Paul Bloom: Can prejudice ever be a good thing?

184,833 views ใƒป 2014-07-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Oren Szekatch
00:12
When we think about prejudice and bias,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืฉื•ื—ื“ืช,
00:15
we tend to think about stupid and evil people
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ืื ื• ื‘"ื› ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื ื•ืจืขื™ื
00:17
doing stupid and evil things.
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉื™ื ื•ืจืขื™ื.
00:19
And this idea is nicely summarized
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ื•ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืกื™ื›ื ื™ืคื”
00:21
by the British critic William Hazlitt,
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ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ื™ื™ื–ืœื™ื˜,
00:24
who wrote, "Prejudice is the child of ignorance."
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ืฉื›ืชื‘: "ื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช."
00:27
I want to try to convince you here
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื
00:29
that this is mistaken.
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ืฉื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช.
00:31
I want to try to convince you
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื
00:32
that prejudice and bias
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ืฉื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืฉื•ื—ื“ืช
00:34
are natural, they're often rational,
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ื”ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
00:37
and they're often even moral,
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช,
00:39
and I think that once we understand this,
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื›ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”,
00:41
we're in a better position to make sense of them
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ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื™ืžืŸ
00:44
when they go wrong,
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
00:45
when they have horrible consequences,
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ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื•ืช,
00:47
and we're in a better position to know what to do
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ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
00:49
when this happens.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
00:51
So, start with stereotypes. You look at me,
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ืื– ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ึตื˜ืคึผืกื™ื (ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื). ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™,
00:54
you know my name, you know certain facts about me,
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ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื™, ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
00:56
and you could make certain judgments.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
00:58
You could make guesses about my ethnicity,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืืชื ื™ ืฉืœื™,
01:01
my political affiliation, my religious beliefs.
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
01:04
And the thing is, these judgments tend to be accurate.
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ื“"ื› ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื.
01:06
We're very good at this sort of thing.
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ืื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:08
And we're very good at this sort of thing
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ื•ืื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:10
because our ability to stereotype people
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื˜ืคื™ืก ืื ืฉื™ื
01:12
is not some sort of arbitrary quirk of the mind,
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ืื™ื ื” ืื™ื–ื• ื’ื—ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
01:16
but rather it's a specific instance
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ืืœื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช
01:18
of a more general process,
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ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:20
which is that we have experience
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ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ
01:21
with things and people in the world
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ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:23
that fall into categories,
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ืฉืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:24
and we can use our experience to make generalizations
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื›ืœืœื•ืช
01:27
about novel instances of these categories.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื”.
01:29
So everybody here has a lot of experience
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื›ื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ
01:31
with chairs and apples and dogs,
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ืขื ื›ืกืื•ืช, ืขื ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื.
01:34
and based on this, you could see
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ื•ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช
01:35
unfamiliar examples and you could guess,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื-ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ื—ืฉ,
01:37
you could sit on the chair,
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกื,
01:39
you could eat the apple, the dog will bark.
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ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ื— ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื”ื›ืœื‘ ื ื‘ื™ื—ื”.
01:41
Now we might be wrong.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื˜ืขื”.
01:43
The chair could collapse if you sit on it,
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ื”ื›ื™ืกื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ื›ืฉื ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื•,
01:45
the apple might be poison, the dog might not bark,
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ื”ืชืคื•ื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืจืขืœ, ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื ื‘ื—,
01:47
and in fact, this is my dog Tessie, who doesn't bark.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ืืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ืฉืœื™, ื˜ืกื™, ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื•ื‘ื—ืช.
01:50
But for the most part, we're good at this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“"ื› ืื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
01:53
For the most part, we make good guesses
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ื‘ื“"ื› ืื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ
01:55
both in the social domain and the non-social domain,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืœื-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
01:57
and if we weren't able to do so,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
01:58
if we weren't able to make guesses about new instances that we encounter,
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ืื™ืœื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื,
02:02
we wouldn't survive.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื.
