, as Elvis put it,
193
550260
3000
ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ืžืชื™ ืฉ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืœื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ืกื— ืืช ื–ื”,
09:13
it's all shook up.
194
553260
2000
ืžื–ืขื–ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
09:15
And metaphor keeps the mind shaking,
195
555260
2000
ื•ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื ื•ืขืจืช,
09:17
rattling and rolling, long after Elvis has left the building.
196
557260
3000
ื—ื•ืจืงืช ื•ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืœื•ื•ื™ืก ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:20
Thank you very much.
197
560260
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
09:22
(Applause)
198
562260
2000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7