Elizabeth Murchison: Fighting a contagious cancer

48,683 views ใƒป 2011-09-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Rafi Taglicht ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
Everyone's familiar with cancer,
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
00:19
but we don't normally think of cancer
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ืืš ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
00:21
as being a contagious disease.
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ื›ืžื—ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืงืช.
00:25
The Tasmanian devil has shown us
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ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืจืื” ืœื ื•
00:27
that, not only can cancer be a contagious disease,
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ืฉืกืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืง,
00:30
but it can also threaten
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืื™ื™ื
00:32
an entire species with extinction.
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ืขืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
00:36
So first of all, what is a Tasmanian devil?
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ืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ืžื”ื• ืฉื“ ื˜ื–ืžื ื™?
00:40
Many of you might be familiar with Taz, the cartoon character,
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ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื˜ืื–, ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจืช,
00:43
the one that spins around and around and around.
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ื–ื• ืืฉืจ ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžื”.
00:45
But not many people know
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ืืš ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
00:47
that there actually is a real animal called the Tasmanian devil,
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื›ื–ื• ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืฉื“ ื˜ื–ืžื ื™,
00:50
and it's the world's largest carnivorous marsupial.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื•ื›ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ.
00:54
A marsupial is a mammal with a pouch
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ื—ื™ื™ืช ื›ื™ืก ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืง ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื™ืก
00:56
like a kangaroo.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื ื’ืจื•.
00:58
The Tasmanian devil got its name
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ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืฉืžื•
01:00
from the terrifying nocturnal scream that it makes.
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ืžืฆืจื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžื™ืข.
01:04
(Screaming)
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(ืฆืจื—ื•ืช)
01:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:17
The Tasmanian devil is predominantly a scavenger,
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ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื‘ืœื•ืช,
01:20
and it uses its powerful jaws
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœืกืชื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช
01:22
and its sharp teeth
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื• ื”ื—ื“ื•ืช
01:24
to chomp on the bones of rotting dead animals.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ืก ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช ื•ืžืจืงื™ื‘ื•ืช.
01:27
[The] Tasmanian devil is found only on the island of Tasmania,
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ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ื”,
01:30
which is that small island
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ืื™ ืงื˜ืŸ
01:32
just to the south of the mainland of Australia.
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ืกืžื•ืš ืœื“ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
01:34
And despite their ferocious appearance,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืื™ืžืชื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
01:38
Tasmanian devils are actually
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ืฉื“ื™ื ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
01:40
quite adorable little animals.
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™.
01:43
In fact, growing up in Tasmania,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ื”,
01:45
it always was incredibly exciting
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ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ
01:47
when we got a chance to see
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
01:49
a Tasmanian devil in the wild.
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ืฉื“ ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
01:51
But the Tasmanian devil population
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ืืš ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™
01:53
has been undergoing a really extremely fast decline.
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ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
01:57
And in fact, there's concern
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืฉ ื“ืื’ื”
01:59
that the species could go extinct in the wild
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ืฉื”ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
02:02
within 20 to 30 years.
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ืชื•ืš 20 ืขื“ 30 ืฉื ื”.
02:05
And the reason for that
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื
02:07
is the emergence of a new disease,
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ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืžื—ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
02:09
a contagious cancer.
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืง.
02:13
The story begins in 1996
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ 1996
02:15
when a wildlife photographer took this photograph here
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ื›ืฉืฆืœื ื˜ื‘ืข ืฆื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
02:18
of a Tasmanian devil
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™
02:20
with a large tumor on its face.
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ื›ืฉืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื ืจื—ื‘.
02:22
At the time, this was thought to be a one-off.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
02:25
Animals, just like humans,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
02:27
sometimes get strange tumors.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:30
However, we now believe
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ืื•ืœื, ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
02:32
that this is the first sighting of a new disease,
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
02:35
which is now an epidemic spreading through Tasmania.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื” ื›ืขืช ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ื”.
02:39
The disease was first sighted
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ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื ืฆืคืชื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
02:41
in the northeast of Tasmania in 1996
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ื” ื‘ 1996
02:44
and has spread across Tasmania like a huge wave.