02:03
And in fact, Hazlitt later on in his wonderful essay
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื™ื–ืœื™ื˜, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื ืคืœื ืฉืœื•
02:06
concedes this.
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ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš.
02:07
He writes, "Without the aid of prejudice and custom,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘: "ืœืœื ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ,
02:10
I should not be able to find my way my across the room;
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"ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ,
02:12
nor know how to conduct myself in any circumstances,
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"ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกืชื“ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืฆื‘,
02:15
nor what to feel in any relation of life."
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"ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช-ื™ื—ืกื™ื."
02:19
Or take bias.
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ืื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ื“ืช.
02:21
Now sometimes, we break the world up into
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:22
us versus them, into in-group versus out-group,
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ืœ"ื”ื" ื•"ืื ื—ื ื•", ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
02:25
and sometimes when we do this,
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช,
02:26
we know we're doing something wrong,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
02:28
and we're kind of ashamed of it.
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ื•ืื ื• ืงืฆืช ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืš.
02:30
But other times we're proud of it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื ื• ื’ืื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
02:31
We openly acknowledge it.
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ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™.
02:33
And my favorite example of this
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ื•ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ ืœื›ืš
02:34
is a question that came from the audience
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืŸ ื”ืงื”ืœ
02:37
in a Republican debate prior to the last election.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
02:39
(Video) Anderson Cooper: Gets to your question,
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[ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ] ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคืจ: ืœืฉืืœืชืš,
02:42
the question in the hall, on foreign aid? Yes, ma'am.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฅ? ื›ืŸ, ื’ื‘ื™ืจืชื™?
02:46
Woman: The American people are suffering
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ืืฉื”: ื”ืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:48
in our country right now.
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02:51
Why do we continue to send foreign aid
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืกื™ื•ืข-ื—ื•ืฅ
02:54
to other countries
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ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
02:55
when we need all the help we can get for ourselves?
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•?
02:59
AC: Governor Perry, what about that?
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ื"ืง: ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ืคืจื™, ืžื” ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ?
03:01
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
03:03
Rick Perry: Absolutely, I think it'sโ€”
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ืจื™ืง ืคืจื™: ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” --
03:05
Paul Bloom: Each of the people onstage
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ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื: ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”
03:07
agreed with the premise of her question,
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ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขื ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื”,
03:08
which is as Americans, we should care more
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:11
about Americans than about other people.
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ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืœืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:13
And in fact, in general, people are often swayed
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื
03:16
by feelings of solidarity, loyalty, pride, patriotism,
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ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช, ื ืืžื ื•ืช, ื’ืื•ื•ื”, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
03:19
towards their country or towards their ethnic group.
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ื•ืœืื”ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืืจืฆื ืื• ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืืชื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:22
Regardless of your politics, many people feel proud to be American,
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ืื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื,
03:25
and they favor Americans over other countries.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:27
Residents of other countries feel the same about their nation,
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ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืœืื•ื ืฉืœื”ื,
03:30
and we feel the same about our ethnicities.
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ื•ืื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื•ืฆื ื”ืืชื ื™.
03:32
Now some of you may reject this.
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื›ืš.
03:34
Some of you may be so cosmopolitan
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
03:36
that you think that ethnicity and nationality
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ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ืœืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืื•ื
03:38
should hold no moral sway.
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
03:40
But even you sophisticates accept
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืืชื, ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื
03:43
that there should be some pull
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื–ื• ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
03:45
towards the in-group in the domain of friends and family,
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
03:47
of people you're close to,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื,
03:49
and so even you make a distinction
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืืชื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื
03:50
between us versus them.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืื ื—ื ื•" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ื".
03:52
Now, this distinction is natural enough
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ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง
03:55
and often moral enough, but it can go awry,
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ,
03:58
and this was part of the research
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
04:00
of the great social psychologist Henri Tajfel.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืจื™ ื˜ื’'ืคืœ.
04:02
Tajfel was born in Poland in 1919.
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ื˜ื’'ืคืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘-1919.
