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譯者: Wink Wong
審譯者: 庭芝 梁
00:06
It's often said that despite
humanity's many conflicts,
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人們常說:「儘管人類經常發生衝突,
00:10
we all bleed the same blood.
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但畢竟流著相同的血。」
00:14
It's a nice thought
but not quite accurate.
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這個觀點不錯,
但是不太精確。
00:17
In fact, our blood comes
in a few different varieties.
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其實我們的血液有不同類型。
00:21
Our red blood cells contain
a protein called hemoglobin
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我們的紅血球含有一種蛋白質,
稱為「血紅素」,
它能與氧氣結合,
00:25
that binds to oxygen,
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並且讓細胞輸送氧氣
到達身體各部位。
00:27
allowing the cells to transport it
throughout the body.
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但是還有另一種
蛋白質複合體,
00:30
But they also have another kind
of complex protein
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00:33
on the outside of the cell membrane.
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位於細胞膜外,
00:35
These proteins, known as antigens,
communicate with white blood cells,
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這一種蛋白質稱為「抗原」,
主要功能是與
保護人體的白血球和免疫細胞
00:41
immune cells that protect
against infection.
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互相傳遞訊息。
00:44
Antigens serve as identifying markers,
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抗原扮演著識別標記的作用,
00:47
allowing the immune system to recognize
your body's own cells
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能夠讓免疫系統
辨認體內的細胞,
00:51
without attacking them as foreign bodies.
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不會誤以為是外來物,
而加以攻擊。
00:54
The two main kinds of antigens, A and B,
determine your blood type.
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抗原主要分為兩類: A 類和 B 類,
並且決定了我們的血型。
00:59
But how do we get four blood types
from only two antigens?
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但是如何從兩種抗原
產生出四種血型?
01:04
Well, the antigens are coded for
by three different alleles,
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抗原的種類
由三個不同的等位基因決定,
01:08
varieties of a particular gene.
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等位基因是指
控制某種性狀的基因。
01:11
While the A and B alleles code
for A and B antigens,
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A 型和 B 型的抗原,分別由
A 型和 B 型的等位基因來決定,
01:15
the O allele codes for neither,
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而O型等位基因,
則沒有這兩種抗原。
01:18
and because we inherit
one copy of each gene from each parent,
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因為我們會從父親與母親
各自得到一個複製後的基因,
01:22
every individual has two alleles
determining blood type.
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所以每人都有一對等位基因,
決定了我們的血型。
當其中一個基因具有相對顯性,
便會掩蓋另一個基因的特性,
01:27
When these happen to be different,
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01:28
one overrides the other
depending on their relative dominance.
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因此產生不同的表現型態。
01:33
For blood types, the A and B alleles
are both dominant, while O is recessive.
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A 型和 B 型的等位基因都是顯性,
而 O 型的等位基因是隱性,
01:39
So A and A gives you type A blood,
while B and B gives you type B.
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因此,A 型 + A 型基因,會產生 A 血型;
而 B 型 + B 型基因,會產生 B 血型。
01:45
If you inherit one of each,
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如果你從父母親身上,分別遺傳到
一個 A 型 和一個 B 型基因,
01:47
the resulting codominance
will produce both A and B antigens,
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結果便會產生共顯性,
01:52
which is type AB.
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也就是同時具有 A 型和 B 型抗原,
則稱為 AB 血型。
01:54
The O allele is recessive,
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O 型基因屬於隱性,
01:56
so either of the others will override it
when they're paired,
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所以它會由配對的
另一個基因類型,
02:00
resulting in either type A or type B.
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決定成為 A 血型 或 B 血型。
02:03
But if you happen to inherit two Os,
instructions will be expressed
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但是如果你獲得兩個 O 型基因,
02:07
that make blood cells
without the A or the B antigen.
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體內的紅血球就不會
帶有 A 型和 B 型抗原。
02:12
Because of these interactions,
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由於這些基因的交互作用,
02:14
knowing both parents' blood types
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只要知道雙親的血型,
02:16
lets us predict the relative probability
of their children's blood types.
