Why do blood types matter? - Natalie S. Hodge

5,785,071 views ・ 2015-06-29

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Aleksandra Vukelić Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
It's often said that despite humanity's many conflicts,
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Često se kaže da, uprkos mnogim konfliktima čovečanstva,
00:10
we all bleed the same blood.
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našim venama teče ista krv.
00:14
It's a nice thought but not quite accurate.
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To je lepa misao, ali ne sasvim tačna.
00:17
In fact, our blood comes in a few different varieties.
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Zapravo, postoji više različitih tipova krvi.
00:21
Our red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin
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Naša crvena krvna zrnca sadrže protein koji se zove hemoglobin
00:25
that binds to oxygen,
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i koji se vezuje za kiseonik,
00:27
allowing the cells to transport it throughout the body.
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omogućavajući ćelijama da ga prenose kroz telo.
00:30
But they also have another kind of complex protein
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Međutim, one takođe sadrže još jedan složeni protein
00:33
on the outside of the cell membrane.
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na spoljašnjoj strani ćelijske membrane.
00:35
These proteins, known as antigens, communicate with white blood cells,
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Ovi proteini, koji se zovu antigeni, komuniciraju sa belim krvnim zrncima,
00:41
immune cells that protect against infection.
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ćelijama imunog sistema koje nas štite od infekcija.
00:44
Antigens serve as identifying markers,
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Antigeni služe kao znaci raspoznavanja,
00:47
allowing the immune system to recognize your body's own cells
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omogućavajući imunom sistemu da prepozna ćelije sopstvenog organizma
00:51
without attacking them as foreign bodies.
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kako ih ne bi napao kao strana tela.
00:54
The two main kinds of antigens, A and B, determine your blood type.
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Dva osnovna tipa antigena, A i B, određuju našu krvnu grupu.
00:59
But how do we get four blood types from only two antigens?
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Ali, odakle nam četiri krvne grupe od samo dva antigena?
01:04
Well, the antigens are coded for by three different alleles,
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Antigene kodiraju tri različita alela,
01:08
varieties of a particular gene.
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varijante određenog gena.
01:11
While the A and B alleles code for A and B antigens,
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Dok aleli A i B kodiraju antigene A i B,
01:15
the O allele codes for neither,
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alel O ne kodira nijedan,
01:18
and because we inherit one copy of each gene from each parent,
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a zato što nasleđujemo po jednu kopiju svakog gena od oba roditelja,
01:22
every individual has two alleles determining blood type.
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svako od nas ima dva alela koji određuju krvnu grupu.
01:27
When these happen to be different,
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Kada se oni razlikuju,
01:28
one overrides the other depending on their relative dominance.
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jedan nadvlada drugi u zavisnosti od njihove relativne dominantnosti.
01:33
For blood types, the A and B alleles are both dominant, while O is recessive.
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U slučaju krvnih grupa, aleli A i B su dominantni, dok je O recesivan.
01:39
So A and A gives you type A blood, while B and B gives you type B.
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Tako A i A daju krvnu grupu A, a B i B grupu B.
01:45
If you inherit one of each,
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Ako nasledite po jedan iz obe grupe,
01:47
the resulting codominance will produce both A and B antigens,
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nastala kombinacija dominantnih gena stvara antigene A i B
01:52
which is type AB.
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i dobijate krvnu grupu AB.
01:54
The O allele is recessive,
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Alel O je recesivan,
01:56
so either of the others will override it when they're paired,
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pa će ga druga dva nadvladati ako se jave zajedno,
02:00
resulting in either type A or type B.
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zbog čega će se javiti ili grupa A ili grupa B.
02:03
But if you happen to inherit two Os, instructions will be expressed
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Ali ako nasledite dva alela O, ispoljiće se uputstva
02:07
that make blood cells without the A or the B antigen.
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koja će uticati na stvaranje krvnih zrnaca bez antigena A i B.
02:12
Because of these interactions,
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Zbog ovih međusobnih odnosa,
02:14
knowing both parents' blood types
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ako znamo krvne grupe oba roditelja
02:16
lets us predict the relative probability of their children's blood types.
