Paul Bloom: Can prejudice ever be a good thing?

187,284 views ใƒป 2014-07-03

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Muhammad Ramadan ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: khalid marbou
00:12
When we think about prejudice and bias,
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ุญูŠู† ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุนุตุจ ูˆุงู„ุชุญูŠุฒุŒ
00:15
we tend to think about stupid and evil people
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ู†ู…ูŠู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฃู†ุงุณ ุฃุบุจูŠุงุก ูˆุฃุดุฑุงุฑ
00:17
doing stupid and evil things.
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ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุบุจูŠุฉ ูˆุดุฑูŠุฑุฉ.
00:19
And this idea is nicely summarized
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ูˆูŠู„ุฎุต ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ
00:21
by the British critic William Hazlitt,
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ุงู„ู†ุงู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠ ูˆูŠู„ูŠุงู… ู‡ุงุฒู„ูŠุชุŒ
00:24
who wrote, "Prejudice is the child of ignorance."
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุชุจุŒ "ุงู„ุชุนุตุจ ุงุจู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„."
00:27
I want to try to convince you here
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุฅู‚ู†ุงุนูƒู…
00:29
that this is mistaken.
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ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฎุทุฃ
00:31
I want to try to convince you
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุฅู‚ู†ุงุนูƒู…
00:32
that prejudice and bias
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุชุนุตุจ ูˆุงู„ุชุญูŠุฒ
00:34
are natural, they're often rational,
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ุทุจูŠุนูŠุงู†ุŒ ูˆู‡ู…ุง ุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ุนู‚ู„ุงู†ูŠุงู†ุŒ
00:37
and they're often even moral,
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ูˆู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุงู† ุญุชู‰ุŒ
00:39
and I think that once we understand this,
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุณุชูˆุนุจ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ
00:41
we're in a better position to make sense of them
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ุณู†ูƒูˆู† ููŠ ูˆุถุน ุฃูุถู„ ู„ู†ุตุญุญ ู„ู‡ู…
00:44
when they go wrong,
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ุญูŠู† ูŠุฐู‡ุจูˆู† ู„ู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฎุทุฃ
00:45
when they have horrible consequences,
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ุญูŠู† ูŠุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุนูˆุงู‚ุจ ุฑู‡ูŠุจุฉุŒ
00:47
and we're in a better position to know what to do
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ูˆู†ูƒูˆู† ููŠ ูˆุถุน ุฃูุถู„ ู„ู†ุนุฑู ู…ุง ู†ูุนู„
00:49
when this happens.
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ุญูŠู† ูŠุญุฏุซ ู‡ุฐุง.
00:51
So, start with stereotypes. You look at me,
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู†ู…ุทูŠุฉุŒ ุฃู†ุชู… ุชู†ุธูˆุฑู† ุฅู„ูŠู‘ูŽุŒ
00:54
you know my name, you know certain facts about me,
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ุชุนุฑููˆู† ุงุณู…ูŠุŒ ุชุนุฑููˆู† ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ุนู†ูŠุŒ
00:56
and you could make certain judgments.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุฃุญูƒุงู… ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ.
00:58
You could make guesses about my ethnicity,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุชุฎู…ูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุนุฑู‚ู ุฃู†ุชู…ูŠุŒ
01:01
my political affiliation, my religious beliefs.
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ุฅู†ุชู…ุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุŒ ู…ุนุชู‚ุฏุงุชูŠ ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ูŠุฉ.
01:04
And the thing is, these judgments tend to be accurate.
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู‡ูˆุŒ ุชู…ูŠู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุญูƒุงู… ู„ู„ุฏู‚ุฉ.
01:06
We're very good at this sort of thing.
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ู†ุญู† ุฌูŠุฏูˆู† ุฌุฏู‹ุง ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฆู„.
01:08
And we're very good at this sort of thing
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ูˆู†ุญู† ุฌูŠุฏูˆู† ุฌุฏู‹ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน
01:10
because our ability to stereotype people
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ู„ุฃู† ู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูˆู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
01:12
is not some sort of arbitrary quirk of the mind,
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ู„ูŠุณุช ู†ูˆุนู‹ุง ู…ู† ู‡ูˆุณ ุงู„ุชุนุณู ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ูŠุŒ
01:16
but rather it's a specific instance
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ุจู„ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุญุงู„ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ
01:18
of a more general process,
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ู…ู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุนุงู…ุฉุŒ
01:20
which is that we have experience
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ู‰ ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฎุจุฑุฉ
01:21
with things and people in the world
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ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูˆุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
01:23
that fall into categories,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู‚ุน ุถู…ู† ูุฆุงุชุŒ
01:24
and we can use our experience to make generalizations
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุฎุจุฑุชู†ุง ู„ู„ุชุนู…ูŠู…
01:27
about novel instances of these categories.
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ู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุฆุงุช.
01:29
So everybody here has a lot of experience
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ุฅุฐู‹ุง ูƒู„ ูุฑุฏ ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุงุช
01:31
with chairs and apples and dogs,
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ู…ุน ุงู„ูƒุฑุงุณูŠ ูˆุงู„ุชูุงุญ ูˆุงู„ูƒู„ุงุจุŒ
01:34
and based on this, you could see
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ูˆุงุนุชู…ุงุฏุง ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฑูˆุง
01:35
unfamiliar examples and you could guess,
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ุฃู…ุซู„ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฃู„ูˆูุฉ ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ุชุฎู…ูŠู†
01:37
you could sit on the chair,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆุณ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒุฑุณูŠุŒ
01:39
you could eat the apple, the dog will bark.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃูƒู„ ุชูุงุญุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ูƒู„ุจ ุณูˆู ูŠู†ุจุญ.
01:41
Now we might be wrong.
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ุงู„ุขู† ุฑุจู…ุง ู†ูƒูˆู† ู…ุฎุทุฆูŠู†.
01:43
The chair could collapse if you sit on it,
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ุงู„ูƒุฑุณูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุชุญุทู… ุฅู† ุฌู„ุณุช ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ
01:45
the apple might be poison, the dog might not bark,
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ุงู„ุชูุงุญุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ูุงุณุฏุฉุŒ ุงู„ูƒู„ุจ ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ูŠู†ุจุญุŒ
01:47
and in fact, this is my dog Tessie, who doesn't bark.
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ูˆููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ุจูŠ ุชูŠุณูŠุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุง ูŠู†ุจุญ.
01:50
But for the most part, we're good at this.
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุŒ ู†ุญู† ุฌูŠุฏูˆู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง.
01:53
For the most part, we make good guesses
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ููŠ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุŒ ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุฎู…ูŠู†ุงุช ุฌูŠุฏุฉ
01:55
both in the social domain and the non-social domain,
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ูŠู† ุงู„ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ูˆุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ
01:57
and if we weren't able to do so,
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ูˆุฅู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒุŒ
01:58
if we weren't able to make guesses about new instances that we encounter,
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ุฅู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฎู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‚ุงุจู„ู‡ุงุŒ
02:02
we wouldn't survive.
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ู„ู† ู†ุจู‚ู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ.
02:03
And in fact, Hazlitt later on in his wonderful essay
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ูˆููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ ูŠุนุชุฑู ู‡ุงุฒู„ูŠุช ู„ุงุญู‚ู‹ุง
02:06
concedes this.
