What is dyslexia? - Kelli Sandman-Hurley

Translator: Shamsiah Ismail

Take a moment to read the following.

Luangkan sejenak untuk baca yang berikut.

How was that?

Bagaimana?

Frustrating?

Mengecewakan? Perlahan?

Slow?

What were those sentences about?

Apakah ayat-ayat ini?

They're actually a simulation

Sebenarnya itu adalah simulasi

of the experience of dyslexia,

pengalaman disleksia,

designed to make you decode each word.

direka untuk anda nyahkod setiap perkataan.

Those with dyslexia experience that laborious pace

Individu disleksia mengalami kesukaran tersebut

every time they read.

setiap kali mereka membaca.

When most people think of dyslexia,

Apabila fikir tentang disleksia,

they think of seeing letters and words backwards,

ramai akan terbayang huruf dan perkataan yang terbalik,

like seeing "b" as "d" and vice versa,

seperti “b” dilihat “d” dan sebaliknya,

or they might think people with dyslexia

atau mereka fikir individu disleksia

see "saw" as "was".

melihat “saw” sebagai “was”.

The truth is people with dyslexia

Sebenarnya, individu disleksia

see things the same way as everyone else.

melihat perkataan sama seperti orang lain.

Dyslexia is caused by a phonological processing problem,

Disleksia disebabkan oleh masalah memproses fonologi,

meaning people affected by it

maksudnya individu terkesan

have trouble not with seeing language

bukan mempunyai masalah melihat bahasa

but with manipulating it.

tetapi untuk memanipulasinya.

For example, if you heard the word cat

Contohnya, jika anda mendengar “cat”

and then someone asked you, "Remove the 'c',"

dan seseorang meminta anda, “Buang huruf ‘c’,”

what word would you have left?

apakah perkataan yang tinggal?

At.

At.

This can be difficult for those with dyslexia.

Ini menjadi sukar untuk individu disleksia.

Given a word in isolation,

Perkataan yang berdiri sendiri,

like fantastic,

seperti “fantastic”,

students with dyslexia need to break the word

pelajar diseleksia perlu memecahkan perkataan

into parts to read it:

kepada suku kata untuk membaca:

fan,

fan, tas,

tas,

tic.

tic.

Time spent decoding makes it hard

Masa diambil untuk nyahkod menjadikannya sukar

to keep up with peers

untuk bersaing dengan rakan

and gain sufficient comprehension.

dan memahami secukupnya.

Spelling words phonetically,

Mengeja perkataan secara fonetik,

seperti s-t-i-k untuk stick

like s-t-i-k

for stick

and f-r-e-n-s

dan f-r-e-n-s untuk friends

for friends

is also common.

juga biasa.

These difficulties are more widespread and varied

Kesukaran ini lebih meluas dan pelbagai

than commonly imagined.

daripada yang biasa dibayangkan.

Dyslexia affects up to one in five people.

Satu dari lima orang terkesan dengan disleksia.

It occurs on a continuum.

Ia berlaku secara kontinum.

One person might have mild dyslexia

Seseorang mungkin mempunyai disleksia ringan

while the next person has a profound case of it.

manakala individu lain mempunyai kes yang lebih berat.

Dyslexia also runs in families.

Disleksia juga diwarisi dalam keluarga.

It's common to see one family member

Sangat biasa seorang ahli keluarga

who has trouble spelling

mempunyai masalah mengeja

while another family member

sementara ahli lain

has severe difficulty decoding even one syllable words,

mengalami kesukaran nyahkod walau perkataan satu suku kata,

like catch.

seperti “catch”.

The continuum and distribution of dyslexia

Kontinum dan sebaran disleksia

suggests a broader principle to bear in mind

mencadangkan prinsip yang lebih luas

as we look at how the brains of those with dyslexia

ketika kita melihat cara otak individu disleksia

process language.

memproses bahasa.

Neurodiversity is the idea

Ideanya adalah kepelbagaian neuro

that because all our brains show differences

bahawa kerana setiap otak kita berbeza

in structure and function,

dalam struktur dan fungsi,

we shouldn't be so quick to label

kita tidak sepatutnya cepat melabel

every deviation from "the norm"

semua kelainan daripada “norma”

as a pathological disorder

sebagai gangguan patologikal

or dismiss people living with these variations

atau melabel mereka yang berlainan ini

as "defective."

sebagai “cacat.”

People with neurobiological variations like dyslexia,

Individu dengan kepelbagaian neurobiologi seperti disleksia,

including such creative and inventive individuals

termasuklah individu kreatif dan inovatif

as Picasso,

seperti Picasso,

Muhammad Ali,

Muhammad Ali, Whoopi Goldberg,

Whoopi Goldberg,

Steven Spielberg,

Steven Spielberg, dan Cher,

and Cher,

clearly have every capacity

jelas mempunyai keupayaan

to be brilliant and successful in life.

untuk menjadi cemerlang dan berjaya dalam hidup.

So, here's the special way

Jadi, ini cara istimewa

the brains of those with dyslexia work.

otak individu disleksia berkerja.

The brain is divided into two hemispheres.

Otak terbahagi kepada dua hemisfera.

The left hemisphere is generally in charge of language

Hemisfera kiri mengawal bahasa

and, ultimately, reading,

dan, akhirnya, membaca,

while the right typically handles spatial activities.

manakala hemisfera kanan mengendalikan aktiviti ruang.

fMRI studies have found

Kajian fMRI mendapati

that the brains of those with dyslexia

bahawa otak individu disleksia

rely more on the right hemisphere and frontal lobe

lebih bergantung pada hemisfera kanan dan lobus frontal

than the brains of those without it.

berbanding mereka yang tidak mengalaminya.

This means, when they read a word,

Apabila mereka membaca sesuatu perkataan

it takes a longer trip through their brain

ia melalui perjalanan yang lebih panjang

and can get delayed in the frontal lobe.

dan mengalami kelewatan di lobus frontal.

Oleh sebab gangguan neurobiologi ini,

Because of this neurobiological glitch,

they read with more difficulty.

mereka membaca dengan lebih sukar.

But those with dyslexia

Tetapi individu disleksia boleh

can physically change their brain

ubah otak mereka secara fizikal

and improve their reading

dan memperbaiki kemahiran membaca

with an intensive, multi-sensory intervention

dengan intervensi intensif melibatkan pelbagai deria

that breaks the language down

yang memecahkan bahasa tersebut

and teaches the reader to decode

dan mengajar pembaca untuk menyahkod

based on syllable types and spelling rules.

berdasarkan jenis suku kata dan peraturan ejaan.

The brains of those with dyslexia

Otak individu disleksia

begin using the left hemisphere

mula menggunakan hemisfera kiri

more efficiently while reading,

dengan lebih cekap semasa membaca,

and their reading improves.

dan kebolehan membaca bertambah baik.

The intervention works

Intervensi ini berkesan

because it locates dyslexia appropriately

kerana ia mengenal pasti disleksia

as a functional variation in the brain,

sebagai variasi fungsi di dalam otak,

which, naturally, shows all sorts of variations

yang secara semulajadi, menunjukkan variasi

from one person to another.

dari satu individu ke individu yang lain.

Neurodiversity emphasizes this spectrum

Kepelbagaian neuro menekankan spektrum

of brain function in all humans

fungsi otak semua manusia

and suggests that to better understand the perspectives

dan menggalakkan untuk kita lebih memahami perspektif

of those around us,

mereka di sekeliling kita,

we should try not only to see the world through their eyes

kita bukan sahaja perlu melihat dunia melalui mata mereka

but understand it through their brains.

tetapi memahaminya melalui otak mereka.