What is dyslexia? - Kelli Sandman-Hurley

Šta je disleksija? - Keli Sendmen-Harli

6,653,486 views ・ 2013-07-15

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Mile Živković
00:13
Take a moment to read the following.
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Pročitajte za trenutak sledeće.
00:22
How was that?
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Kako je bilo?
00:23
Frustrating?
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Frustrirajuće?
00:24
Slow?
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Sporo?
00:25
What were those sentences about?
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O čemu se radilo u ovim rečenicama?
00:26
They're actually a simulation
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One su u stvari simulacija
00:28
of the experience of dyslexia,
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iskustva disleksije,
00:30
designed to make you decode each word.
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napravljena da vas natera da dešifrujete svaku reč.
00:33
Those with dyslexia experience that laborious pace
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Oni sa disleksijom se suočavaju sa tim sporim i mučnim tempom
00:36
every time they read.
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svaki put kad čitaju.
00:38
When most people think of dyslexia,
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Većina ljudi kada misli o disleksiji,
00:40
they think of seeing letters and words backwards,
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misli o viđenju slova i reči unatraške
00:43
like seeing "b" as "d" and vice versa,
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kao na primer "b" i "d" i obrnuto
00:45
or they might think people with dyslexia
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ili možda misle da ljudi sa disleksijom
00:47
see "saw" as "was".
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vide "saw" kao "was".
00:49
The truth is people with dyslexia
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Istina je ta da ljudi sa disleksijom
00:52
see things the same way as everyone else.
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vide stvari na isti način kao i svi ostali.
00:55
Dyslexia is caused by a phonological processing problem,
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Disleksija je prouzrokovana problemom fonološke obrade
00:59
meaning people affected by it
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što znači da ljudi koji su njome pogođeni
01:01
have trouble not with seeing language
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imaju problema ne da vide jezik
01:03
but with manipulating it.
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nego da manipulišu njime.
01:05
For example, if you heard the word cat
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Na primer, ako čujete reč "mačka"
01:08
and then someone asked you, "Remove the 'c',"
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i onda vas neko pita: "Ako uklonite "m"
01:11
what word would you have left?
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koju reč ćete dobiti?"
01:12
At.
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"Ačka"
01:14
This can be difficult for those with dyslexia.
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Ovo može biti teško onima koji imaju disleksiju.
01:16
Given a word in isolation,
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Reč koja stoji sama za sebe,
01:18
like fantastic,
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kao na primer "fantastično",
01:19
students with dyslexia need to break the word
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učenici sa disleksijom moraju da razbiju
01:21
into parts to read it:
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na delove da bi je pročitali:
01:23
fan,
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fan,
01:24
tas,
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tas,
01:25
tic.
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tič, no.
01:26
Time spent decoding makes it hard
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Vreme koje provedu u dešifrovanju otežava im
01:28
to keep up with peers
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da idu u korak sa vršnjacima
01:30
and gain sufficient comprehension.
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i postignu dovoljno razumevanje.
01:32
Spelling words phonetically,
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Fonetsko sricanje reči
01:34
like s-t-i-k
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kao š-t-a-p
01:35
for stick
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za "štap"
01:36
and f-r-e-n-s
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i p-r-i-j-a-t-e-lj-i
01:38
for friends
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za "prijatelji"
01:39
is also common.
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je takođe uobičajeno.
01:41
These difficulties are more widespread and varied
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Ove teškoće su rasprostranjenije i više variraju
01:44
than commonly imagined.
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nego što se obično misli.
01:45
Dyslexia affects up to one in five people.
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Disleksija pogađa jednu od pet osoba.
01:49
It occurs on a continuum.
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Javlja se u kontinuitetu.
01:50
One person might have mild dyslexia
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Jedna osoba može imati blagu disleksiju
01:52
while the next person has a profound case of it.
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dok sledeća ima težak oblik.
01:56
Dyslexia also runs in families.
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Disleksija se takođe javlja u porodicama.
01:58
It's common to see one family member
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Uobičajeno je videti jednog člana porodice
02:00
who has trouble spelling
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koji ima problema u sricanju
02:02
while another family member
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dok drugi član porodice
02:03
has severe difficulty decoding even one syllable words,
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ima ozbiljne teškoće da dešifruje čak i jednosložne reči
02:07
like catch.
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kao "lov".
02:09
The continuum and distribution of dyslexia
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Kontinuitet i raspodela disleksije
02:12
suggests a broader principle to bear in mind
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govori nam da treba da imamo u vidu širi princip
02:15
as we look at how the brains of those with dyslexia
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kad posmatramo kako mozak onih koji imaju disleksiju
