What is dyslexia? - Kelli Sandman-Hurley

什么是阅读障碍？ - Kelli Sandman-Hurley

翻译人员: Catherine Gu 校对人员: Geoff Chen

Take a moment to read the following.

稍微读一下下面这几行字。

How was that?

怎么样？

Frustrating?

灰心吗？

Slow?

慢吗？

What were those sentences about?

那些句子讲的什么？

They're actually a simulation

实际上它们在模拟

of the experience of dyslexia,

阅读障碍的感觉，

designed to make you decode each word.

设计它们的目的是让你给每个字解码。

Those with dyslexia experience that laborious pace

有阅读障碍的人每次阅读

every time they read.

都很费劲。

When most people think of dyslexia,

多数人认为阅读障碍

they think of seeing letters and words backwards,

就是看到的字母和单词是倒着的，

like seeing "b" as "d" and vice versa,

像把 "b" 看成 "d"，反之亦然，

or they might think people with dyslexia

或者，一般人认为有阅读障碍的人

see "saw" as "was".

会把 "saw" 看成 "was"。

The truth is people with dyslexia

事实是有阅读障碍的人

see things the same way as everyone else.

看东西的方式和大家一样。

Dyslexia is caused by a phonological processing problem,

阅读障碍是由音韵处理问题所引起的，

meaning people affected by it

意味着受阅读障碍影响的人

have trouble not with seeing language

不是眼睛看语言有问题

but with manipulating it.

而是操纵语言有问题。

For example, if you heard the word cat

例如，如果你听到 cat 这个单词

and then someone asked you, "Remove the 'c',"

接着有人要你 “去掉‘c’”，

what word would you have left?

你还剩哪个单词？

At.

at。

This can be difficult for those with dyslexia.

这对有阅读障碍的人来说就难了。

Given a word in isolation,

假设一个孤立的单词，

like fantastic,

像 fantastic（奇妙的），

students with dyslexia need to break the word

有阅读障碍的学生需要把这个词

into parts to read it:

拆成几部分来读：

fan,

fan，

tas,

tas，

tic.

tic。

Time spent decoding makes it hard

译解单词所耗费的时间 使有阅读障碍的人

to keep up with peers

难以向同龄人一样

and gain sufficient comprehension.

有足够的理解力。

Spelling words phonetically,

按发音拼单词，

like s-t-i-k

像 s-t-i-k ，

for stick

拼 stick，

and f-r-e-n-s

f-r-e-n-s

for friends

拼 friends

is also common.

也很常见。

These difficulties are more widespread and varied

这些困难比通常想象得

than commonly imagined.

更广泛，更多样化。

Dyslexia affects up to one in five people.

阅读障碍影响到高达五分之一的人，

It occurs on a continuum.

且连续发生。

One person might have mild dyslexia

一个人可能会有轻度的阅读障碍，

while the next person has a profound case of it.

而另一个人则阅读障碍很严重。

Dyslexia also runs in families.

阅读障碍也会遗传的。

It's common to see one family member

常会看到一个家庭成员

who has trouble spelling

有拼写障碍，

while another family member

而另一个家庭成员

has severe difficulty decoding even one syllable words,

甚至对单音节词也有严重的解码障碍，

like catch.

比如 catch。

The continuum and distribution of dyslexia

阅读障碍的连续性和分布

suggests a broader principle to bear in mind

表明当我们看有阅读障碍的人的大脑

as we look at how the brains of those with dyslexia

加工语言的方式的时候，要记住一个

process language.

更广泛的原则。

Neurodiversity is the idea

神经多样化就是这个概念，

that because all our brains show differences

因为我们的大脑显示出

in structure and function,

结构和功能的差异。

we shouldn't be so quick to label

我们不应该这么快就给

every deviation from "the norm"

每种偏离“正常”的行为打上

as a pathological disorder

病理失调的标签，

or dismiss people living with these variations

或把有这些多样化的人

as "defective."

当成“有缺陷的人”打发掉。

People with neurobiological variations like dyslexia,

拥有像阅读障碍这样神经变化的人，

including such creative and inventive individuals

包括这些有创造发明才能的人

as Picasso,

比如毕加索，

Muhammad Ali,

穆罕默德·阿里，

Whoopi Goldberg,

乌比戈·德堡，

Steven Spielberg,

史蒂文·斯皮尔伯格，

and Cher,

和雪儿

clearly have every capacity

显然他们有能力

to be brilliant and successful in life.

拥有辉煌和成功的人生。

So, here's the special way

所以，这就是有阅读障碍人的大脑

the brains of those with dyslexia work.

特殊的工作方式。

The brain is divided into two hemispheres.

大脑分成两半。

The left hemisphere is generally in charge of language

左半脑通常负责语言，

and, ultimately, reading,

最终是阅读，

while the right typically handles spatial activities.

而右边的半脑通常处理空间活动。

fMRI studies have found

脑功能成像（fMRI）研究发现

that the brains of those with dyslexia

有阅读障碍的人的大脑

rely more on the right hemisphere and frontal lobe

比没有的人的大脑

than the brains of those without it.

更多地依赖右半脑和额叶。

This means, when they read a word,

这意味着他们在读一个单词时，

it takes a longer trip through their brain

需要更长的行程经过大脑，

and can get delayed in the frontal lobe.

并会在额叶延迟。

Because of this neurobiological glitch,

由于神经生物学这个故障，

they read with more difficulty.

他们阅读有更多的困难。

But those with dyslexia

但患有阅读障碍的人

can physically change their brain

可以从物质上改变他们的大脑

and improve their reading

提高他们的阅读能力

with an intensive, multi-sensory intervention

用集中的多感官的干涉

that breaks the language down

分解语言，

and teaches the reader to decode

根据音节类型和拼写规则

based on syllable types and spelling rules.

教读者解码。

The brains of those with dyslexia

患有阅读障碍的人的大脑

begin using the left hemisphere

阅读时开始提高

more efficiently while reading,

左半脑的效率

and their reading improves.

从而提高他们的阅读能力。

The intervention works

这种治疗起作用的原因在于

because it locates dyslexia appropriately

干扰适当地把阅读障碍

as a functional variation in the brain,

定位成大脑功能性的变化，

which, naturally, shows all sorts of variations

这自然显示了人和人

from one person to another.

之间的各种变化。

Neurodiversity emphasizes this spectrum

神经多样化强调

of brain function in all humans

人脑功能的范围，

and suggests that to better understand the perspectives

还表明为了更好地理解

of those around us,

我们周围人的观点，

we should try not only to see the world through their eyes

我们不仅应该试图 用他们的眼睛看世界，

but understand it through their brains.

也要用他们的大脑理解世界。