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ููŠ ู…ู‚ุงู„ุชู‡ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ุจู‡ุฐุง.
02:07
He writes, "Without the aid of prejudice and custom,
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ูƒุชุจุŒ "ุจุฏูˆู† ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชุนุตุจ ูˆุงู„ุนุฑูุŒ
02:10
I should not be able to find my way my across the room;
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ู„ู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ู„ุฃุฌุฏ ุทุฑูŠู‚ูŠ ููŠ ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉุ›
02:12
nor know how to conduct myself in any circumstances,
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ูˆู„ุง ุฃุนุฑู ูƒูŠู ุฃุฏุจุฑ ู†ูุณูŠ ููŠ ุฃูŠ ุธุฑูˆูุŒ
02:15
nor what to feel in any relation of life."
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ูˆู„ุง ู…ุง ุฃุดุนุฑ ููŠ ุฃูŠ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ."
02:19
Or take bias.
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ุฃูˆ ุงุชุฎุงุฐ ุงู„ุชุญูŠุฒ.
02:21
Now sometimes, we break the world up into
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ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุŒ ู†ูุฑู‚ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุฅู„ู‰
02:22
us versus them, into in-group versus out-group,
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ู†ุญู†ุŒ ุถุฏู‡ู…ุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ููŠ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉุŒ
02:25
and sometimes when we do this,
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ูˆุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ุญูŠู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒุŒ
02:26
we know we're doing something wrong,
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุดูŠุก ุฎุทุฃุŒ
02:28
and we're kind of ashamed of it.
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ูˆู†ุฎุฌู„ ู…ู†ู‡ ุดูŠุกู‹ ู…ุง.
02:30
But other times we're proud of it.
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุฃุญูŠุงู† ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู†ูุชุฎุฑ ุจู‡.
02:31
We openly acknowledge it.
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ู†ุนุชุฑู ุจู‡ ุนู„ู†ู‹ุง
02:33
And my favorite example of this
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ูˆู…ุซุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง
02:34
is a question that came from the audience
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ู‡ูˆ ุณุคุงู„ ุฌุงุก ู…ู† ู…ุณุชู…ุนุฉ
02:37
in a Republican debate prior to the last election.
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ููŠ ู…ู†ุงุธุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑูŠูŠู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ.
02:39
(Video) Anderson Cooper: Gets to your question,
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(ููŠุฏูŠูˆ) ุฃู†ุฏุฑุณูˆู† ูƒูˆุจุฑ: ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุณุคุงู„ูƒุŒ
02:42
the question in the hall, on foreign aid? Yes, ma'am.
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ุณุคุงู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฉุŒ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุงุช ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉุŸ ู†ุนู…ุŒ ุณูŠุฏุชูŠ.
02:46
Woman: The American people are suffering
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ุณูŠุฏุฉ: ุงู„ุดุนุจ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ูŠุนุงู†ูŠ
02:48
in our country right now.
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ููŠ ุจู„ุงุฏู†ุง ุญุงู„ูŠู‹ุง.
02:51
Why do we continue to send foreign aid
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ุณุชู…ุฑ ููŠ ุฅุฑุณุงู„ ู…ุณุงุนุฏุงุช ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ
02:54
to other countries
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ู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุฃุฎุฑู‰
02:55
when we need all the help we can get for ourselves?
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ููŠ ุญูŠู† ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ู†ุญู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ู†ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู„ุฃู†ูุณู†ุงุŸ
02:59
AC: Governor Perry, what about that?
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ุฃู†ุฏุฑุณูˆู†: ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุญุงูุธ ุจูŠุฑูŠุŸ
03:01
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
03:03
Rick Perry: Absolutely, I think it'sโ€”
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ุฑูŠูƒ ุจูŠุฑูŠ: ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ู‹ุงุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง -
03:05
Paul Bloom: Each of the people onstage
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ุจูˆู„ ุจู„ูˆู…: ูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุญ
03:07
agreed with the premise of her question,
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ูˆุงูู‚ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ูุฑุถูŠุฉ ุณุคุงู„ู‡ุงุŒ
03:08
which is as Americans, we should care more
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูƒุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู†ุŒ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ุนุชู†ูŠ
03:11
about Americans than about other people.
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ุจุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†.
03:13
And in fact, in general, people are often swayed
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ูˆู…ุŒ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ูŠูุญูƒู…ูˆู†
03:16
by feelings of solidarity, loyalty, pride, patriotism,
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ุจู…ุดุงุนุฑ ุงู„ุชุถุงู…ู† ูˆุงู„ูˆู„ุงุก ูˆุงู„ูุฎุฑ ูˆุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉุŒ
03:19
towards their country or towards their ethnic group.
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ุชุฌุงู‡ ุจู„ุงุฏู‡ู… ุฃูˆ ุชุฌุงู‡ ุฌู…ุงุนุชู‡ู… ุงู„ุนุฑู‚ูŠุฉ.
03:22
Regardless of your politics, many people feel proud to be American,
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ุจุบุถ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุนู† ุณูŠุงุณุชูƒุŒ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูุฎูˆุฑูˆู† ู„ูƒูˆู†ู‡ู… ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูˆู†
03:25
and they favor Americans over other countries.
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ูˆูŠูุถู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
03:27
Residents of other countries feel the same about their nation,
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ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ ุชุฌุงู‡ ุจู„ุงุฏู‡ู…ุŒ
03:30
and we feel the same about our ethnicities.
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ูˆู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ ู†ุญูˆ ุฃุนุฑุงู‚ู†ุง.
03:32
Now some of you may reject this.
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ุงู„ุขู† ู‚ุฏ ูŠุฑูุถ ุจุนุถูƒู… ู‡ุฐุง.
03:34
Some of you may be so cosmopolitan
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ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ูƒู… ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุง
03:36
that you think that ethnicity and nationality
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ุจุญูŠุซ ุชุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุนุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูˆุทู†ูŠุฉ
03:38
should hold no moral sway.
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู„ุง ุชุญู…ู„ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุง ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุง.
03:40
But even you sophisticates accept
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ู„ูƒู† ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญู†ูƒูˆู† ู‚ุจู„ูˆุง
03:43
that there should be some pull
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ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฌุฐุจ
03:45
towards the in-group in the domain of friends and family,
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ุชุฌุงู‡ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ููŠ ู†ุทุงู‚ ุงู„ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุก ูˆุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุฉุŒ
03:47
of people you're close to,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฑุจูŠู† ู„ูƒู…ุŒ
03:49
and so even you make a distinction
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ู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ุญุชู‰ ุฃู†ุช ุชู…ูŠุฒ
03:50
between us versus them.
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ุจูŠู† ู†ุญู† ุถุฏู‡ู…
03:52
Now, this distinction is natural enough
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ูƒุงููŠุฉ
03:55
and often moral enough, but it can go awry,
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ูˆุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ูƒุงููŠุฉุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠู†ุญุฑูุŒ
03:58
and this was part of the research
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุญุซ
04:00
of the great social psychologist Henri Tajfel.
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ู„ุฃุนุธู… ุนุงู„ู… ู†ูุณ ูˆุงุฌุชู…ุงุน ู‡ู†ุฑูŠ ุชุงุฌูŠูู„.
04:02
Tajfel was born in Poland in 1919.
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ูˆู„ุฏ ุชุงุฌูŠูู„ ููŠ ุจูˆู„ู†ุฏุง ุนุงู… 1919.