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ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื’ืœ ืขื ืง.
02:47
Now there's only a small part of the population,
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ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉื ื• ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
02:50
which remains unaffected.
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ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืคื’ื•ืข.
02:52
This disease appears first as tumors,
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ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
02:55
usually on the face or inside the mouth
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคื”
02:57
of affected Tasmanian devils.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื™ื ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ื ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื.
02:59
These tumors inevitably grow into larger tumors,
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข,
03:02
such as these ones here.
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ื›ืืŸ.
03:04
And the next image I'm going to show
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
03:06
is quite gruesome.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื” ืœืžื“ื™.
03:08
But inevitably, these tumors progress
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ืื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื• ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื
03:10
towards being enormous, ulcerating tumors like this one here.
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ืœื›ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ.
03:16
This one in particular sticks in my mind,
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
03:18
because this is the first case of this disease
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื•
03:20
that I saw myself.
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ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™.
03:22
And I remember the horror of seeing this little female devil
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ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืžื” ืžืžืจืื” ื ืงื‘ืช ื”ืฉื“ ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
03:25
with this huge ulcerating, foul-smelling tumor
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ืขื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื— ื”ืจืข
03:27
inside her mouth
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื™ื”
03:29
that had actually cracked off her entire lower jaw.
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ืืฉืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื“ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœืกืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”.
03:33
She hadn't eaten for days.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืื›ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื.
03:36
Her guts were swimming with parasitic worms.
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ืžืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
03:38
Her body was riddled with secondary tumors.
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ื’ื•ืคื” ืžืœื ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื.
03:41
And yet, she was feeding three little baby Tasmanian devils
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ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื™ื ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื
03:44
in her pouch.
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ื‘ื›ื™ืก ืฉืœื”.
03:47
Of course, they died along with the mother.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื ืžืชื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืื.
03:50
They were too young to survive without their mother.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืœืœื ืืžื.
03:53
In fact, in the area where she comes from,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื”,
03:56
more than 90 percent of the Tasmanian devil population
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื
03:59
has already died of this disease.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื” ืžืžื—ืœื” ื–ื•.
04:02
Scientists around the world
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื
04:04
were intrigued by this cancer,
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
04:06
this infectious cancer,
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืง ื–ื”,
04:08
that was spreading through the Tasmanian devil population.
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ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื.
04:11
And our minds immediately turned to cervical cancer in women,
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืคื ืชื” ืžื™ื“ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืจื—ื ื‘ื ืฉื™ื,
04:14
which is spread by a virus,
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ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื•ื™ืจื•ืก,
04:16
and to the AIDS epidemic,
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ื•ืœืžื’ืคืช ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
04:18
which is associated with a number of different types of cancer.
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
04:22
All the evidence suggested that this devil cancer
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืžื–ื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”
04:25
was spread by a virus.
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ืžื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
04:28
However, we now know -- and I'll tell you right now --
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ืื•ืœื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืขืช -- ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• --
04:31
that we know that this cancer is not spread by a virus.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืคืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
04:34
In fact, the infectious agent of disease in this cancer
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื“ื‘ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื–ื”
04:38
is something altogether more sinister,
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
04:40
and something that we hadn't really thought of before.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืฉืงืœื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
04:43
But in order for me to explain what that is,
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ืืš ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ื”ื•ื,
04:46
I need to spend just a couple of minutes
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ืขืœื™ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ืžื•ืขื˜
04:48
talking more about cancer itself.
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ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•.
04:51
Cancer is a disease
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื”
04:53
that affects millions of people around the world every year.
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ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:56
One in three people in this room
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ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื–ื”
04:58
will develop cancer at some stage in their lives.
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ื™ื™ืคืชื— ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•.
05:01
I myself had a tumor removed from my large intestine
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ืœื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืกืจ ืžื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก ืฉืœื™
05:03
when I was only 14.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืช 14 ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
05:06
Cancer occurs
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ
05:08
when a single cell in your body
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื
05:10
acquires a set of random mutations in important genes
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ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
05:13
that cause that cell to start to produce
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ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืชื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
05:16
more and more and more copies of itself.