04:05
He left to go to university in France,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช,
04:07
because as a Jew, he couldn't go to university in Poland,
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ื›ื™ ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ,
04:10
and then he enlisted in the French military
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ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื‘ื ืฆืจืคืช
04:12
in World War II.
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”-2.
04:14
He was captured and ended up
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ื”ื•ื ื ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™
04:15
in a prisoner of war camp,
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ื•ื”ื•ื›ื ืก ืœืžื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”,
04:17
and it was a terrifying time for him,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื•,
04:19
because if it was discovered that he was a Jew,
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืœื• ื ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™,
04:21
he could have been moved to a concentration camp,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื—ื ื”-ืจื™ื›ื•ื–,
04:23
where he most likely would not have survived.
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ื•ืฉื, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:25
And in fact, when the war ended and he was released,
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ,
04:27
most of his friends and family were dead.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•.
04:30
He got involved in different pursuits.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
04:32
He helped out the war orphans.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ืชื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
04:33
But he had a long-lasting interest
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš
04:35
in the science of prejudice,
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ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”,
04:37
and so when a prestigious British scholarship
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืžื™ืœื’ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช
04:39
on stereotypes opened up, he applied for it,
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ื˜ืคืกื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื ืจืฉื,
04:41
and he won it,
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ื•ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื”,
04:42
and then he began this amazing career.
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ื•ืื– ืคืชื— ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
04:45
And what started his career is an insight
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื‘ื ื”
04:47
that the way most people were thinking
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ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•
04:49
about the Holocaust was wrong.
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช.
04:51
Many people, most people at the time,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื,
04:54
viewed the Holocaust as sort of representing
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ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื›ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช
04:56
some tragic flaw on the part of the Germans,
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ืื™ื–ื” ืคื’ื ื˜ืจื’ื™ ืืฆืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื,
04:59
some genetic taint, some authoritarian personality.
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ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ื›ืชื ื’ื ื˜ื™, ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
05:03
And Tajfel rejected this.
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ื•ื˜ื’'ืคืœ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
05:05
Tajfel said what we see in the Holocaust
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ื˜ื’'ืคืœ ืืžืจ ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืื”
05:07
is just an exaggeration
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื’ื–ืžื”
05:09
of normal psychological processes
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ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
05:11
that exist in every one of us.
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ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
05:13
And to explore this, he did a series of classic studies
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื
05:16
with British adolescents.
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ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
05:17
And in one of his studies, what he did was he asked
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ื•ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ
05:19
the British adolescents all sorts of questions,
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ืืช ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช,
05:22
and then based on their answers, he said,
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ื•ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืืžืจ:
05:23
"I've looked at your answers, and based on the answers,
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"ื‘ื“ืงืชื™ ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื, ื•ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
05:26
I have determined that you are either" โ€”
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"ืื ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืืชื”" --
05:28
he told half of them โ€”
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ื›ืš ืืžืจ ืœื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื --
05:29
"a Kandinsky lover, you love the work of Kandinsky,
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"ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื™ื ืกืงื™",
05:32
or a Klee lover, you love the work of Klee."
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ืื• "ืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœ ืงืœื™."
05:35
It was entirely bogus.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
05:37
Their answers had nothing to do with Kandinsky or Klee.
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ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืงื ื“ื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื• ืœืงืœื™.
05:39
They probably hadn't heard of the artists.
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ื”ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืืฃ ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:42
He just arbitrarily divided them up.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื™ืœืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™.
05:44
But what he found was, these categories mattered,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช,
05:48
so when he later gave the subjects money,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื›ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ืกืฃ,
05:50
they would prefer to give the money
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ื”ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ
05:52
to members of their own group
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื
05:54
than members of the other group.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
05:55
Worse, they were actually most interested
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ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžื›ืš, ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
05:58
in establishing a difference
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
06:00
between their group and other groups,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
06:02
so they would give up money for their own group
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœืชืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื,
06:04
if by doing so they could give the other group even less.
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ืื ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืชืช ืขื•ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
06:10
This bias seems to show up very early.