04:05
He left to go to university in France,
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ุบุงุฏุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ูุฑู†ุณุง ู„ูŠู„ุชุญู‚ ุจุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉุŒ
04:07
because as a Jew, he couldn't go to university in Poland,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠุŒ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุงู„ุงู„ุชุญุงู‚ ุจุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ููŠ ุจูˆู„ู†ุฏุง
04:10
and then he enlisted in the French military
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ุซู… ุชุทูˆุน ููŠ ุงู„ุฌูŠุด ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠ
04:12
in World War II.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ.
04:14
He was captured and ended up
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ุชู… ุงู„ู‚ุจุถ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูˆุงู†ุชู‡ู‰ ุจู‡ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู
04:15
in a prisoner of war camp,
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ููŠ ุณุฌู† ู„ุฃุณุฑู‰ ุงู„ุญุฑุจุŒ
04:17
and it was a terrifying time for him,
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ูˆู‚ุชุง ู…ุฑุนุจุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ุŒ
04:19
because if it was discovered that he was a Jew,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅู† ุฃููƒุชุดู ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠุŒ
04:21
he could have been moved to a concentration camp,
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ูƒุงู† ุณูŠุชู… ู†ู‚ู„ู‡ ู„ู…ุนุณูƒุฑ ุงุนุชู‚ุงู„ุŒ
04:23
where he most likely would not have survived.
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ุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ุฃู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุฌุงุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุบู„ุจ
04:25
And in fact, when the war ended and he was released,
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ูˆููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุงู†ุชู‡ุงุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุชู… ุงู„ุฅูุฑุงุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุŒ
04:27
most of his friends and family were dead.
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ู…ุนุธู… ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุฆู‡ ูˆุนุงุฆู„ุชู‡ ู‚ุฏ ู…ุงุชูˆุง.
04:30
He got involved in different pursuits.
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ุงู†ุฎุฑุท ููŠ ู†ุดุงุทุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
04:32
He helped out the war orphans.
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ุณุงุนุฏ ุฃูŠุชุงู… ุงู„ุญุฑุจ.
04:33
But he had a long-lasting interest
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุทูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฏ
04:35
in the science of prejudice,
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ุจุนู„ู… ุงู„ุชุนุตุจุŒ
04:37
and so when a prestigious British scholarship
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ูˆุญูŠู† ูุชุญุช ู…ู†ุญุฉ ุฏุฑุงุณูŠุฉ ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุฑู…ูˆู‚ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู†ู…ุทูŠุฉ
04:39
on stereotypes opened up, he applied for it,
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ู‚ุฏู… ุทู„ุจู‹ุง ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ
04:41
and he won it,
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ูˆูุงุฒ ุจู‡ุงุŒ
04:42
and then he began this amazing career.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุจุฏุฃ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉ.
04:45
And what started his career is an insight
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ูˆู…ุง ุจุฏุฃ ุญูŠุงุชู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ูŠุฉ ุจุตูŠุฑุฉ
04:47
that the way most people were thinking
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู† ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠููƒุฑ ุจู‡ุง
04:49
about the Holocaust was wrong.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูˆู„ูˆูƒูˆุณุช ุฎุงุทุฆุฉ.
04:51
Many people, most people at the time,
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ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ
04:54
viewed the Holocaust as sort of representing
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ูŠุฑูˆู† ุงู„ู‡ูˆู„ูˆูƒูˆุณุช ูƒู†ูˆุน ูŠู…ุซู„
04:56
some tragic flaw on the part of the Germans,
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ุฎู„ู„ุง ู…ุฃุณุงูˆูŠุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุŒ
04:59
some genetic taint, some authoritarian personality.
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุนูŠูˆุจ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุจุนุถ ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณู„ุทูˆูŠุฉ.
05:03
And Tajfel rejected this.
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ูˆุฑูุถ ุชุงุฌูŠูู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
05:05
Tajfel said what we see in the Holocaust
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ู‚ุงู„ ุชุงุฌูŠูู„ ุจุฃู† ู…ุง ู†ุฑุงู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูˆู„ูˆูƒูˆุณุช
05:07
is just an exaggeration
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ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุชู‡ูˆูŠู„
05:09
of normal psychological processes
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ู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ู†ูุณูŠุฉ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ
05:11
that exist in every one of us.
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ุชูˆุฌุฏ ููŠ ูƒู„ ูุฑุฏ ู…ู†ุง
05:13
And to explore this, he did a series of classic studies
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ูˆู„ุชูˆุถูŠุญ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ุฃุฌุฑู‰ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ
05:16
with British adolescents.
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ุนู„ู‰ ูุชูŠุงู† ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠูŠู†.
05:17
And in one of his studies, what he did was he asked
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ูˆููŠ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุฏุฑุงุณุงุชู‡ ู…ุง ูุนู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุณุคุงู„
05:19
the British adolescents all sorts of questions,
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ุงู„ูุชูŠุงู† ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠูŠู† ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉุŒ
05:22
and then based on their answers, he said,
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ูˆุซู… ุจู†ุงุกู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฌุงุจุชู‡ู…ุŒ ู‚ุงู„ุŒ
05:23
"I've looked at your answers, and based on the answers,
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"ู‚ุฏ ุจุญุซุช ุฅุฌุงุจุชูƒู…ุŒ ูˆุจู†ุงุกู‹ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ
05:26
I have determined that you are either" โ€”
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ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุฑุฑุช ุฃู†ูƒู… ุณูˆุงุก" -
05:28
he told half of them โ€”
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ุฃุฎุจุฑ ู†ุตูู‡ู… -
05:29
"a Kandinsky lover, you love the work of Kandinsky,
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"ู…ุญุจูŠ ูƒุงู†ุฏูŠู†ุณูƒูŠุŒ ู…ุญุจูŠ ุนู…ู„ ูƒุงู†ุฏูŠู†ุณูƒูŠุŒ
05:32
or a Klee lover, you love the work of Klee."
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ุฃูˆ ู…ุญุจูŠ ูƒู„ูŠุŒ ู…ุญุจูŠ ุนู…ู„ ูƒู„ูŠ."
05:35
It was entirely bogus.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ูˆู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง.
05:37
Their answers had nothing to do with Kandinsky or Klee.
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ุฅุฌุงุจุงุชู‡ู… ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจู‡ู…ุง.
05:39
They probably hadn't heard of the artists.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠุณู…ุนู…ูˆุง ุนู† ุงู„ูู†ุงู†ูŠู†
05:42
He just arbitrarily divided them up.
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ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุงู… ูู‚ุท ุจุชู‚ุณูŠู…ู‡ู… ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชุนุณููŠุฉ
05:44
But what he found was, these categories mattered,
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ูˆุฌุฏู‡ ู‡ูˆุŒ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุฆุงุช ู…ู…ู‡ู…ุฉุŒ
05:48
so when he later gave the subjects money,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุงุญู‚ู‹ุง ุญูŠู† ุฃุนุทู‰ ุงู„ูุชูŠุงู† ู…ุงู„ุงุŒ
05:50
they would prefer to give the money
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ูุถู„ูˆุง ุฅุนุทุงุก ุงู„ู…ุงู„
05:52
to members of their own group
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ู„ุฃุนุถุงุก ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุชู‡ู…
05:54
than members of the other group.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุนุทุงุฆู‡ ู„ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
05:55
Worse, they were actually most interested
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ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฃ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู‡ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง
05:58
in establishing a difference
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ุจุชุฑุณูŠุฎ ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู
06:00
between their group and other groups,
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ุจูŠู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุชู‡ู… ูˆุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
06:02
so they would give up money for their own group
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุฎู„ูˆุง ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ู„ุตุงู„ุญ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุชู‡ู…
06:04
if by doing so they could give the other group even less.
