Why do blood types matter? - Natalie S. Hodge

5,816,592 views ・ 2015-06-29

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Aleksandra Vukelić Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
It's often said that despite humanity's many conflicts,
0
6983
3734
Često se kaže da, uprkos mnogim konfliktima čovečanstva,
00:10
we all bleed the same blood.
1
10717
3534
našim venama teče ista krv.
00:14
It's a nice thought but not quite accurate.
2
14251
3280
To je lepa misao, ali ne sasvim tačna.
00:17
In fact, our blood comes in a few different varieties.
3
17531
4011
Zapravo, postoji više različitih tipova krvi.
00:21
Our red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin
4
21542
3727
Naša crvena krvna zrnca sadrže protein koji se zove hemoglobin
00:25
that binds to oxygen,
5
25269
1845
i koji se vezuje za kiseonik,
00:27
allowing the cells to transport it throughout the body.
6
27114
3216
omogućavajući ćelijama da ga prenose kroz telo.
00:30
But they also have another kind of complex protein
7
30330
2921
Međutim, one takođe sadrže još jedan složeni protein
00:33
on the outside of the cell membrane.
8
33251
2696
na spoljašnjoj strani ćelijske membrane.
00:35
These proteins, known as antigens, communicate with white blood cells,
9
35947
5112
Ovi proteini, koji se zovu antigeni, komuniciraju sa belim krvnim zrncima,
00:41
immune cells that protect against infection.
10
41059
3465
ćelijama imunog sistema koje nas štite od infekcija.
00:44
Antigens serve as identifying markers,
11
44524
2571
Antigeni služe kao znaci raspoznavanja,
00:47
allowing the immune system to recognize your body's own cells
12
47095
4022
omogućavajući imunom sistemu da prepozna ćelije sopstvenog organizma
00:51
without attacking them as foreign bodies.
13
51117
3396
kako ih ne bi napao kao strana tela.
00:54
The two main kinds of antigens, A and B, determine your blood type.
14
54513
5015
Dva osnovna tipa antigena, A i B, određuju našu krvnu grupu.
00:59
But how do we get four blood types from only two antigens?
15
59528
4494
Ali, odakle nam četiri krvne grupe od samo dva antigena?
01:04
Well, the antigens are coded for by three different alleles,
16
64022
4817
Antigene kodiraju tri različita alela,
01:08
varieties of a particular gene.
17
68839
2695
varijante određenog gena.
01:11
While the A and B alleles code for A and B antigens,
18
71534
3918
Dok aleli A i B kodiraju antigene A i B,
01:15
the O allele codes for neither,
19
75452
3217
alel O ne kodira nijedan,
01:18
and because we inherit one copy of each gene from each parent,
20
78669
3753
a zato što nasleđujemo po jednu kopiju svakog gena od oba roditelja,
01:22
every individual has two alleles determining blood type.
21
82422
4659
svako od nas ima dva alela koji određuju krvnu grupu.
01:27
When these happen to be different,
22
87081
1766
Kada se oni razlikuju,
01:28
one overrides the other depending on their relative dominance.
23
88847
4760
jedan nadvlada drugi u zavisnosti od njihove relativne dominantnosti.
01:33
For blood types, the A and B alleles are both dominant, while O is recessive.
24
93607
6225
U slučaju krvnih grupa, aleli A i B su dominantni, dok je O recesivan.
01:39
So A and A gives you type A blood, while B and B gives you type B.
25
99832
5943
Tako A i A daju krvnu grupu A, a B i B grupu B.
01:45
If you inherit one of each,
26
105775
1898
Ako nasledite po jedan iz obe grupe,
01:47
the resulting codominance will produce both A and B antigens,
27
107673
4851
nastala kombinacija dominantnih gena stvara antigene A i B
01:52
which is type AB.
28
112524
1924
i dobijate krvnu grupu AB.
01:54
The O allele is recessive,
29
114448
2383
Alel O je recesivan,
01:56
so either of the others will override it when they're paired,
30
116831
3332
pa će ga druga dva nadvladati ako se jave zajedno,
02:00
resulting in either type A or type B.
31
120163
3152
zbog čega će se javiti ili grupa A ili grupa B.
02:03
But if you happen to inherit two Os, instructions will be expressed
32
123315
4193
Ali ako nasledite dva alela O, ispoljiće se uputstva
02:07
that make blood cells without the A or the B antigen.
33
127508
5341
koja će uticati na stvaranje krvnih zrnaca bez antigena A i B.
02:12
Because of these interactions,
34
132849
2091
Zbog ovih međusobnih odnosa,
02:14
knowing both parents' blood types
35
134940
1825
ako znamo krvne grupe oba roditelja
02:16
lets us predict the relative probability of their children's blood types.
