Elizabeth Murchison: Fighting a contagious cancer

المترجم: omar salah المدقّق: Mahmoud Aghiorly

Everyone's familiar with cancer,

ﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ

but we don't normally think of cancer

ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮﻩ

as being a contagious disease.

ﻣﺮضا ﻣﻌﺪيا.

The Tasmanian devil has shown us

ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺭﺍﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ

that, not only can cancer be a contagious disease,

ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﺪﻳﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ

but it can also threaten

ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻬﺪﺩ

an entire species with extinction.

ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ

So first of all, what is a Tasmanian devil?

ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ. ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ؟

Many of you might be familiar with Taz, the cartoon character,

ﺑﻌﻀﻜﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﻬﻴﺮﺓ "ﺗﺎﺯ"

the one that spins around and around and around.

ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺕ

But not many people know

ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ

that there actually is a real animal called the Tasmanian devil,

ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ "ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ"

and it's the world's largest carnivorous marsupial.

ﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﺑﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ

A marsupial is a mammal with a pouch

الحيوان الجرابي ﻫﻮ من الثديات ﺫﻭ ﺟﻴﺐ

like a kangaroo.

ﻣﺜﻞ الكنغر

The Tasmanian devil got its name

ﻳﺤﻤﻞ "ﺍﻟﻌﻐﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ" ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ

from the terrifying nocturnal scream that it makes.

ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻋﺒﺔ ﺍﻟتﻲ ﻳﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ

(Screaming)

ﺻﺮﺧﺎﺕ

(Laughter)

ﺿﺤﻜﺎﺕ

The Tasmanian devil is predominantly a scavenger,

ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮالعفريت ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ حيوان ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻢ

and it uses its powerful jaws

ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻜﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ

and its sharp teeth

ﻭﺃﺳﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ

to chomp on the bones of rotting dead animals.

ﻛﻲ ﻳﻤﻀﻎ ﻋﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻠﻠﺔ

[The] Tasmanian devil is found only on the island of Tasmania,

ﻳﻮﺟﺪ "ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ" ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ

which is that small island

ﻭﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ

just to the south of the mainland of Australia.

ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ

And despite their ferocious appearance,

ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺸﻲ

Tasmanian devils are actually

ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧية

quite adorable little animals.

ﻫﻲ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻄﻴﻔﺔ

In fact, growing up in Tasmania,

ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ نموها ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ

it always was incredibly exciting

ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮ دائما

when we got a chance to see

ﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ

a Tasmanian devil in the wild.

ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ في ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ

But the Tasmanian devil population

ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ

has been undergoing a really extremely fast decline.

ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ. الآن ﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺟﺪﺍ

And in fact, there's concern

ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺨﺎﻭﻑ

that the species could go extinct in the wild

ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻘﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ

within 20 to 30 years.

ﺧﻼﻝ 20 ﺍﻟﻲ 30 ﻋﺎﻣﺎ.

And the reason for that

ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ

is the emergence of a new disease,

ﻫﻮ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ

a contagious cancer.

الا ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻱ

The story begins in 1996

ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ 1996

when a wildlife photographer took this photograph here

ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘط ﻣﺼﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ هنا

of a Tasmanian devil

ﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ

with a large tumor on its face.

ﻣﺼﺎﺏ ﺑﻮﺭﻡ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻬﻪ.

At the time, this was thought to be a one-off.

ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺮت حالة فريدة

Animals, just like humans,

ﻓﺎﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ

sometimes get strange tumors.

ﻳﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ.

However, we now believe

ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ الآن ﻧﻌﺘﻘﺪ

that this is the first sighting of a new disease,

ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ

which is now an epidemic spreading through Tasmania.

ﺃﺻﺒﺢ الآن ﻭﺑﺎﺋﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ

The disease was first sighted

ﻟﻘﺪ ﺷﻮﻫﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ

in the northeast of Tasmania in 1996

ﻓﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ 1996

and has spread across Tasmania like a huge wave.

ﺛﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ

Now there's only a small part of the population,

ﻭﺍﻶﻥ ﺗﺒﻘﻲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ. ﻓﻘﻂ

which remains unaffected.

ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ

This disease appears first as tumors,

ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪاية كأورام

usually on the face or inside the mouth

ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻢ

of affected Tasmanian devils.

ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ.

These tumors inevitably grow into larger tumors,

ﺛﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻸﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﺑﻴﺮ

such as these ones here.

ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ

And the next image I'm going to show

ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺄﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ

is quite gruesome.

ﺑﺸﻌﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ

But inevitably, these tumors progress

لا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ نمو الأورام

towards being enormous, ulcerating tumors like this one here.

ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ

This one in particular sticks in my mind,

هذا الورم بالتحديد التصق في ذهني

because this is the first case of this disease

لأنه كان أول حاله من هذا المرض

that I saw myself.

اراها بنفسي

And I remember the horror of seeing this little female devil

وأذكر رعبي وأنا أري هذه العفريتة ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ

with this huge ulcerating, foul-smelling tumor

ﻣﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻮﺭﻡ ﻣﺘﻘﻴﺢ ﺿﺨﻢ ﺫﻭ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ

inside her mouth

ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻤﻬﺎ

that had actually cracked off her entire lower jaw.

ﻭ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻕ ﻓﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ.

She hadn't eaten for days.

لﻢ ﺗﻜﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻛﻠﺖ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ

Her guts were swimming with parasitic worms.

ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﺪﺗﻬﺎ ممتلئة بﻟﺪﻳﺪﺍﻥ

Her body was riddled with secondary tumors.

ﻭﺟﺴﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻬﺘﺮﺉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻸﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ

And yet, she was feeding three little baby Tasmanian devils

ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺗﺮﺿﻊ ﺻﻐﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ

in her pouch.

ﻓﻲ ﺟﻴﺒﻬﺎ

Of course, they died along with the mother.

ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻣﺎﺗﻮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻣﻬﻢ

They were too young to survive without their mother.

ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮ ﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﺎﻩ ﺑﺪﻭﻧﻬﺎ.

In fact, in the area where she comes from,

ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ..ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻬﺎ

more than 90 percent of the Tasmanian devil population

اكثر من 90 ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ

has already died of this disease.

ﻣﺎﺗﻮﺍ بالفعل من هذا المرض

Scientists around the world

العلماء حول العالم

were intrigued by this cancer,

اهتموا بهذا المرض

this infectious cancer,

هذا السرطان المعدي

that was spreading through the Tasmanian devil population.

الذي انتشر خلال ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ العفاريت التاسمانية

And our minds immediately turned to cervical cancer in women,

واتجهت اذهاننا في الحال إلي سرطان عنق الرحم في النساء

which is spread by a virus,

والذي ينتشر بسبب فيروس

and to the AIDS epidemic,

و وباء الإيدز

which is associated with a number of different types of cancer.

الذي ارتبط بعدد من السرطانات المختلفة

All the evidence suggested that this devil cancer

كل الدلائل ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ

was spread by a virus.

ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺱ

However, we now know -- and I'll tell you right now --

ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻸﻥ -ﻭﺃﻗﻮﻝ ﻟﻜﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ-

that we know that this cancer is not spread by a virus.

ﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ الان ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺱ

In fact, the infectious agent of disease in this cancer

ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ

is something altogether more sinister,

ﻫﻮ شئ أكثر تهديدا

and something that we hadn't really thought of before.

شئ لم نفكر به بالفعل من قبل

But in order for me to explain what that is,

لكن من أجل ان أوضح لكم ما هو

I need to spend just a couple of minutes

احتاج الي دقيقتين

talking more about cancer itself.

اتحدث فيهما اكثر عن السرطان نفسه

Cancer is a disease

ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺽ

that affects millions of people around the world every year.

ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻼﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ.

One in three people in this room

ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ

will develop cancer at some stage in their lives.

ﺳﻴﺼﺎﺏ ﺑمرض اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ

I myself had a tumor removed from my large intestine

ﺍﻧﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﻛﺍﻥ لدي ﻭﺭﻡ ﻭﺃﺯﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ القولون

when I was only 14.

ﻭﺍﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻝ 14

Cancer occurs

ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ

when a single cell in your body

ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻤﻚ

acquires a set of random mutations in important genes

ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ ( ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ) ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ

that cause that cell to start to produce

ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ

more and more and more copies of itself.

ﻧﺴﺦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ

Paradoxically, once established,

ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ

natural selection actually favors

ﻳﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎء الطبيعي

the continued growth of cancer.

النمو المستمر لخلايا السرطان

Natural selection is survival of the fittest.

والانتقاء الطبيعي هو نمو الخلايا المناسبة

And when you have a population of fast-dividing cancer cells,

فإذا كان عندك عدد من خلايا السرطان المتضاعفة

if one of them acquires new mutations,

عندما تكتسب واحدة منهم طفرات جديدة

which allow them to grow more quickly,

يسمح لها بنمو اكثر سرعة

acquire nutrients more successfully,

والحصول علي الغذاء بنجاح

invade the body,

والانتشار في الجسد و إجتياحه

they'll be selected for by evolution.

ويتم انتقائهم - الخلايا المصابة - لأجل التطور

That's why cancer is such a difficult disease to treat.

وهذا هو سبب صعوبة ﻋﻼﺝ السرطان

It evolves.

ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻄﻮﺭ

Throw a drug at it,

ﺍﻋﻄﻪ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ

and resistant cells will grow back.

ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻪ

An amazing fact is that,

ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺪﻫﺸﺔ

given the right environment and the right nutrients,

ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﻦ

a cancer cell has the potential

ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ

to go on growing forever.

ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻸﺑﺪ

However cancer is constrained

ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ

by living inside our bodies,

ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ

and its continued growth,

ونموها المتواصل

its spreading through our bodies

ونموها المتواصل وانتشارها في الجسم

and eating away at our tissues,

والتهامها لإنسجتنا

leads to the death of the cancer patient

يؤدي الى وفاة مريض السرطان

and also to the death of the cancer itself.

وموت خلايا السرطان نفسها

So cancer could be thought of

لذا فمن الممكن التفكير في السرطان

as a strange, short-lived, self-destructive life form --

علي انه كائن غريب قصير الأجل ومدمر

an evolutionary dead end.

طريقه في التطور خارج الجسد مسدود

But that is where the Tasmanian devil cancer

ﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ مكان اكتساب سرطان العفاريت التاسمانية

has acquired an absolutely amazing

والذي حدث بصورة مدهشة

evolutionary adaptation.

وبﺗﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﺬﻫﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ

And the answer came from studying

معرفة اللغز ﺟﺎﺀت ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ

the Tasmanian devil cancer's DNA.

الحمض النووي ﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ

This was work from many people,

ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ

but I'm going to explain it through a confirmatory experiment

ﻟﻜﻨﻲ ﺳﺄﺷﺮﺣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻳﺔ

that I did a few years ago.

ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﻀﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ

The next slide is going to be gruesome.

الشريحة ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺄﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺸﻌﺔ

This is Jonas.

ﻫﺬﺍ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ

He's a Tasmanian devil that we found

ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎﻩ

with a large tumor on his face.

ﺑﻮﺭﻡ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻬﻪ

And being a geneticist,

ﻭﻛﻮﻧﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ

I'm always interested to look at DNA and mutations.

ﺃﻛﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺃﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﺮﺍﺕ

So I took this opportunity

ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺗﺨﺬﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ

to collect some samples from Jonas' tumor

ﻷﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﻡ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ

and also some samples from other parts of his body.

وايضا بعض العينات من اماكن اخرى بجسده

I took these back to the lab.

ﺍﺧﺬﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ

I extracted DNA from them.

ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ

And when I looked at the sequence of the DNA,

ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ

and compared the sequence of Jonas' tumor

ﻭﻗﺎﺭﻧﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ للحمض النووي

to that of the rest of his body,

ﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ

I discovered that they had a completely different genetic profile.

ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ

In fact, Jonas and his tumor

ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﻮﻧﺍﺱ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻣﻪ

were as different from each other

ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻫﻤﺎ

as you and the person sitting next to you.

ﻛﺈﺧﺘﻼﻓﻚ ﺍﻧﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺒﻚ

What this told us was that Jonas' tumor

ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺧﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﻡ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ

did not arise from cells of his own body.

ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺴﻤﻪ

In fact, more genetic profiling

فﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ

told us that this tumor in Jonas

ﺍﺧﺒﺮﺗﻨﺍ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺭﻡ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ

actually probably first arose

نشأ في الأصل

from the cells of a female Tasmanian devil --

من خلايا ﺃﻧﺜﻲ ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ

and Jonas was clearly a male.

ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺟﻮﻧﺎﺱ ﺫﻛﺮ

So how come

لذا كيف يمكن

a tumor that arose from the cells of another individual

لورم نشأ من خلايا حيوان آخر

is growing on Jonas' face?

ان ينمو علي وجه جوناس ؟

Well the next breakthrough

جاءت الطفرة العلمية القادمة

came from studying hundreds of Tasmanian devil cancers

بعد دراسة أورام العفاريت التاسمانية

from all around Tasmania.

في تاسمانيا كلها.

We found that all of these cancers

ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍلاﻭﺭﺍﻡ

shared the same DNA.

ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ

Think about that for a minute.

ﻓﻜﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ

That means that all of these cancers

ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ الاﻭﺭﺍﻡ

actually are the same cancer

ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ

that arose once from one individual devil,

ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻳﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ

that have broken free of that first devil's body

اﻟﻮﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺤﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﺪﻩ

and spread through the entire Tasmanian devil population.

ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ إلي ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ

But how can a cancer spread in a population?

ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﺒﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ الانتشار ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ؟

Well the final piece of the puzzle came

ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺰ

when we remember how devils behave when they meet each other in the wild.

ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ

They tend to bite each other,

ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻲ عضّ بعضها البعض

often quite ferociously and usually on the face.

بشراسة غالبا وعادةً في الوجه

We think that cancer cells

نحن نظن ان خلايا السرطان

actually come off the tumor, get into the saliva.

التي تأتي من الورم تنتقل الي اللعاب

When the devil bites another devil,

ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺾّ ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖ واحد اخر

it actually physically implants living cancer cells into the next devil,

ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺯﺭﻉ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻶﺧﺮ

so the tumor continues to grow.

ﺛﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ

So this Tasmanian devil cancer

ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ

is perhaps the ultimate cancer.

ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ النهائي

It's not constrained by living within the body that gave rise to it.

أنه ليس ملتزما بالعيش داخل الجسم الذي نشأ منه

It spreads through the population,

بل ينتشر خلال تعداد العفاريت

has mutations that allow it to evade the immune system,

ايضا يملك طفرات تمكنه من تجنب الجهاز المناعي

and it's the only cancer that we know of

و هو السرطان الوحيد المعروف

that's threatening an entire species with extinction.

الذي يهدد فصيلة كاملة بالانقراض

But if this can happen in Tasmanian devils,

ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺎﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ

why hasn't it happened in other animals

ﻓﻠﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺮى

or even humans?

ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ؟

Well the answer is, it has.

ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻓﻌﻼ

This is Kimbo.

ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻴﻤﺒﻮ

He's a dog that belongs to a family in Mombasa in Kenya.

ﻛﻠﺐ ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻣﺒﺎﺳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺎ

Last year, his owner noticed some blood

ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺘﻪ ﺩﻣﺎً

trickling from his genital region.

ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻴﺔ

She took him to the vet

ﺃﺧﺬﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻄﺮﻳﺔ

and the vet discovered something quite disgusting.

ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻘﺰﺯﺍ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ

And if you're squeamish, please look away now.

ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺸﻤﺌﺰ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻠﻚ ﺍﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻙ ﺍﻶﻥ

He discovered this,

ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ

a huge bleeding tumor

ﻭﺭﻡ ﺩﺍﻣﻲ ﺿﺨﻢ

at the base of Kimbo's penis.

ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ

The vet diagnosed this as transmissible venereal tumor,

ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﺭﻡ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ

a sexually transmitted cancer

ينتقل بالاتصال الجنسي

that affects dogs.

يصيب الكلاب

And just as the Tasmanian devil cancer is contagious

ﻭ كما أن ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ معدي

through the spread of living cancer cells,

عن طريق انتشار الخلايا

so is this dog cancer.