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุจูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฅุนุทุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฃู‚ู„.
06:10
This bias seems to show up very early.
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ูŠุจุฏูˆุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุญูŠุฒ ู„ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุจูƒุฑ ุฌุฏู‹ุง
06:12
So my colleague and wife, Karen Wynn, at Yale
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฑููŠู‚ูŠ ูˆุฒูˆุฌุชู‡ุŒ ูƒุงุฑูŠู† ูˆูŠู†ุŒ ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ูŠูŠู„
06:14
has done a series of studies with babies
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ุฃุฌุฑูˆุง ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„
06:16
where she exposes babies to puppets,
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ุญูŠุซ ุชุนุฑุถ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุฑุงุฆุณุŒ
06:18
and the puppets have certain food preferences.
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ูˆุงู„ุนุฑุงุฆุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุชูุถูŠู„ุงุช ุบุฐุงุก ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ.
06:21
So one of the puppets might like green beans.
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุนุฑุงุฆุณ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุญุจ ุงู„ูุงุตูˆู„ูŠุง ุงู„ุฎุถุฑุงุก.
06:23
The other puppet might like graham crackers.
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ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู‚ุฏ ุชุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุฑู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุฌุฑุงู‡ุงู….
06:26
They test the babies own food preferences,
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฎุชุจุฑูˆู† ุฃุฐูˆุงู‚ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ
06:28
and babies typically prefer the graham crackers.
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ูˆุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูŠูุถู„ูˆู† ุฑู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุฌุฑุงู‡ุงู… ุนุงุฏุฉู‹
06:31
But the question is, does this matter to babies
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆุŒ ู‡ู„ ูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„
06:33
in how they treat the puppets? And it matters a lot.
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ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฏู…ู‰ุŸ ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠู‡ู… ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง.
06:36
They tend to prefer the puppet
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ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠู…ูŠู„ูˆู† ู„ุชูุถูŠู„ ุงู„ุนุฑูˆุณุฉ
06:38
who has the same food tastes that they have,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู‡ุง ู†ูุณ ู…ุฐุงู‚ ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู…ุŒ
06:41
and worse, they actually prefer puppets
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ูˆุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฃ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุญู‚ู‹ุง ูŠูุถู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุนุฑุงุฆุณ
06:44
who punish the puppet with the different food taste.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุงู‚ุจ ุงู„ุนุฑูˆุณุฉ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฐุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ู.
06:47
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
06:49
We see this sort of in-group, out-group psychology all the time.
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ู†ุฑู‰ ุนู„ู… ู†ูุณ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู† ู†ูˆุน "ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ" ูˆ"ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ" ุทูˆุงู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
06:53
We see it in political clashes
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ู†ุฑุงู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุฒุงุนุงุช ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ
06:54
within groups with different ideologies.
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ุจูŠู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุฐุงุช ุฃูŠุฏูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
06:57
We see it in its extreme in cases of war,
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ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง ููŠ ุฃู‚ุตู‰ ุญุฏูˆุฏู‡ุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑุจ.
07:00
where the out-group isn't merely given less,
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ุญูŠุซ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู„ุง ูŠุนุทูˆู† ุฃู‚ู„ ูู‚ุทุŒ
07:04
but dehumanized,
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ุจู„ ูŠูู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุชู‡ู…ุŒ
07:05
as in the Nazi perspective of Jews
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ูƒู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุฒูŠูŠู† ู„ู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ
07:07
as vermin or lice,
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ูƒู‚ู…ู„ ูˆู‡ูˆุงู….
07:10
or the American perspective of Japanese as rats.
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ุฃูˆ ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุงู† ู„ู„ูŠุงุจุงู†ูŠูŠู† ูƒุฌุฑุฐุงู†.
07:14
Stereotypes can also go awry.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู„ู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู†ู…ุทูŠุฉ ุฃู† ุชู†ุญุฑู.
07:16
So often they're rational and useful,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู‚ู„ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆู…ููŠุฏุฉ
07:18
but sometimes they're irrational,
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ุบูŠุฑ ุนู‚ู„ุงู†ูŠุฉ
07:20
they give the wrong answers,
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฌูŠุจูˆู† ุฎุทุฃ
07:21
and other times
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ูˆุงู„ุฃูˆู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰
07:22
they lead to plainly immoral consequences.
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ูŠู‚ูˆุฏูˆู† ุจูˆุถูˆุญ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนูˆุงู‚ุจ ุบูŠุฑ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ.
07:24
And the case that's been most studied
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ูˆุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู… ุฏุฑุงุณุชู‡ุง ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง
07:27
is the case of race.
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ู‡ูŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู„ุฉ.
07:29
There was a fascinating study
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ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ
07:30
prior to the 2008 election
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ู‚ุจู„ ุงู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช 2008
07:32
where social psychologists looked at the extent
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ุญูŠุซ ู†ุธุฑ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู†ูุณ ูˆุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุน ู„ู„ุญุฏ
07:35
to which the candidates were associated with America,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุตู„ ู„ู‡ ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ู…ุฑุดุญูŠู† ุจุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุงุŒ
07:39
as in an unconscious association with the American flag.
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ูƒุงู„ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ู„ุงูˆุงุนูŠ ุจุงู„ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ.
07:43
And in one of their studies they compared
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ูˆููŠ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุฏุฑุงุณุงุชู‡ู… ู‚ุงุฑู†ูˆุง
07:44
Obama and McCain, and they found McCain
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ุฃูˆุจุงู…ุง ูˆู…ุงูƒูŠู†ุŒ ูˆูˆุฌุฏูˆุง ุจุฃู† ู…ุงูƒูŠู†
07:46
is thought of as more American than Obama,
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ูŠูุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฃูˆุจุงู…ุงุŒ
07:49
and to some extent, people aren't that surprised by hearing that.
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ูˆู„ุญุฏ ู…ุงุŒ ู„ู… ูŠุชูุงุฌุฃ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู„ุณู…ุงุน ุฐู„ูƒ.
07:52
McCain is a celebrated war hero,
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ูŠุนุฏ ู…ุงูƒูŠู† ุจุทู„ ุญุฑุจ ู…ุดู‡ูˆุฑ
07:54
and many people would explicitly say
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ูˆูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† ุตุฑุงุญุฉู‹
07:55
he has more of an American story than Obama.
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ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู‚ุตุฉ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฃูˆุจุงู…ุง.
07:58
But they also compared Obama
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ู‚ุงุฑู†ูˆุง ุจูŠู† ุฃูˆุจุงู…ุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง
08:00
to British Prime Minister Tony Blair,
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ูˆุฑุฆูŠุณ ูˆุฒุฑุงุก ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุง ุชูˆู†ูŠ ุจู„ูŠุฑุŒ
08:03
and they found that Blair was also thought of
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ูˆูˆุฌุฏูˆุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุฃู† ุจู„ูŠุฑ ูŠูุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡
08:05
as more American than Obama,
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ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฃูˆุจุงู…ุงุŒ
08:07
even though subjects explicitly understood
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ุญุชู‰ ุฑุบู… ูู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ูุฌุฑู‰ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุตุฑุงุญุฉู‹
08:09
that he's not American at all.