02:17
process language.
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obrađuje jezik.
02:19
Neurodiversity is the idea
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Neurološka raznolikost je ideja da
02:21
that because all our brains show differences
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zbog toga što naši mozgovi pokazuju razlike
02:24
in structure and function,
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u strukturi i funkcionisanju,
02:26
we shouldn't be so quick to label
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ne bi trebalo da žurimo da označimo
02:28
every deviation from "the norm"
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svako odstupanje od "norme"
02:30
as a pathological disorder
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kao patološki poremećaj
02:32
or dismiss people living with these variations
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ili odbacimo ljude koji žive sa ovim varijacijama
02:35
as "defective."
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kao "defektne".
02:37
People with neurobiological variations like dyslexia,
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Ljudi sa neurobiološkim varijacijama kao što je disleksija,
02:40
including such creative and inventive individuals
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uključujući i tako kreativne i inventivne osobe
02:43
as Picasso,
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kao što su: Pikaso,
02:44
Muhammad Ali,
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Muhamed Ali,
02:45
Whoopi Goldberg,
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Vupi Goldberg,
02:46
Steven Spielberg,
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Stiven Spilberg
02:47
and Cher,
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i Šer,
02:48
clearly have every capacity
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očigledno imaju sve sposobnosti
02:50
to be brilliant and successful in life.
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da budu sjajni i uspešni u životu.
02:53
So, here's the special way
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Evo tog posebnog načina
02:55
the brains of those with dyslexia work.
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na koji rade mozgovi onih sa disleksijom.
02:57
The brain is divided into two hemispheres.
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Mozak je podeljen na dve hemisfere.
03:00
The left hemisphere is generally in charge of language
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Leva hemisfera je uopšte uzev zadužena za jezik
03:03
and, ultimately, reading,
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i na kraju i za čitanje,
03:04
while the right typically handles spatial activities.
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dok desna obično rukovodi prostornim aktivnostima.
03:08
fMRI studies have found
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Ispitivanja funkcionalnom magnetnom rezonancom su otkrila
03:10
that the brains of those with dyslexia
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da se mozak onih koji imaju disleksiju
03:12
rely more on the right hemisphere and frontal lobe
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više oslanja na desnu hemisferu i čeoni režanj
03:15
than the brains of those without it.
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nego mozak onih koji je nemaju.
03:18
This means, when they read a word,
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To znači da kad oni čitaju reč,
03:20
it takes a longer trip through their brain
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potreban je duži put kroz njihov mozak
03:22
and can get delayed in the frontal lobe.
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i može da zakasni u čeoni režanj.
03:25
Because of this neurobiological glitch,
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Zbog ove neurobiološke greške
03:27
they read with more difficulty.
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oni čitaju sa više teškoća.
03:29
But those with dyslexia
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Ali oni koji imaju disleksiju
03:31
can physically change their brain
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mogu fizički da promene svoj mozak
03:32
and improve their reading
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i poboljšaju svoje čitanje
03:35
with an intensive, multi-sensory intervention
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pomoću intenzivne, multi-senzorne intervencije
03:38
that breaks the language down
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koja raščlanjuje jezik
03:39
and teaches the reader to decode
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i uči čitaoca da dešifruje
03:41
based on syllable types and spelling rules.
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na osnovu vrsta slogova i pravila za sricanje.
03:44
The brains of those with dyslexia
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Mozak onih sa disleksijom
03:46
begin using the left hemisphere
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počinje efikasnije da koristi
03:48
more efficiently while reading,
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levu hemisferu dok čita
03:50
and their reading improves.
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i njihovo čitanje se poboljšava.
03:52
The intervention works
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Intervencija funkcioniše
03:53
because it locates dyslexia appropriately
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jer locira disleksiju primereno
03:56
as a functional variation in the brain,
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kao funkcionalnu varijaciju mozga
03:58
which, naturally, shows all sorts of variations
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koja prirodno, pokazuje sve vrste varijacija
04:01
from one person to another.
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od jedne osobe do druge.
04:03
Neurodiversity emphasizes this spectrum
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Neurološka raznolikost naglašava ovaj
04:06
of brain function in all humans
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spektar funkcija mozga kod svih ljudi
04:08
and suggests that to better understand the perspectives
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i govori nam da, da bismo bolje razumeli perspektive
04:11
of those around us,
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onih oko nas,
04:13
we should try not only to see the world through their eyes
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trebalo bi da pokušamo ne samo da vidimo svet njihovim očima
04:16
but understand it through their brains.
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već da ga razumemo njihovim mozgom.
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