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ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
05:20
Paradoxically, once established,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™, ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ,
05:23
natural selection actually favors
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื“ื™ืคื”
05:25
the continued growth of cancer.
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ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
05:27
Natural selection is survival of the fittest.
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ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
05:30
And when you have a population of fast-dividing cancer cells,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
05:33
if one of them acquires new mutations,
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
05:35
which allow them to grow more quickly,
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:37
acquire nutrients more successfully,
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:39
invade the body,
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ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœื’ื•ืฃ,
05:41
they'll be selected for by evolution.
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ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
05:44
That's why cancer is such a difficult disease to treat.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ื›ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
05:48
It evolves.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช.
05:50
Throw a drug at it,
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ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืœืขื‘ืจื” ืชืจื•ืคื”,
05:52
and resistant cells will grow back.
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ื•ืชืื™ื ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
05:55
An amazing fact is that,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื,
05:57
given the right environment and the right nutrients,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื,
06:00
a cancer cell has the potential
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ืœืชื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ
06:02
to go on growing forever.
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขื“.
06:05
However cancer is constrained
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ืื•ืœื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ
06:07
by living inside our bodies,
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ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื ื•,
06:09
and its continued growth,
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื•,
06:11
its spreading through our bodies
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ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•
06:13
and eating away at our tissues,
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ื•ื›ืจืกื•ื ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
06:15
leads to the death of the cancer patient
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ
06:18
and also to the death of the cancer itself.
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ื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•.
06:22
So cancer could be thought of
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ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
06:24
as a strange, short-lived, self-destructive life form --
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ื›ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื”, ืงืฆืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช --
06:29
an evolutionary dead end.
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ื“ืจืš ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืœื ืžื•ืฆื.
06:33
But that is where the Tasmanian devil cancer
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™
06:35
has acquired an absolutely amazing
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ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
06:38
evolutionary adaptation.
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ืœื”ืชืืžื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
06:41
And the answer came from studying
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืื” ืžื—ืงืจ
06:43
the Tasmanian devil cancer's DNA.
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ื”ื“ื "ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™.
06:45
This was work from many people,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
06:47
but I'm going to explain it through a confirmatory experiment
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืืฉืจ
06:49
that I did a few years ago.
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ืฉืขืจื›ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
06:51
The next slide is going to be gruesome.
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ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื”.
06:54
This is Jonas.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’'ื•ื ืก.
06:56
He's a Tasmanian devil that we found
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ืฉื“ ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉืžืฆืื ื•
06:59
with a large tumor on his face.
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ืขื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•.
07:01
And being a geneticist,
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ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช,
07:03
I'm always interested to look at DNA and mutations.
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ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื "ื.
07:06
So I took this opportunity
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืฆืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
07:08
to collect some samples from Jonas' tumor
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื ืก
07:10
and also some samples from other parts of his body.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื•.
07:13
I took these back to the lab.
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
07:15
I extracted DNA from them.
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ื”ืคืงืชื™ ื“ื "ื ืžืชื•ื›ื.
07:17
And when I looked at the sequence of the DNA,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื“ื "ื,
07:20
and compared the sequence of Jonas' tumor
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ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื ืก
07:23
to that of the rest of his body,
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ืœืจืฆืฃ ืžืฉืืจ ื’ื•ืคื•,
07:25
I discovered that they had a completely different genetic profile.
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
07:30
In fact, Jonas and his tumor
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’'ื•ื ืก ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื•
07:32
were as different from each other
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™
07:35
as you and the person sitting next to you.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืฆื™ื“ื›ื.
07:38
What this told us was that Jonas' tumor
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื ืก
07:41
did not arise from cells of his own body.
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ืœื ื ื‘ืข ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœื•.
07:44
In fact, more genetic profiling
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ
07:47
told us that this tumor in Jonas
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ื”ืจืืชื” ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื ืก
07:49
actually probably first arose
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ื ื‘ืข ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
07:51
from the cells of a female Tasmanian devil --
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ืžืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ืช ืฉื“ ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ --
07:53
and Jonas was clearly a male.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’'ื•ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื–ื›ืจ.