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ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ.
08:12
But they were responding, of course,
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุฃุฌุงุจูˆุงุŒ ุจุงู„ุทุจุนุŒ
08:14
to the color of his skin.
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ู„ุตุงู„ุญ ู„ูˆู† ุจุดุฑุชู‡.
08:17
These stereotypes and biases
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู†ู…ุทูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุญูŠุฒุงุช
08:19
have real-world consequences,
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ู„ู‡ุง ุนูˆุงู‚ุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุŒ
08:20
both subtle and very important.
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ูƒู„ุงู‡ู…ุง ู‡ุงู….
08:23
In one recent study, researchers
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ููŠ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุญุฏูŠุซุฉุŒ ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุจุงุญุซูˆู†
08:26
put ads on eBay for the sale of baseball cards.
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ุฅุนู„ุงู†ุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุฅูŠ ุจุงูŠ ู„ุจูŠุน ูƒุฑูˆุช ุจูŠุณุจูˆู„.
08:29
Some of them were held by white hands,
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ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุชุญู…ู„ู‡ ุฃูŠุงุฏูŠ ุจูŠุถุงุกุŒ
08:32
others by black hands.
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ูˆุงู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุฃูŠุงุฏูŠ ุณูˆุฏุงุก.
08:33
They were the same baseball cards.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ู†ูุณ ูƒุฑูˆุช ุงู„ุจูŠุณุจูˆู„.
08:35
The ones held by black hands
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ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ุฃูŠุงุฏูŠ ุณูˆุฏุงุก
08:36
got substantially smaller bids
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ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุนุทุงุกุงุช ุฃุตุบุฑ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู„ุญูˆุธุฉ
08:38
than the ones held by white hands.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠ ุฃูŠุงุฏูŠ ุจูŠุถุงุก.
08:41
In research done at Stanford,
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ููŠ ุจุญุซ ุชู… ููŠ ุณุชุงู†ููˆุฑุฏ
08:43
psychologists explored the case of people
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ุฃูˆุถุญ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
08:47
sentenced for the murder of a white person.
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ุงู„ู…ุฏุงู†ูŠู† ุจู‚ุชู„ ุดุฎุต ุฃุจูŠุถ.
08:51
It turns out, holding everything else constant,
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ุงุชุถุญุŒ ูˆูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุจุณุงุช ูˆุงุญุฏุฉุŒ
08:53
you are considerably more likely to be executed
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ุฃู†ูƒู… ุนุฑุถู‡ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุฅุนุฏุงู…
08:56
if you look like the man on the right
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ู„ูˆ ูƒู†ุชู… ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†
08:58
than the man on the left,
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑุŒ
09:00
and this is in large part because
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู„ุฃู†
09:02
the man on the right looks more prototypically black,
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ุงู„ุฑุฌู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุชุจุฏูˆุง ุฃุตูˆู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุŒ
09:04
more prototypically African-American,
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุตูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃูุฑูˆุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉุŒ
09:07
and this apparently influences people's decisions
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ูˆูŠุคุซุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
09:09
over what to do about him.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู…ุง ูŠุฌุจ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู„ู‡ู….
09:11
So now that we know about this,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุขู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
09:12
how do we combat it?
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ูƒุงูุญุชู‡ุŸ
09:14
And there are different avenues.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
09:15
One avenue is to appeal
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ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ู‡ูŠ ู…ู†ุงุดุฏุฉ
09:17
to people's emotional responses,
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ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุนุงุทููŠุฉุŒ
09:19
to appeal to people's empathy,
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ู…ู†ุงุดุฏุฉ ุฑุญู…ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ
09:21
and we often do that through stories.
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุนุจุฑ ู‚ุตุต.
09:23
So if you are a liberal parent
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ูˆุงู„ุฏุง ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠุง
09:25
and you want to encourage your children
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ูˆุฃุฑุฏุช ุฃู† ุชุญูุฒ ุฃุจู†ุงุกูƒ
09:27
to believe in the merits of nontraditional families,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏ ููŠ ู…ุฒุงูŠุง ุงู„ุนุงุฆู„ุงุช ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉุŒ
09:30
you might give them a book like this. ["Heather Has Two Mommies"]
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฅุนุทุงุฆู‡ู… ูƒุชุงุจ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง "ู‡ูŠุซุฑ ู„ู‡ ูˆุงู„ุฏุชุงู†"
09:32
If you are conservative and have a different attitude,
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ุฅู† ูƒู†ุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูŠู† ูˆู„ูƒ ู…ูˆู‚ู ู…ุฎุชู„ูุŒ
09:34
you might give them a book like this.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฅุนุทุงุฆู‡ู… ูƒุชุงุจ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง.
09:36
(Laughter) ["Help! Mom! There Are Liberals under My Bed!"]
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"ุงู„ู†ุฌุฏุฉ! ุฃู…ูŠ! ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูˆู† ุชุญุช ุณุฑูŠุฑูŠ!"
09:37
But in general, stories can turn
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ูˆู…ุŒ ุงู„ู‚ุตุต ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุญูˆู„
09:41
anonymous strangers into people who matter,
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ุงู„ุบุฑุจุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ูˆู„ูŠู† ู„ุฃู†ุงุณ ู„ู‡ู… ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉุŒ
09:43
and the idea that we care about people
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ูˆุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุนุชู†ูŠ ุจุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
09:46
when we focus on them as individuals
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ุญูŠู† ู†ุฑูƒุฒ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ูƒุฃูุฑุงุฏ
09:47
is an idea which has shown up across history.
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ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุธู‡ุฑุช ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ.
09:50
So Stalin apocryphally said,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุงู„ ุณุชุงู†ู„ูŠุŒ
09:52
"A single death is a tragedy,
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"ู…ูˆุช ูุฑุฏ ู…ุฃุณุงุฉุŒ
09:54
a million deaths is a statistic,"
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ู…ูˆุช ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฅุญุตุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ"
09:56
and Mother Teresa said,
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ูˆู‚ุงู„ุช ุงู„ุฃู… ุชุฑูŠุฒุงุŒ
09:57
"If I look at the mass, I will never act.
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"ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุช ู„ุญุดุฏุŒ ู„ู† ุฃุชุญุฑูƒ ุฃุจุฏู‹ุง.
09:59
If I look at the one, I will."
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ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุช ู„ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ุณูˆู ุฃุชุญุฑูƒ."
10:01
Psychologists have explored this.
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ุฃูˆุถุญ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู†ูุณ ู‡ุฐุง.
10:03
For instance, in one study,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ููŠ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉุŒ
10:05
people were given a list of facts about a crisis,
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ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุชู… ุฅุนุทุงุฆู‡ู… ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุฒู…ุฉุŒ
10:07
and it was seen how much they would donate
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ู„ู†ุฑู‰ ุจูƒู… ุณูˆู ูŠุชุจุฑุนูˆู†
10:12
to solve this crisis,
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ู„ุญู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุฒู…ุฉุŒ
10:13
and another group was given no facts at all
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ูˆู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ู… ูŠุชู… ุฅุนุทุงุฆู‡ู… ุฃูŠ ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚
10:15
but they were told of an individual
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุชู… ุฅุฎุจุงุฑู‡ู… ุนู† ูุฑุฏ
10:17
and given a name and given a face,
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ูˆุงุณู…ู‡ ูˆูˆุฌู‡ู‡ุŒ
10:20
and it turns out that they gave far more.