36
136765
4949
možemo predvideti relativnu verovatnoću javljanja krvnih grupa kod dece.
02:21
Why do blood types matter?
37
141714
1828
Zašto su važne krvne grupe?
02:23
For blood transfusions,
38
143542
1541
Kod transfuzije krvi,
02:25
finding the correct one is a matter of life and death.
39
145083
3857
odrediti potrebnu grupu je pitanje života i smrti.
02:28
If someone with type A blood is given type B blood, or vice versa,
40
148940
4625
Ako neko ko ima krvnu grupu A primi krv grupe B, ili obrnuto,
02:33
their antibodies will reject the foreign antigens and attack them,
41
153565
4627
njihova antitela će odbaciti strane antigene i napasti ih,
02:38
potentially causing the transfused blood to clot.
42
158192
3983
što može dovesti do zgrušavanja primljene krvi.
02:42
But because people with type AB blood produce both A and B antigens,
43
162175
4561
Međutim, kako se kod onih koji imaju AB grupu stvaraju i A i B antigeni,
02:46
they don't make antibodies against them, so they will recognize either as safe,
44
166736
5132
oni ne proizvode antitela, pa će oba antigena prepoznati kao bezbedne,
02:51
making them universal recipients.
45
171868
2443
što ih čini univerzalnim primaocima.
02:54
On the other hand,
46
174311
1223
Sa druge strane,
02:55
people with blood type O do not produce either antigen,
47
175534
3465
kod osoba sa krvnom grupom O uopšte se ne stvaraju antigeni,
02:58
which makes them universal donors,
48
178999
2508
što ih čini univerzalnim davaocima,
03:01
but will cause their immune system to make antibodies
49
181507
2863
ali zato njihov imuni sistem stvara antitela
03:04
that reject any other blood type.
50
184370
5086
koja odbacuju sve druge krvne grupe.
03:09
Unfortunately, matching donors and recipients is a bit more complicated
51
189456
4221
Nažalost, povezivanje davalaca i primalaca krvi je još komplikovanije
03:13
due to additional antigen systems,
52
193677
2634
zbog dodatnih sistema antigena,
03:16
particular the Rh factor,
53
196311
1997
posebno Rh faktora,
03:18
named after the Rhesus monkeys in which it was first isolated.
54
198308
4272
nazvanog po rezus majmunima kod kojih je najpre izolovan.
03:22
Rh+ or Rh- refers to the presence or absence of the D antigen
55
202580
6681
Rh+ ili Rh- odnosi se na prisustvo ili odsustvo antigena D
03:29
of the Rh blood group system.
56
209261
2694
Rh sistema krvnih grupa.
03:31
And in addition to impeding some blood transfusions,
57
211955
2865
Pored toga što ponekad onemogućava transfuziju krvi,
03:34
it can cause severe complications in pregnancy.
58
214820
3535
može dovesti do ozbiljnih komplikacija u trudnoći.
03:38
If an Rh- mother is carrying an Rh+ child,
59
218355
4498
Ako Rh- majka nosi Rh+ dete,
03:42
her body will produce Rh antibodies that may cross the placenta
60
222853
4363
njeno telo proizvodi Rh antitela koja mogu proći kroz placentu
03:47
and attack the fetus,
61
227216
1926
i napasti fetus,
03:49
a condition known as hemolytic disease of the newborn.
62
229142
4198
dovodeći do stanja poznatog kao hemolitička bolest novorođenčeta.
03:53
Some cultures believe blood type to be associated with personality,
63
233340
3752
U nekim kulturama se veruje da je krvna grupa povezana sa ličnošću,
03:57
though this is not supported by science.
64
237092
1814
mada nauka to nije dokazala.
03:58
And though the proportions of different blood types
65
238906
2495
I iako odnos procenata različitih krvnih grupa
04:01
vary between human populations,
66
241401
2383
varira među populacijama,
04:03
scientists aren't sure why they evolved;
67
243784
2819
naučnici nisu sigurni zašto su evoluirale;
04:06
perhaps as protection against blood born diseases,
68
246603
2540
možda kao zaštita od bolesti koje se prenose krvlju,
04:09
or due to random genetic drift.
69
249143
2731
ili nasumičnim genetskim prenošenjem.
04:11
Finally, different species have different sets of antigens.
70
251874
3850
Konačno, različite vrste imaju različite grupe antigena.
04:15
In fact, the four main blood types shared by us apes
71
255724
3952
Zapravo, četiri osnovne krvne grupe zajedničke svim čovekolikim majmunima
04:19
seem paltry in comparison to the thirteen types found in dogs.
72
259676
6267
čine se zanemarljivim u odnosu na 13 grupa koje postoje kod pasa.
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7