07:55
So how come
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ืื ื›ืš ื›ื™ืฆื“
07:57
a tumor that arose from the cells of another individual
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื ื‘ืข ืžืชืื™ ืคืจื˜ ืื—ืจ
08:00
is growing on Jonas' face?
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ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื ืก?
08:03
Well the next breakthrough
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืื”
08:05
came from studying hundreds of Tasmanian devil cancers
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืื•ืช ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื™ื ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ื
08:08
from all around Tasmania.
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ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ื”.
08:10
We found that all of these cancers
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื
08:12
shared the same DNA.
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ื—ืœืงื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื "ื.
08:14
Think about that for a minute.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœืจื’ืข.
08:16
That means that all of these cancers
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื
08:18
actually are the same cancer
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ
08:20
that arose once from one individual devil,
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ืฉื ื‘ืข ืคืขื ืžืฉื“ ืื—ื“,
08:23
that have broken free of that first devil's body
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ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื“
08:26
and spread through the entire Tasmanian devil population.
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ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื”.
08:30
But how can a cancer spread in a population?
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ืืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”?
08:33
Well the final piece of the puzzle came
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื”ืคื–ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื”
08:35
when we remember how devils behave when they meet each other in the wild.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื“ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
08:38
They tend to bite each other,
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ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ืš ื”ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
08:40
often quite ferociously and usually on the face.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจืื™ ืœืžื“ื™ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
08:43
We think that cancer cells
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
08:46
actually come off the tumor, get into the saliva.
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ื ื™ืชืงื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืจื•ืง.
08:49
When the devil bites another devil,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื“ ื ื•ืฉืš ืฉื“ ืื—ืจ,
08:51
it actually physically implants living cancer cells into the next devil,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉืชื™ืœ ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื“ ื”ืื—ืจ,
08:54
so the tumor continues to grow.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
08:56
So this Tasmanian devil cancer
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ื›ืš ืฉืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื–ื”
08:58
is perhaps the ultimate cancer.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
09:00
It's not constrained by living within the body that gave rise to it.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื—.
09:03
It spreads through the population,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”,
09:05
has mutations that allow it to evade the immune system,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
09:08
and it's the only cancer that we know of
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•
09:10
that's threatening an entire species with extinction.
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ืฉืžืื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื.
09:14
But if this can happen in Tasmanian devils,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื™ื ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ื,
09:17
why hasn't it happened in other animals
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
09:19
or even humans?
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื?
09:21
Well the answer is, it has.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ื›ืŸ ืงืจื”.
09:25
This is Kimbo.
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื™ืžื‘ื•.
09:27
He's a dog that belongs to a family in Mombasa in Kenya.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืžื•ืžื‘ืกื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื”.
09:31
Last year, his owner noticed some blood
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ ืœื“ื
09:34
trickling from his genital region.
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ืฉื˜ืคื˜ืฃ ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
09:37
She took him to the vet
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ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจ
09:39
and the vet discovered something quite disgusting.
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ื•ื”ื•ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ื—ื” ืœืžื“ื™.
09:42
And if you're squeamish, please look away now.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืืœ ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื›ืขืช.
09:45
He discovered this,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื–ื”,
09:47
a huge bleeding tumor
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขื ืงื™ ื•ืžื“ืžื
09:49
at the base of Kimbo's penis.
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ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืžื‘ื•.
09:53
The vet diagnosed this as transmissible venereal tumor,
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ื”ื•ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจ ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ,
09:56
a sexually transmitted cancer
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ
09:59
that affects dogs.
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ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื.