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ูˆุงุชุถุญ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู…ู†ุญูˆุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ.
10:23
None of this I think is a secret
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ูˆู„ุง ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุณุฑ
10:25
to the people who are engaged in charity work.
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ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฎุฑุทูŠู† ููŠ ุนู…ู„ ุฎูŠุฑูŠ.
10:27
People don't tend to deluge people
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ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู„ุง ูŠู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุบู…ุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
10:29
with facts and statistics.
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ุจุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ูˆุงู„ุฅุญุตุงุฆูŠุงุช.
10:31
Rather, you show them faces,
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ู„ูƒู†ุŒ ุฃุฑูˆู‡ู… ูˆุฌู‡ู‡ู…ุŒ
10:32
you show them people.
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ุฃุฑูˆู‡ู… ู†ุงุณ.
10:33
It's possible that by extending our sympathies
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ูู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชูˆุณูŠุน ุดูู‚ุชู†ุง
10:37
to an individual, they can spread
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ุนู„ู‰ ูุฑุฏุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชู†ุชุดุฑ
10:39
to the group that the individual belongs to.
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ู„ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู†ุชู…ูŠ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุฑุฏ.
10:42
This is Harriet Beecher Stowe.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ุงุฑูŠุช ุจูŠุชุดุฑ ุณุชูˆ.
10:44
The story, perhaps apocryphal,
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ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉุŒ ุฑุจู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู„ูู‚ุฉุŒ
10:46
is that President Lincoln invited her
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ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณ ู„ูŠู†ูƒูˆู„ู† ุฏุนุงู‡ุง
10:49
to the White House in the middle of the Civil War
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ู„ู„ุจูŠุช ุงู„ุฃุจูŠุถ ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุฃู‡ู„ูŠุฉ
10:51
and said to her,
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ูˆู‚ุงู„ ู„ู‡ุง
10:52
"So you're the little lady who started this great war."
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"ุฅุฐู‹ุง ุฃู†ุช ุงู„ุณูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจุฏุฃุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุฉ."
10:55
And he was talking about "Uncle Tom's Cabin."
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ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† "ูƒูˆุฎ ุงู„ุนู… ุชูˆู…."
10:57
"Uncle Tom's Cabin" is not a great book of philosophy
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ู„ูŠุณ "ูƒูˆุฎ ุงู„ุนู… ุชูˆู…" ูƒุชุงุจุง ู‚ูŠู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูู„ุณูุฉ
10:59
or of theology or perhaps not even literature,
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ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุงู‡ูˆุช ุฃูˆ ุฑุจู…ุง ูˆู„ุง ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฏุจุŒ
11:02
but it does a great job
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุนู…ู„ ู‚ูŠู…
11:05
of getting people to put themselves in the shoes
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ู„ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠุถุนูˆู† ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ููŠ ุฃุญุฐูŠุฉ
11:07
of people they wouldn't otherwise be in the shoes of,
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ุฃู†ุงุณ ู„ู… ูŠูˆุฏูˆุง ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑูŠ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ููŠ ุฃุญุฐูŠุชู‡ู…
11:10
put themselves in the shoes of slaves.
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ูˆุถุนูˆุง ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ููŠ ุฃุญุฐูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุจูŠุฏ.
11:12
And that could well have been a catalyst
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุญุงูุฒุง ุฌูŠุฏุง
11:14
for great social change.
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ู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
11:15
More recently, looking at America
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ุญุฏูŠุซู‹ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑุŒ ุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง
11:18
in the last several decades,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉุŒ
11:21
there's some reason to believe that shows like "The Cosby Show"
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุณุจุจ ู…ุง ู„ู„ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏ ุฃู† ุนุฑูˆุถ ู…ุซู„ "ูƒูˆุณุจูŠ ุดูˆ"
11:24
radically changed American attitudes towards African-Americans,
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ุบูŠุฑุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ู ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุฌุฐุฑูŠู‹ุง ุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุฃูุฑูˆุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู†
11:27
while shows like "Will and Grace" and "Modern Family"
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ููŠ ุญูŠู† ุนุฑูˆุถ ู…ุซู„ "ูˆูŠู„ ุฃู†ุฏ ุบุฑูŠุณ" ูˆ"ู…ูˆุฏุฑู† ูุงู…ูŠู„ูŠ"
11:30
changed American attitudes
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ุบูŠุฑุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ู ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ
11:31
towards gay men and women.
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ุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ูˆุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ุงู„ุดูˆุงุฐ.
11:32
I don't think it's an exaggeration to say
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ู„ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู‡ูˆูŠู„ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„
11:35
that the major catalyst in America for moral change
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุญุงูุฒ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ููŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ู„ู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ
11:38
has been a situation comedy.
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ูƒุงู† ูƒูˆู…ูŠุฏูŠุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ู.
11:40
But it's not all emotions,
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุนุฑุŒ
11:42
and I want to end by appealing
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ูˆุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู†ู‡ูŠ ุจู…ู†ุงุดุฏุฉ
11:43
to the power of reason.
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ู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚.
11:45
At some point in his wonderful book
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ููŠ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ุง ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจู‡ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุน
11:47
"The Better Angels of Our Nature,"
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"ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู„ุงุฆูƒุฉ ุทุจูŠุนุชู†ุง"
11:49
Steven Pinker says,
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ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุณุชูŠููŠู† ุจูŠู†ูƒุฑุŒ
11:51
the Old Testament says love thy neighbor,
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ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุนู‡ุฏ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู… ุฃุญุจ ุฌุงุฑูƒุŒ
11:53
and the New Testament says love thy enemy,
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ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุนู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุฃุญุจ ุนุฏูˆูƒุŒ
11:56
but I don't love either one of them, not really,
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ู„ูƒู†ูŠ ู„ุง ุฃุญุจ ุฃุญุฏุง ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุงุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
11:59
but I don't want to kill them.
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ู„ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ุชู„ู‡ู…ุง.
12:00
I know I have obligations to them,
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ุฃุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุฏูŠ ูˆุงุฌุจุงุช ุชุฌุงู‡ู‡ู…ุงุŒ
12:02
but my moral feelings to them, my moral beliefs
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุดุงุนุฑูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ู…ุงุŒ ูˆู…ุนุชู‚ุฏุงุชูŠ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ
12:06
about how I should behave towards them,
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ุนู† ูƒูŠู ูŠุฌุจ ุงู„ุชุตุฑู ู†ุญูˆู‡ู…ุงุŒ
12:07
aren't grounded in love.
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ู„ุง ุชุฑุชูƒุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุจ.