السرطان عند هذا الكلب ايضا كذلك

But this dog cancer is quite remarkable,

ﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﻴﺰ الي حد ما

because it spread all around the world.

ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ

And in fact, these same cells

ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ

that are affecting Kimbo here

ﺍﻟﺘي ﺃﺻﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻮ

are also found affecting dogs

ﺍﺻﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ ﻛﻼﺑﺎ

in New York City,

ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ

in mountain villages in the Himalayas

ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ بالهيمالايا

and in Outback Australia.

ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻳﻀﺎ

We also believe this cancer might be very old.

ﻧﺤﻥ ﻧﺅمن ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ

In fact, genetic profiling tells

ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﺌﻨﺍ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ

that it may be tens of thousands of years old,

ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ الالاف ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ

which means that this cancer

ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ

may have first arisen

ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ

from the cells of a wolf

ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﺍﻳﺎ ﺫﺋﺐ

that lived alongside the Neanderthals.

ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ

This cancer is remarkable.

ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﻴﺰ

It's the oldest mammalian-derived life form that we know of.

ﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﻡ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻪ

It's a living relic

ﺍﻧﻪ بقاياه التي مازلات على قيد الحياو

of the distant past.

ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻴﻖ

So we've seen that this can happen in animals.

ﻟﻘﺪ ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ

Could cancers be contagious between people?

،ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻱ ﺑﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ؟

Well this is a question

ﺷﻐﻞ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ

which fascinated Chester Southam,

ﺷﻴﺴﺘﺮ ﺳﻮﺛﺎﻡ

a cancer doctor in the 1950s.

ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ

Ad he decided to put this to the test

ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺮﺭ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ

by actually deliberately inoculating people

ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﻤﺪ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ

with cancer from somebody else.

ﺑﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ

And this is a photograph of Dr. Southam in 1957

ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺳﻮﺛﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ 1957

injecting cancer into a volunteer,

ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺤﻘﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ

who in this case was an inmate

ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺠﻴﻦ

in Ohio State Penitentiary.

ﻓﻲ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ولاية ﺃﻭﻫﺎﻳﻮ

Most of the people that Dr. Southam injected

ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻨﻬﻢ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺳﻮﺛﺎﻡ

did not go on to develop cancer

ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﺎﺑﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ

from the injected cells.

ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣُﻘﻨﻮﺍ ﺑﻬﺎ

But a small number of them did,

ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺃُﺻﻴﺐ

and they were mostly people who were otherwise ill --

ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺮﺿﻲ

whose immune systems were probably compromised.

ﻭ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ

What this tells us,

ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ

ethical issues aside,

ﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ الاﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻸﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ

is that ...

ﺃﻥ ....

(Laughter)

(ﺿﺤﻜﺎﺕ)

it's probably extremely rare

ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﺍ

for cancers to be transferred between people.

ﺍﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ

However, under some circumstances,

ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ

it can happen.

ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ

And I think that this is something

ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﻇﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﺊ

that oncologists and epidemiologists

ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻸﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻸﻭﺑﺌﺔ

should be aware of in the future.

ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ

So just finally,

ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ

cancer is an inevitable outcome

ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻥ ﺗﺠﻨﺒﻬﺎ

of the ability of our cells

ﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻧﺎ

to divide

للإنقسام

and to adapt to their environments.

وللتكيف ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ

But that does not mean that we should give up hope

ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻧﻨﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻸﻣﻞ

in the fight against cancer.

في حربنا ضد السرطان

In fact, I believe, given more knowledge

ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺅﻣﻥ ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ

of the complex evolutionary processes that drive cancer's growth,

ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ

we can defeat cancer.

،ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ

My personal aim

ﻫﺪﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ

is to defeat the Tasmanian devil cancer.

ﻫﻮ ﻗﻬﺮ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ

Let's prevent the Tasmanian devil

ﻓﻠﻨﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ

from being the first animal

ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ

to go extinct from cancer.

ﻳﻨﻘﺮﺽ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ

Thank you.

ﺷﻜﺮﺍ ﻟﻜﻢ

(Applause)

ﺗﺼﻔﻴﻖ