10:01
And just as the Tasmanian devil cancer is contagious
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืง
10:04
through the spread of living cancer cells,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื,
10:06
so is this dog cancer.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
10:08
But this dog cancer is quite remarkable,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืžื“ื™,
10:10
because it spread all around the world.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:12
And in fact, these same cells
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชืื™ื ืืœื• ืžืžืฉ
10:14
that are affecting Kimbo here
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ืžื‘ื• ื›ืืŸ
10:17
are also found affecting dogs
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ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื
10:19
in New York City,
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
10:21
in mountain villages in the Himalayas
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ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืžืœืื™ื”
10:23
and in Outback Australia.
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ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
10:26
We also believe this cancer might be very old.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ืง ืžืื•ื“.
10:28
In fact, genetic profiling tells
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืžื’ืœื”
10:30
that it may be tens of thousands of years old,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื”,
10:33
which means that this cancer
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืกืจื˜ืŸ ื–ื”
10:35
may have first arisen
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ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
10:37
from the cells of a wolf
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ืžืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘
10:39
that lived alongside the Neanderthals.
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ืฉื—ื™ ืœืฆื“ ื”ื ืื ื“ืจืชืœื™ื.
10:42
This cancer is remarkable.
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
10:44
It's the oldest mammalian-derived life form that we know of.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื’ื–ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื ืง.
10:48
It's a living relic
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื™ื“ ื—ื™
10:50
of the distant past.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
10:54
So we've seen that this can happen in animals.
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ืื ื›ืš ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
10:56
Could cancers be contagious between people?
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ื”ืื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื?
11:01
Well this is a question
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื–ื• ืฉืืœื”
11:03
which fascinated Chester Southam,
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ืฉืจื™ืชืงื” ืืช ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ ืกืื•ืช'ื”ื,
11:05
a cancer doctor in the 1950s.
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ื—ื•ืงืจ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื.
11:08
Ad he decided to put this to the test
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ
11:11
by actually deliberately inoculating people
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
11:14
with cancer from somebody else.
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ืขื ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
11:17
And this is a photograph of Dr. Southam in 1957
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืชืฆืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื“ืจ' ืกืื•ืช'ื”ื ื‘1957
11:21
injecting cancer into a volunteer,
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ืžื–ืจื™ืง ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœืžืชื ื“ื‘,
11:24
who in this case was an inmate
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืืกื™ืจ
11:26
in Ohio State Penitentiary.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืื•ื”ื™ื•.
11:30
Most of the people that Dr. Southam injected
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื–ืจื™ืง ื“ืจ' ืกืื•ืช'ื”ื
11:32
did not go on to develop cancer
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ืœื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ
11:34
from the injected cells.
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ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจืงื™ื.
11:36
But a small number of them did,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื›ืŸ,
11:38
and they were mostly people who were otherwise ill --
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ --
11:41
whose immune systems were probably compromised.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
11:46
What this tells us,
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•,
11:48
ethical issues aside,
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืืชื™,
11:50
is that ...
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ื”ื•ื ืฉ...
11:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:54
it's probably extremely rare
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“
11:57
for cancers to be transferred between people.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
12:01
However, under some circumstances,
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ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
12:03
it can happen.
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
12:06
And I think that this is something
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ
12:08
that oncologists and epidemiologists
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ืฉืื•ื ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืืคื™ื“ืžื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
12:10
should be aware of in the future.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
12:13
So just finally,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืœืกื™ื•ื,
12:15
cancer is an inevitable outcome
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช
12:17
of the ability of our cells
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื•
12:19
to divide
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ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง
12:21
and to adapt to their environments.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
12:24
But that does not mean that we should give up hope
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ืืš ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ื”
12:27
in the fight against cancer.
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
12:29
In fact, I believe, given more knowledge
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื”, ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ
12:31
of the complex evolutionary processes that drive cancer's growth,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
12:34
we can defeat cancer.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
12:37
My personal aim
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ืžื˜ืจืชื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช
12:39
is to defeat the Tasmanian devil cancer.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™.
12:43
Let's prevent the Tasmanian devil
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืžื ืข ืžื”ืฉื“ ื”ื˜ื–ืžื ื™
12:45
from being the first animal
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ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
12:47
to go extinct from cancer.
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ืœื”ื™ื›ื—ื“ ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ.
12:49
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
12:51
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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