12:09
What they're grounded in is the understanding of human rights,
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ู…ุง ุชุฑุชูƒุฒ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ูˆ ูู‡ู… ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ
12:11
a belief that their life is as valuable to them
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ุงู„ุฅูŠู…ุงู† ุจุญูŠุงุชู‡ู… ูƒู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ู„ู‡ู…
12:14
as my life is to me,
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ูƒู…ุง ุญูŠุงุชูŠ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠุŒ
12:16
and to support this, he tells a story
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ูˆู„ูŠุฏุนู… ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูŠุญูƒูŠ ู‚ุตุฉ
12:18
by the great philosopher Adam Smith,
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ุงู„ูู„ูŠุณูˆู ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุขุฏู… ุณู…ูŠุซุŒ
12:20
and I want to tell this story too,
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ูˆุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุญูƒูŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุงุŒ
12:21
though I'm going to modify it a little bit
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ุฑุบู… ุฃู†ูŠ ุจุตุฏุฏ ุชุนุฏูŠู„ู‡ุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ู‹ุง
12:23
for modern times.
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ู„ู„ุนุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ.
12:24
So Adam Smith starts by asking you to imagine
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ุจุฏุฃ ุขุฏู… ุณู…ูŠุซ ูŠุทู„ุจ ู…ู†ูƒู… ุชุฎูŠู„
12:26
the death of thousands of people,
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ู…ูˆุช ุงู„ุขู„ุงู ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ
12:28
and imagine that the thousands of people
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ูˆุชุฎูŠู„ ุฃู† ุงู„ุขู„ุงู ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
12:30
are in a country you are not familiar with.
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ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฃู„ูˆูุฉ ู„ูƒ.
12:33
It could be China or India or a country in Africa.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุตูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ ุฃูˆ ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง.
12:36
And Smith says, how would you respond?
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ูˆู‚ุงู„ ุณู…ูŠุซุŒ ูƒูŠู ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุชูƒุŸ
12:39
And you would say, well that's too bad,
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ูˆุฃู†ุช ุณุชู‚ูˆู„ุŒ ุญุณู†ู‹ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุณูŠุก ุฌุฏู‹ุงุŒ
12:41
and you'd go on to the rest of your life.
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ูˆุณูˆู ุชุณุชู…ุฑ ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชูƒ.
12:43
If you were to open up The New York Times online or something,
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ู„ูˆ ูƒู†ุช ุชูุชุญ ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ ุชุงูŠู…ุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ูŠุช
12:45
and discover this, and in fact this happens to us all the time,
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ูˆุชูƒุชุดู ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ูˆููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูŠุญุฏุซ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ู†ุง ุทูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ
12:48
we go about our lives.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุณูŠุฑ ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง.
12:49
But imagine instead, Smith says,
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ู„ูƒู† ุชุฎูŠู„ ุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุณู…ูŠุซุŒ
12:52
you were to learn that tomorrow
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ูƒู†ุช ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุบุฏุง
12:53
you were to have your little finger chopped off.
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠู‚ุทุน ุฃุตุจุนูƒ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ.
12:55
Smith says, that would matter a lot.
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ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุณู…ูŠุซุŒ ุฐู„ูƒ ุณูˆู ูŠู‡ู… ูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง.
12:58
You would not sleep that night
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ู„ู† ุชู†ุงู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุฉ
12:59
wondering about that.
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ู‚ู„ู‚ุง ุญูŠุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒ.
13:00
So this raises the question:
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุซูŠุฑ ุชุณุงุคู„ู‹ุง:
13:02
Would you sacrifice thousands of lives
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ู‡ู„ ุณุชุถุญูŠ ุจุขู„ุงู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑูˆุงุญ
13:05
to save your little finger?
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ู„ุชู†ุฌูŠ ุฃุตุจุนูƒ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุŸ
13:07
Now answer this in the privacy of your own head,
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ุงู„ุขู† ุฃุฌุจ ููŠ ู‚ุฑุงุฑุฉ ู†ูุณูƒุŒ
13:09
but Smith says, absolutely not,
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ู„ูƒู† ุณู…ูŠุซ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ุŒ ู„ุง ู…ุทู„ู‚ู‹ุง
13:12
what a horrid thought.
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ู…ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ููƒุฑ ุงู„ุจุดุน.
13:14
And so this raises the question,
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุซูŠุฑ ุชุณุงุคู„ู‹ุงุŒ
13:16
and so, as Smith puts it,
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุถุนู‡ ุณู…ูŠุซุŒ
13:17
"When our passive feelings are almost always
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"ุญูŠู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุดุงุนุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุณู„ุจูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุบู„ุจ ุฏุงุฆู…ู‹ุง
13:19
so sordid and so selfish,
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ุฏู†ูŠุฆุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ูˆุฃู†ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุงุŒ
13:21
how comes it that our active principles
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ูƒูŠู ู„ู…ุจุงุฏุฆู†ุง ุงู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠุฉ
13:22
should often be so generous and so noble?"
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ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ูƒุฑูŠู…ุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ูˆู†ุจูŠู„ุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุงุŸ"
13:25
And Smith's answer is, "It is reason,
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ูˆุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุณู…ูŠุซ ู‡ูŠุŒ "ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚
13:27
principle, conscience.
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุจุฏุฃ ูˆุงู„ุถู…ูŠุฑ.
13:29
[This] calls to us,
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[ู‡ุฐุง] ูŠุฏุนูˆู†ุงุŒ
13:30
with a voice capable of astonishing the most presumptuous of our passions,
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ุจุตูˆุช ู‚ุงุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฐู‡ุงู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑุนูˆุงุทูู†ุง ุชุฌุฑุคู‹ุงุŒ
13:34
that we are but one of the multitude,
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ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุนุฏูŠุฏุŒ
13:35
in no respect better than any other in it."
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ู„ุณู†ุง ุจุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ ุจุฃูŠ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ."
13:38
And this last part is what is often described
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ู…ุง ูŠูˆุตู
13:40
as the principle of impartiality.
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ูƒู…ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุฏ.
13:43
And this principle of impartiality manifests itself
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ูˆูŠุจุฑู‡ู† ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุนู† ู†ูุณู‡
13:46
in all of the world's religions,
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ููŠ ูƒู„ ุนู‚ุงุฆุฏ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
13:47
in all of the different versions of the golden rule,
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ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฅุตุฏุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุจูŠุฉุŒ
13:50
and in all of the world's moral philosophies,
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ูˆููŠ ูƒู„ ูู„ุณูุงุช ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉุŒ
13:52
which differ in many ways
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฎุชู„ู ููŠ ู†ูˆุงุญ ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ
13:53
but share the presupposition that we should judge morality
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ู„ูƒู† ุชุดุชุฑูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ุงุช
13:56
from sort of an impartial point of view.
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ู…ู† ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุฌุฑุฏุฉ ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง.
13:59
The best articulation of this view
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ุฃูุถู„ ุชุนุจูŠุฑ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุฃูŠ
14:01
is actually, for me, it's not from a theologian or from a philosopher,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ู„ุงู‡ูˆุชูŠ ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ูู„ูŠุณูˆูุŒ
14:04
but from Humphrey Bogart
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ู‡ุงู…ูุฑูŠ ุจูˆุฌุงุฑุช
14:06
at the end of "Casablanca."