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ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืฆืคืชื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื“.
06:12
So my colleague and wife, Karen Wynn, at Yale
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ื”ืขืžื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™, ื•ืืฉืชื™, ืงืืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ื™ืœ,
06:14
has done a series of studies with babies
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ืขืจื›ื” ืกื“ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช
06:16
where she exposes babies to puppets,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
06:18
and the puppets have certain food preferences.
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ื•ืœื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
06:21
So one of the puppets might like green beans.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื”
06:23
The other puppet might like graham crackers.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืื”ื‘ื” ืจืงื™ืงื™ื.
06:26
They test the babies own food preferences,
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ื”ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช,
06:28
and babies typically prefer the graham crackers.
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ื•ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ื‘ื“"ื› ืืช ื”ืจืงื™ืงื™ื.
06:31
But the question is, does this matter to babies
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช
06:33
in how they treat the puppets? And it matters a lot.
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ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช? ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
06:36
They tend to prefer the puppet
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ื”ื ื ื˜ื• ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื”
06:38
who has the same food tastes that they have,
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ืฉื˜ืขืžื” ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื” ืœืฉืœื”ื,
06:41
and worse, they actually prefer puppets
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ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ ืžื›ืš, ื”ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช
06:44
who punish the puppet with the different food taste.
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ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
06:47
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
06:49
We see this sort of in-group, out-group psychology all the time.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ "ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”" ื•"ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”"
ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:53
We see it in political clashes
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
06:54
within groups with different ideologies.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
06:57
We see it in its extreme in cases of war,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช,
07:00
where the out-group isn't merely given less,
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ื›ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉ"ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ" ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืคื—ื•ืช,
07:04
but dehumanized,
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ืืœื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื™ื—ืก ืœื-ืื ื•ืฉื™,
07:05
as in the Nazi perspective of Jews
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืืฆื™ื, ืฉืจืื• ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
07:07
as vermin or lice,
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ืฉืจืฆื™ื ืื• ื›ื™ื ื™ื,
07:10
or the American perspective of Japanese as rats.
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ืื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืฉืจืื• ื‘ื™ืคื ื™ื ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื.
07:14
Stereotypes can also go awry.
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ื’ื ื”ื”ื˜ืคืกื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
07:16
So often they're rational and useful,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื,
07:18
but sometimes they're irrational,
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ืืš ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ืœื-ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
07:20
they give the wrong answers,
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ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื-ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
07:21
and other times
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ื•ื‘ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช
07:22
they lead to plainly immoral consequences.
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ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื-ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ.
07:24
And the case that's been most studied
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื ื—ืงืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
07:27
is the case of race.
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ื”ื•ื ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื–ืข.
07:29
There was a fascinating study
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจืชืง
07:30
prior to the 2008 election
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ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 2008
07:32
where social psychologists looked at the extent
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ืฉื‘ื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื”
07:35
to which the candidates were associated with America,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืงื•ืฉืจื• ืขื ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
07:39
as in an unconscious association with the American flag.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข ืขื ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
07:43
And in one of their studies they compared
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ื•ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื•
07:44
Obama and McCain, and they found McCain
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืœืžืง'ืงื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืžืง'ืงื™ื™ืŸ
07:46
is thought of as more American than Obama,
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืืฉืจ ืื•ื‘ืžื”,
07:49
and to some extent, people aren't that surprised by hearing that.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืžืขื ืขืœ ื›ืš.
07:52
McCain is a celebrated war hero,
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ืžืง'ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื”ื•ืœืœ,
07:54
and many people would explicitly say
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ
07:55
he has more of an American story than Obama.
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ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”.
07:58
But they also compared Obama
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ืื•ื‘ืžื”
08:00
to British Prime Minister Tony Blair,
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ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ,
08:03
and they found that Blair was also thought of
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ื•ืžืฆืื• ืฉื’ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘
08:05
as more American than Obama,
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ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืืฉืจ ืื•ื‘ืžื”,
08:07
even though subjects explicitly understood
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ
08:09
that he's not American at all.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
08:12
But they were responding, of course,
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
08:14
to the color of his skin.