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možemo predvideti relativnu verovatnoću javljanja krvnih grupa kod dece.
02:21
Why do blood types matter?
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Zašto su važne krvne grupe?
02:23
For blood transfusions,
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Kod transfuzije krvi,
02:25
finding the correct one is a matter of life and death.
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odrediti potrebnu grupu je pitanje života i smrti.
02:28
If someone with type A blood is given type B blood, or vice versa,
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Ako neko ko ima krvnu grupu A primi krv grupe B, ili obrnuto,
02:33
their antibodies will reject the foreign antigens and attack them,
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njihova antitela će odbaciti strane antigene i napasti ih,
02:38
potentially causing the transfused blood to clot.
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što može dovesti do zgrušavanja primljene krvi.
02:42
But because people with type AB blood produce both A and B antigens,
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Međutim, kako se kod onih koji imaju AB grupu stvaraju i A i B antigeni,
02:46
they don't make antibodies against them, so they will recognize either as safe,
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oni ne proizvode antitela, pa će oba antigena prepoznati kao bezbedne,
02:51
making them universal recipients.
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što ih čini univerzalnim primaocima.
02:54
On the other hand,
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Sa druge strane,
02:55
people with blood type O do not produce either antigen,
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kod osoba sa krvnom grupom O uopšte se ne stvaraju antigeni,
02:58
which makes them universal donors,
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što ih čini univerzalnim davaocima,
03:01
but will cause their immune system to make antibodies
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ali zato njihov imuni sistem stvara antitela
03:04
that reject any other blood type.
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koja odbacuju sve druge krvne grupe.
03:09
Unfortunately, matching donors and recipients is a bit more complicated
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Nažalost, povezivanje davalaca i primalaca krvi je još komplikovanije
03:13
due to additional antigen systems,
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zbog dodatnih sistema antigena,
03:16
particular the Rh factor,
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posebno Rh faktora,
03:18
named after the Rhesus monkeys in which it was first isolated.
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nazvanog po rezus majmunima kod kojih je najpre izolovan.
03:22
Rh+ or Rh- refers to the presence or absence of the D antigen
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Rh+ ili Rh- odnosi se na prisustvo ili odsustvo antigena D
03:29
of the Rh blood group system.
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Rh sistema krvnih grupa.
03:31
And in addition to impeding some blood transfusions,
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Pored toga što ponekad onemogućava transfuziju krvi,
03:34
it can cause severe complications in pregnancy.
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može dovesti do ozbiljnih komplikacija u trudnoći.
03:38
If an Rh- mother is carrying an Rh+ child,
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Ako Rh- majka nosi Rh+ dete,
03:42
her body will produce Rh antibodies that may cross the placenta
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njeno telo proizvodi Rh antitela koja mogu proći kroz placentu
03:47
and attack the fetus,
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i napasti fetus,
03:49
a condition known as hemolytic disease of the newborn.
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dovodeći do stanja poznatog kao hemolitička bolest novorođenčeta.
03:53
Some cultures believe blood type to be associated with personality,
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U nekim kulturama se veruje da je krvna grupa povezana sa ličnošću,
03:57
though this is not supported by science.
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mada nauka to nije dokazala.
03:58
And though the proportions of different blood types
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I iako odnos procenata različitih krvnih grupa
04:01
vary between human populations,
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varira među populacijama,
04:03
scientists aren't sure why they evolved;
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naučnici nisu sigurni zašto su evoluirale;
04:06
perhaps as protection against blood born diseases,
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možda kao zaštita od bolesti koje se prenose krvlju,
04:09
or due to random genetic drift.
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ili nasumičnim genetskim prenošenjem.
04:11
Finally, different species have different sets of antigens.
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Konačno, različite vrste imaju različite grupe antigena.
04:15
In fact, the four main blood types shared by us apes
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Zapravo, četiri osnovne krvne grupe zajedničke svim čovekolikim majmunima
04:19
seem paltry in comparison to the thirteen types found in dogs.
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čine se zanemarljivim u odnosu na 13 grupa koje postoje kod pasa.
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