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ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ "ูƒุงุฒุงุจู„ุงู†ูƒุง"
14:07
So, spoiler alert, he's telling his lover
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุชู†ุจูŠู‡ ู…ูุณุฏุŒ ูŠุฎุจุฑ ุญุจูŠุจุชู‡
14:11
that they have to separate
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ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠู†ูุตู„ูˆุง
14:12
for the more general good,
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ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุฎูŠุฑ ุฃุนู…
14:14
and he says to her, and I won't do the accent,
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ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู„ู† ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุฃุฏุงุก ุงู„ู„ูƒู†ุฉุŒ
14:16
but he says to her, "It doesn't take much to see
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู‡ุงุŒ "ู„ู† ูŠู…ุฑ ูˆู‚ุช ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ุชุฑูŠ
14:17
that the problems of three little people
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ุฃู† ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃู†ุงุณ ุตุบูŠุฑูŠู†
14:19
don't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world."
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ู„ุง ุชุตู„ ู„ุชู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ููˆู„ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุฌู†ูˆู†.
14:22
Our reason could cause us to override our passions.
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ู…ู†ุทู‚ู†ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุณุจุจ ู„ู†ุง ุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ุนูˆุงุทูู†ุง.
14:25
Our reason could motivate us
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ู…ู†ุทู‚ู†ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุญูุฒู†ุง
14:27
to extend our empathy,
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ู„ู†ุญุฏ ู…ู† ุชุนุงุทูู†ุงุŒ
14:28
could motivate us to write a book like "Uncle Tom's Cabin,"
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุญูุฒู†ุง ู„ู†ูƒุชุจ ูƒุชุงุจ ู…ุซู„ "ูƒูˆุฎ ุงู„ุนู… ุชูˆู…."
14:30
or read a book like "Uncle Tom's Cabin,"
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ุฃูˆ ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ูƒุชุงุจ ู…ุซู„ "ูƒูˆุฎ ุงู„ุนู… ุชูˆู…ุŒ"
14:32
and our reason can motivate us to create
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ูˆู…ู†ุทู‚ู†ุง ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ูŠุญูุฒู†ุง ู„ุฎู„ู‚
14:35
customs and taboos and laws
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ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ูˆู…ุญุฑู…ุงุช ูˆู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†
14:37
that will constrain us
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃู† ุชู‚ูŠุฏู†ุง
14:39
from acting upon our impulses
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุตุฑู ุจุงู†ุฏูุงุน
14:40
when, as rational beings, we feel
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุงุŒ ูƒูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุนุงู‚ู„ุฉุŒ ู†ุดุนุฑ
14:42
we should be constrained.
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ุฃู†ู†ุง ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ูู‚ูŠุฏ.
14:43
This is what a constitution is.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงุงู„ุฏุณุชูˆุฑ.
14:45
A constitution is something which was set up in the past
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ุงู„ุฏุณุชูˆุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุดูŠุก ู‚ุฏ ุฃูุนุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ
14:48
that applies now in the present,
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ูˆูŠุทุจู‚ ุงู„ุขู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงุถุฑุŒ
14:50
and what it says is,
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ูˆู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆุŒ
14:51
no matter how much we might to reelect
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ู„ุง ูŠู‡ู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ู…ุฏู‰ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุฅู†ุชุฎุงุจ
14:53
a popular president for a third term,
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ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุฐูŠ ุดุนุจูŠุฉ ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุฑุฆุงุณูŠุฉ ุซุงู„ุซุฉุŒ
14:55
no matter how much white Americans might choose
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ู„ุง ูŠู‡ู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ู…ุฏู‰ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุจูŠุถ
14:57
to feel that they want to reinstate the institution of slavery, we can't.
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ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ุฃู† ูŠุดุนุฑูˆุง ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ู…ุคุณุณุฉ ุงู„ุฑู‚ุŒ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ.
15:01
We have bound ourselves.
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ู‚ูŠู‘ุฏู†ุง ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง.
15:03
And we bind ourselves in other ways as well.
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ูˆู†ู‚ูŠุฏ ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง ุจุทุฑู‚ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง.
15:06
We know that when it comes to choosing somebody
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ู†ุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒ ุญูŠู† ุชุฃุชูŠ ู„ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ุดุฎุต ู…ุง
15:08
for a job, for an award,
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ู„ูˆุธูŠูุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ู„ุฌุงุฆุฒุฉุŒ
15:11
we are strongly biased by their race,
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ู†ุชุญูŠุฒ ุจุดุฏุฉ ู„ุณู„ุงู„ุชู‡ู…ุŒ
15:14
we are biased by their gender,
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ู†ุชุญูŠุฒ ู„ุฌู†ุณู‡ู…ุŒ
15:17
we are biased by how attractive they are,
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ู†ุชุญูŠุฒ ู„ู…ุฏู‰ ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุชู‡ู…ุŒ
15:19
and sometimes we might say, "Well fine, that's the way it should be."
407
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ูˆุฃุญูŠุงู†ู‹ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ุŒ "ุญุณู†ู‹ุง ุฌูŠุฏุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ"
15:21
But other times we say, "This is wrong."
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุฃูˆู‚ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู†ู‚ูˆู„ุŒ "ู‡ุฐุง ุฎุทุฃ."
15:24
And so to combat this,
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู…ูƒุงูุญุฉ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ
15:26
we don't just try harder,
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ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุจุฌุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑุŒ
15:28
but rather what we do is we set up situations
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ู„ูƒู† ุจู„ ู…ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฅุนุฏุงุฏ ุญุงู„ุงุช
15:31
where these other sources of information can't bias us,
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ุญูŠุซ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุตุงุฏุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู„ุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ุชุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู…ู†ุญุงุฒูŠู†ุŒ
15:34
which is why many orchestras
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุณุจุจ ุฃู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ูุฑู‚
15:35
audition musicians behind screens,
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ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑูƒุณุชุฑุง ุชุฎุชุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูŠู‚ูŠูŠู† ุฎู„ู ุดุงุดุงุชุŒ
15:38
so the only information they have
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏุฉ
15:39
is the information they believe should matter.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชู‡ู….
15:42
I think prejudice and bias
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุชุนุตุจ ูˆุงู„ุชุญูŠุฒ
15:44
illustrate a fundamental duality of human nature.
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ูŠูˆุถุญ ุงู„ุงุฒุฏูˆุงุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌูˆู‡ุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุฉ
15:47
We have gut feelings, instincts, emotions,
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุดุงุนุฑ ุฌุฑูŠุฆุฉ ูˆุบุฑุงุฆุฒ ูˆุนูˆุงุทูุŒ
15:51
and they affect our judgments and our actions
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุคุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุญูƒุงู…ู†ุง ูˆุฃูุนุงู„ู†ุง
15:53
for good and for evil,
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ู„ู„ุฎูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ุดุฑุŒ
15:55
but we are also capable of rational deliberation
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูˆู† ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ุงู†ูŠุฉ
15:59
and intelligent planning,
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ูˆุงู„ุชุฎุทูŠุท ุงู„ุฐูƒูŠุŒ
16:01
and we can use these to, in some cases,
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ูˆู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุงุŒ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุชุŒ
16:03
accelerate and nourish our emotions,
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ู„ุชุณุฑูŠุน ูˆุชุบุฐูŠุฉ ุนูˆุงุทูู†ุงุŒ
16:05
and in other cases staunch them.
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ูˆููŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู†ูƒุจุญู‡ุง.
16:08
And it's in this way
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ูˆุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ
16:09
that reason helps us create a better world.
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ูŠุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎู„ู‚ ุนุงู„ู… ุฃูุถู„.
16:12
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑู‹ุง ู„ูƒู….
16:14
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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