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ืœืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจื•.
08:17
These stereotypes and biases
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ืœื”ื˜ืคืกื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช-ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืœื”
08:19
have real-world consequences,
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ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™,
08:20
both subtle and very important.
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ื’ื ืกืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื“.
08:23
In one recent study, researchers
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
08:26
put ads on eBay for the sale of baseball cards.
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจืกืžื• ื‘"ืื™-ื‘ื™ื™" ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ.
08:29
Some of them were held by white hands,
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช,
08:32
others by black hands.
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ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง - ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
08:33
They were the same baseball cards.
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ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื–ื”ื™ื.
08:35
The ones held by black hands
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ืืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
08:36
got substantially smaller bids
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ื–ื›ื• ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ
08:38
than the ones held by white hands.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช.
08:41
In research done at Stanford,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“,
08:43
psychologists explored the case of people
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ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
08:47
sentenced for the murder of a white person.
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ืฉื ืฉืคื˜ื• ืขืœ ืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื‘ืŸ.
08:51
It turns out, holding everything else constant,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื,
08:53
you are considerably more likely to be executed
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’
08:56
if you look like the man on the right
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ืื ืืชื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
08:58
than the man on the left,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉืžืืœ,
09:00
and this is in large part because
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ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ
09:02
the man on the right looks more prototypically black,
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ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
09:04
more prototypically African-American,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
09:07
and this apparently influences people's decisions
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
09:09
over what to do about him.
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ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•.
09:11
So now that we know about this,
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ืื– ืžืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš,
09:12
how do we combat it?
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ืื™ืš ื ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื–ื”?
09:14
And there are different avenues.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
09:15
One avenue is to appeal
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช
09:17
to people's emotional responses,
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ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
09:19
to appeal to people's empathy,
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ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
09:21
and we often do that through stories.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
09:23
So if you are a liberal parent
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ืื– ืื ืืชื” ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™,
09:25
and you want to encourage your children
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ื•ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ืš
09:27
to believe in the merits of nontraditional families,
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ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื”,
09:30
you might give them a book like this. ["Heather Has Two Mommies"]
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจ ื›ื–ื”. ["ืœื”ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืืžื”ื•ืช"]
09:32
If you are conservative and have a different attitude,
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ืื ืืชื” ืฉืžืจืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœืš ืฉื•ื ื”,
09:34
you might give them a book like this.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืกืคืจ ื›ื–ื”.
09:36
(Laughter) ["Help! Mom! There Are Liberals under My Bed!"]
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง] ["ืืžื! ื”ืฆื™ืœื•! ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื™!"]
09:37
But in general, stories can turn
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš
09:41
anonymous strangers into people who matter,
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ื–ืจื™ื ืืœืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช,
09:43
and the idea that we care about people
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื•
09:46
when we focus on them as individuals
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื,
09:47
is an idea which has shown up across history.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืขืฆืžื• ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
09:50
So Stalin apocryphally said,
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ืœืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ื”ืืžื™ืจื”:
09:52
"A single death is a tragedy,
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"ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”,
09:54
a million deaths is a statistic,"
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"ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”,"
09:56
and Mother Teresa said,
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ื•ื”ืื ืชืจื–ื” ืืžืจื”:
09:57
"If I look at the mass, I will never act.
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"ืื ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืœื ืืคืขืœ.
09:59
If I look at the one, I will."
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"ืื ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื“ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ืืคืขืœ."
10:01
Psychologists have explored this.
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ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื–ื”.
10:03
For instance, in one study,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
10:05
people were given a list of facts about a crisis,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื“ืข ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
10:07
and it was seen how much they would donate
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ื•ื ืฆืคื• ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
10:12
to solve this crisis,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ,
10:13
and another group was given no facts at all
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื ื™ื” ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืฉื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
10:15
but they were told of an individual
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื•ืคืจ ืœื” ืขืœ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื
10:17
and given a name and given a face,
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื ื•ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ,
10:20
and it turns out that they gave far more.
