What is dyslexia? - Kelli Sandman-Hurley

6,698,825 views ใƒป 2013-07-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:13
Take a moment to read the following.
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ืงื—ื• ืจื’ืข ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื‘ื.
00:22
How was that?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”?
00:23
Frustrating?
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ืžืชืกื›ืœ?
00:24
Slow?
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ืื™ื˜ื™?
00:25
What were those sentences about?
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ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
00:26
They're actually a simulation
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”
00:28
of the experience of dyslexia,
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ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื”,
00:30
designed to make you decode each word.
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ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœืคืขื ื— ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื”.
00:33
Those with dyslexia experience that laborious pace
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ืืœื” ืขื ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื”
00:36
every time they read.
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื.
00:38
When most people think of dyslexia,
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ื›ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื”,
00:40
they think of seeing letters and words backwards,
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช,
00:43
like seeing "b" as "d" and vice versa,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืจืื•ืช "b" ื›ืžื• "d" ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš,
00:45
or they might think people with dyslexia
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื”
00:47
see "saw" as "was".
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ืจื•ืื™ื "ืจื•ื—" ื› "ื—ื•ืจ".
00:49
The truth is people with dyslexia
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื”
00:52
see things the same way as everyone else.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื.
00:55
Dyslexia is caused by a phonological processing problem,
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ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื” ื ื’ืจืžืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืคื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
00:59
meaning people affected by it
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืžื ื”
01:01
have trouble not with seeing language
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื ืขื ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืคื”
01:03
but with manipulating it.
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ืืœื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”.
01:05
For example, if you heard the word cat
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืืชื ืชืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื—ืชื•ืœ
01:08
and then someone asked you, "Remove the 'c',"
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ื•ืื– ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื, "ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืืช ื”'ื—',"
01:11
what word would you have left?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืœื” ืชื™ืฉืืจ?
01:12
At.
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ืชื•ืœ.
01:14
This can be difficult for those with dyslexia.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœืืœื” ืขื ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื”.
01:16
Given a word in isolation,
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ืื ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช,
01:18
like fantastic,
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ื›ืžื• ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™,
01:19
students with dyslexia need to break the word
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”
01:21
into parts to read it:
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ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื”:
01:23
fan,
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ืคื ,
01:24
tas,
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ื˜ืก,
01:25
tic.
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ื˜ื™.
01:26
Time spent decoding makes it hard
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืคืขื ื— ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงืฉื”
01:28
to keep up with peers
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
01:30
and gain sufficient comprehension.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื”ื‘ื ื”.
01:32
Spelling words phonetically,
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ืื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ืช,
01:34
like s-t-i-k
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ื›ืžื• ืž-ืง
01:35
for stick
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ืœืžืงืœ
01:36
and f-r-e-n-s
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ื•ื—-ื‘-ืจ-ื
01:38
for friends
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื
01:39
is also common.
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ื’ื ื”ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.
01:41
These difficulties are more widespread and varied
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ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชื ื™ื
01:44
than commonly imagined.
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ืžืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
01:45
Dyslexia affects up to one in five people.
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ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:49
It occurs on a continuum.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืจืฆืฃ.
01:50
One person might have mild dyslexia
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ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื” ืงืœื”
01:52
while the next person has a profound case of it.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื”.
01:56
Dyslexia also runs in families.
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ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื” ื’ื ืจืฆื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
01:58
It's common to see one family member
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ื–ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ื“
02:00
who has trouble spelling
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื™ื•ืช
02:02
while another family member
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ
02:03
has severe difficulty decoding even one syllable words,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืคืขื ื— ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช,
02:07
like catch.
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ื›ืžื• ืืฉ.
02:09
The continuum and distribution of dyslexia
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ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื”
02:12
suggests a broader principle to bear in mind
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ืžืจืื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•
02:15
as we look at how the brains of those with dyslexia
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืขื ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื”
02:17
process language.
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ืฉืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืฉืคื”.
02:19
Neurodiversity is the idea
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
02:21
that because all our brains show differences
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ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
02:24
in structure and function,
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ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”,
02:26
we shouldn't be so quick to label
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืœืชื™ื™ื’
02:28
every deviation from "the norm"
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ื›ืœ ืกื˜ื™ื” ืžื”"ื ื•ืจืžื”"
02:30
as a pathological disorder
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ื›ื”ืคืจืขื” ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
02:32
or dismiss people living with these variations
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ืื• ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืื ื”ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
02:35
as "defective."
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ื›"ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื."
02:37
People with neurobiological variations like dyslexia,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื”,
02:40
including such creative and inventive individuals
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื
02:43
as Picasso,
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ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืงืกื•,
02:44
Muhammad Ali,
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ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™,
02:45
Whoopi Goldberg,
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ื•ื•ืคื™ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’,
02:46
Steven Spielberg,
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ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืกืคื™ืœื‘ืจื’,
02:47
and Cher,
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ื•ืฉืจ,
02:48
clearly have every capacity
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
02:50
to be brilliant and successful in life.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:53
So, here's the special way
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
02:55
the brains of those with dyslexia work.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืขื ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
02:57
The brain is divided into two hemispheres.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœืฉืชื™ ืื•ื ื•ืช.
03:00
The left hemisphere is generally in charge of language
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ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคื”
03:03
and, ultimately, reading,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืงืจื™ืื”,
03:04
while the right typically handles spatial activities.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
03:08
fMRI studies have found
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ MRI ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืžืฆืื•
03:10
that the brains of those with dyslexia
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืขื ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื”
03:12
rely more on the right hemisphere and frontal lobe
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ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืช
03:15
than the brains of those without it.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”.
03:18
This means, when they read a word,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžื™ืœื”,
03:20
it takes a longer trip through their brain
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืžื•ื—
03:22
and can get delayed in the frontal lobe.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืช.
03:25
Because of this neurobiological glitch,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
03:27
they read with more difficulty.
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ื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:29
But those with dyslexia
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืขื ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื”
03:31
can physically change their brain
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—
03:32
and improve their reading
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ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื”
03:35
with an intensive, multi-sensory intervention
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ืขื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืจื‘ ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช
03:38
that breaks the language down
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ืฉืฉื•ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคื”
03:39
and teaches the reader to decode
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ื•ืžืœืžื“ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœืคืขื ื—
03:41
based on syllable types and spelling rules.
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ ืื™ื•ืช.
03:44
The brains of those with dyslexia
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืขื ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื”
03:46
begin using the left hemisphere
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช
03:48
more efficiently while reading,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”,
03:50
and their reading improves.
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ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฉืชืคืจืช.
03:52
The intervention works
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ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช
03:53
because it locates dyslexia appropriately
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืชืจืช ื”ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืกืœืงืฆื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ
03:56
as a functional variation in the brain,
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ื›ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—,
03:58
which, naturally, shows all sorts of variations
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืจืื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
04:01
from one person to another.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ.
04:03
Neurodiversity emphasizes this spectrum
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ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื ืขื“
04:06
of brain function in all humans
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ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
04:08
and suggests that to better understand the perspectives
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ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜
04:11
of those around us,
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ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
04:13
we should try not only to see the world through their eyes
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื
04:16
but understand it through their brains.
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ืืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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