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืจืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:23
None of this I think is a secret
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืกื•ื“
10:25
to the people who are engaged in charity work.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ืงื”.
10:27
People don't tend to deluge people
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื
10:29
with facts and statistics.
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ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
10:31
Rather, you show them faces,
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ืืœื ืžืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืคื ื™ื,
10:32
you show them people.
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ืžืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื.
10:33
It's possible that by extending our sympathies
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืข"ื™ ื”ืฆืขืช ืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
10:37
to an individual, they can spread
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ืœืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜
10:39
to the group that the individual belongs to.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืืœื™ื”.
10:42
This is Harriet Beecher Stowe.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฆ'ืจ ืกื˜ื•.
10:44
The story, perhaps apocryphal,
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืื• ื”ืื’ื“ื”,
10:46
is that President Lincoln invited her
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”
10:49
to the White House in the middle of the Civil War
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ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
10:51
and said to her,
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ื•ืืžืจ ืœื”:
10:52
"So you're the little lady who started this great war."
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"ืื– ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช."
10:55
And he was talking about "Uncle Tom's Cabin."
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœ"ืื•ื”ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื."
10:57
"Uncle Tom's Cabin" is not a great book of philosophy
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"ืื•ื”ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื" ืื™ื ื ื• ืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
10:59
or of theology or perhaps not even literature,
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ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช,
11:02
but it does a great job
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
11:05
of getting people to put themselves in the shoes
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื
11:07
of people they wouldn't otherwise be in the shoes of,
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ื‘ื ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื—ืจืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืขืฆืžื
11:10
put themselves in the shoes of slaves.
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ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“.
11:12
And that could well have been a catalyst
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ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืื“ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจื–
11:14
for great social change.
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืจ.
11:15
More recently, looking at America
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
11:18
in the last several decades,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
11:21
there's some reason to believe that shows like "The Cosby Show"
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืงื•ืกื‘ื™"
11:24
radically changed American attitudes towards African-Americans,
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ืฉื™ื ืชื” ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื™ืฉืชื ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื,
11:27
while shows like "Will and Grace" and "Modern Family"
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื•ื’ืจื™ื™ืก" ื•"ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช"
11:30
changed American attitudes
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ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
11:31
towards gay men and women.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื ื•ืœืกื‘ื™ื•ืช.
11:32
I don't think it's an exaggeration to say
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื•ื’ื–ื ืœื•ืžืจ
11:35
that the major catalyst in America for moral change
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ืฉื”ื–ืจื– ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”
11:38
has been a situation comedy.
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ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื.
11:40
But it's not all emotions,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืœื ื”ื›ืœ,
11:42
and I want to end by appealing
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื™ื”
11:43
to the power of reason.
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ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
11:45
At some point in his wonderful book
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ื ืคืœื
11:47
"The Better Angels of Our Nature,"
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"ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•",
11:49
Steven Pinker says,
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ืื•ืžืจ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ืงืจ:
11:51
the Old Testament says love thy neighbor,
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"ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช: 'ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš',
11:53
and the New Testament says love thy enemy,
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"ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืื•ืžืจืช: 'ืื”ื‘ ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ืš'.
11:56
but I don't love either one of them, not really,
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"ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื™ืฉ ืžื”ื, ืœื ืžืžืฉ,
11:59
but I don't want to kill them.
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"ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื.
12:00
I know I have obligations to them,
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"ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื”ื,
12:02
but my moral feelings to them, my moral beliefs
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"ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืœืคื™ื”ื, ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช,
12:06
about how I should behave towards them,
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"ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื›ืœืคื™ื”ื,
12:07
aren't grounded in love.
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"ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”.
12:09
What they're grounded in is the understanding of human rights,
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"ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื,
12:11
a belief that their life is as valuable to them
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"ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืœืคื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื”ื
12:14
as my life is to me,
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"ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ ื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื™."
12:16
and to support this, he tells a story
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ื•ื›ืชื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
12:18
by the great philosopher Adam Smith,
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ืžืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช,
12:20
and I want to tell this story too,
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ื•ื’ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
12:21
though I'm going to modify it a little bit
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ืื ื›ื™ ืืฉื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื˜
12:23
for modern times.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื–ืžื ื ื•.
12:24
So Adam Smith starts by asking you to imagine
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ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
12:26
the death of thousands of people,
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ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
12:28
and imagine that the thousands of people
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ื•ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืœืคื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
12:30
are in a country you are not familiar with.
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
12:33
It could be China or India or a country in Africa.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ืืช ืกื™ืŸ, ืื• ื”ื•ื“ื• ืื• ืืจืฅ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
12:36
And Smith says, how would you respond?
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ื•ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช ืฉื•ืืœ ืื™ืš ืชื’ื™ื‘ื•.
12:39
And you would say, well that's too bad,
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ื•ืืชื ืชืืžืจื•: "ื–ื” ืจืข ืžืื“",
12:41
and you'd go on to the rest of your life.
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ื•ืชืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
12:43
If you were to open up The New York Times online or something,
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ืื ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืืชืจ ื”"ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก" ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”,
12:45
and discover this, and in fact this happens to us all the time,
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ื•ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
12:48
we go about our lives.
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ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
12:49
But imagine instead, Smith says,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื•ืžืจ ืกืžื™ืช, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•
12:52
you were to learn that tomorrow
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ืฉืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื ืฉืžื—ืจ
12:53
you were to have your little finger chopped off.
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ื™ื›ืจืชื• ืืช ื”ื–ืจืช ืฉืœื›ื.
12:55
Smith says, that would matter a lot.
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ืกืžื™ืช ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื.
12:58
You would not sleep that night
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ืืชื ืœื ืชื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
12:59
wondering about that.
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ืžืจื•ื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”.
13:00
So this raises the question:
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”:
13:02
Would you sacrifice thousands of lives
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ื”ืื ืชื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ื
13:05
to save your little finger?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืจืช ืฉืœื›ื?
13:07
Now answer this in the privacy of your own head,
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ืขื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื•,
13:09
but Smith says, absolutely not,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกืžื™ืช ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื.
13:12
what a horrid thought.
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ืื™ื–ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ื•ืžื”.
13:14
And so this raises the question,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
13:16
and so, as Smith puts it,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืžื™ืช:
13:17
"When our passive feelings are almost always
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"ื›ืฉืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“
13:19
so sordid and so selfish,
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"ื›ื” ื ื‘ื–ื™ื ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื,
13:21
how comes it that our active principles
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"ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื
13:22
should often be so generous and so noble?"
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"ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ืืฆืœื™ื?"
13:25
And Smith's answer is, "It is reason,
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ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื: "ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ,
13:27
principle, conscience.
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"ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ
13:29
[This] calls to us,
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"ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื ื•
13:30
with a voice capable of astonishing the most presumptuous of our passions,
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"ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ืชืื•ื•ืชื™ื ื•,
13:34
that we are but one of the multitude,
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"ืœืืžื•ืจ, 'ื”ื ื ื™ ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื,
13:35
in no respect better than any other in it."
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"'ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื”ื'."
13:38
And this last part is what is often described
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ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืชืืจ
13:40
as the principle of impartiality.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื™-ืžืฉื•ื-ืคื ื™ื.
13:43
And this principle of impartiality manifests itself
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ื•ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉืœ ืื™-ืžืฉื•ื-ืคื ื™ื,
ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
13:46
in all of the world's religions,
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13:47
in all of the different versions of the golden rule,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘,
13:50
and in all of the world's moral philosophies,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
13:52
which differ in many ways
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ืฉื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
13:53
but share the presupposition that we should judge morality
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ืืš ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช
13:56
from sort of an impartial point of view.
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช-ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ืกืจืช-ืคื ื™ื•ืช.
13:59
The best articulation of this view
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ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื•
14:01
is actually, for me, it's not from a theologian or from a philosopher,
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ืืžืจ, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืœื ืื™ื–ื” ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืื• ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ,
14:04
but from Humphrey Bogart
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ืืœื ื”ืžืคืจื™ ื‘ื•ื’ืืจื˜
14:06
at the end of "Casablanca."
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืงื–ื‘ืœื ืงื”".
14:07
So, spoiler alert, he's telling his lover
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ื”ืชืจืืช ืกืคื•ื™ืœืจ - ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ืชื•,
14:11
that they have to separate
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ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“
14:12
for the more general good,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ,
14:14
and he says to her, and I won't do the accent,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”, ื•ืœื ืื ืกื” ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื:
14:16
but he says to her, "It doesn't take much to see
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"ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช
14:17
that the problems of three little people
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"ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
14:19
don't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world."
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"ืื™ื ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”."
14:22
Our reason could cause us to override our passions.
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ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืื•ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
14:25
Our reason could motivate us
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ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื•
14:27
to extend our empathy,
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ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
14:28
could motivate us to write a book like "Uncle Tom's Cabin,"
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ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ ื›ืžื• "ืื•ื”ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื",
14:30
or read a book like "Uncle Tom's Cabin,"
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ืื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจ ื›ืžื• "ืื•ื”ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื",
14:32
and our reason can motivate us to create
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ื•ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
14:35
customs and taboos and laws
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ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื
14:37
that will constrain us
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ืฉื™ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื•
14:39
from acting upon our impulses
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ืžืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ื—ืคื™ื ื•
14:40
when, as rational beings, we feel
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืชื ื•, ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
14:42
we should be constrained.
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ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื’ื‘ืœ.
14:43
This is what a constitution is.
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ื–ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื”.
14:45
A constitution is something which was set up in the past
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ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื•ึผื ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
14:48
that applies now in the present,
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ื•ื™ืคื” ืœื–ืžื ื ื•,
14:50
and what it says is,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ื•ื,
14:51
no matter how much we might to reelect
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ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืชืืžืฅ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
14:53
a popular president for a third term,
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ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช,
14:55
no matter how much white Americans might choose
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื
14:57
to feel that they want to reinstate the institution of slavery, we can't.
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ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
15:01
We have bound ourselves.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื’ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
15:03
And we bind ourselves in other ways as well.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
15:06
We know that when it comes to choosing somebody
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื
15:08
for a job, for an award,
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ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœืžืฉืจื” ืื• ืœืคืจืก,
15:11
we are strongly biased by their race,
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ืื ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืข"ื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข,
15:14
we are biased by their gender,
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ืื ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ,
15:17
we are biased by how attractive they are,
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ืื ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ืข"ื™ ืžืจืื” ืžืฆื•ื“ื“,
15:19
and sometimes we might say, "Well fine, that's the way it should be."
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช."
15:21
But other times we say, "This is wrong."
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ."
15:24
And so to combat this,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื‘ื›ืš,
15:26
we don't just try harder,
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ืื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:28
but rather what we do is we set up situations
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ืืœื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื
15:31
where these other sources of information can't bias us,
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ื‘ื”ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•,
15:34
which is why many orchestras
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืชื–ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
15:35
audition musicians behind screens,
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ื‘ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืกืš,
15:38
so the only information they have
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ
15:39
is the information they believe should matter.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื“ืขืชืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
15:42
I think prejudice and bias
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช-ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”
15:44
illustrate a fundamental duality of human nature.
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ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื.
15:47
We have gut feelings, instincts, emotions,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช-ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
15:51
and they affect our judgments and our actions
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื ื• ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•
15:53
for good and for evil,
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืข,
15:55
but we are also capable of rational deliberation
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
15:59
and intelligent planning,
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ื•ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื”,
16:01
and we can use these to, in some cases,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืืœื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
16:03
accelerate and nourish our emotions,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื•,
16:05
and in other cases staunch them.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื - ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืื•ืชื.
16:08
And it's in this way
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš
16:09
that reason helps us create a better world.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:12
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
16:14
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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