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便能夠預測他們的小孩
對於各種血型的發生機率。
02:21
Why do blood types matter?
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為什麼知道血型是重要的事?
02:23
For blood transfusions,
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因為當人們需要輸血時,
02:25
finding the correct one is a matter
of life and death.
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找出適合的血型,
是件攸關生死的大問題。
02:28
If someone with type A blood
is given type B blood, or vice versa,
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假若將 B 型血輸給 A 血型患者,
或是將 A 型血輸給 B 血型患者,
02:33
their antibodies will reject
the foreign antigens and attack them,
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抗體便會排斥和攻擊外來的抗原,
02:38
potentially causing
the transfused blood to clot.
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結果使血液產生凝結現象。
但是,AB 血型的患者體內,
同時具有 A 型和 B 型抗原,
02:42
But because people with type AB blood
produce both A and B antigens,
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02:46
they don't make antibodies against them,
so they will recognize either as safe,
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因此抗體可以辨認兩種抗原,
而不會攻擊它。
02:51
making them universal recipients.
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因此 AB 血型是萬能受血者。
02:54
On the other hand,
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另一方面,
02:55
people with blood type O
do not produce either antigen,
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O 血型不能製造出
A 型和 B 型抗原,
02:58
which makes them universal donors,
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所以他們可被稱為
「萬能捐血者」。
03:01
but will cause their immune system
to make antibodies
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但 O 血型患者體內沒有抗原,
03:04
that reject any other blood type.
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所以免疫系統便會製造抗體,
排斥其他血型輸入。
03:09
Unfortunately, matching donors
and recipients is a bit more complicated
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不幸的是,現在醫生要替輸血者
與病患進行血型配對,
03:13
due to additional antigen systems,
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變得更為困難了,
因為又多了一種抗原系統,
03:16
particular the Rh factor,
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我們稱為 Rh 因子。
03:18
named after the Rhesus monkeys
in which it was first isolated.
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科學家最早是從恆河猴身上
發現這種抗原並以此命名,
03:22
Rh+ or Rh- refers to the presence
or absence of the D antigen
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在 Rh 血型系統當中,
分為 Rh+ 與 Rh- 兩類,
Rh+ 前者具有 D 抗原,
而 Rh- 沒有 D 抗原。
03:29
of the Rh blood group system.
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03:31
And in addition to impeding
some blood transfusions,
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Rh 血型系統,
可能會延遲病患輸血的時間,
03:34
it can cause severe complications
in pregnancy.
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或是為孕婦帶來致命的風險,
03:38
If an Rh- mother is carrying an Rh+ child,
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如果母親的血型是 Rh- ,
而胎兒是 Rh+ ,
03:42
her body will produce Rh antibodies
that may cross the placenta
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母親體內會製造出 Rh 抗體,
可能會進入胎盤,並且攻擊胎兒,
03:47
and attack the fetus,
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03:49
a condition known as
hemolytic disease of the newborn.
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這種情況稱為
「新生兒溶血症」。
03:53
Some cultures believe blood type
to be associated with personality,
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在某些文明,人們相信
血型和人的性格有關,
雖然這並沒有科學根據。
03:57
though this is not
supported by science.
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03:58
And though the proportions
of different blood types
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各種血型的人數比例,
04:01
vary between human populations,
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在不同人種
也有很大的差異,
04:03
scientists aren't sure why they evolved;
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科學家仍無法確定,
這種演變的原因為何?
04:06
perhaps as protection
against blood born diseases,
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或許為了保護人們
對抗血液傳染疾病,
04:09
or due to random genetic drift.
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也或許是因為
隨機遺傳變異。
04:11
Finally, different species
have different sets of antigens.
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最後,不同種類的生物
具有不同的抗原組,
04:15
In fact, the four main blood types
shared by us apes
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事實上,我們和猿㺅一樣
都有四大類血型,
04:19
seem paltry in comparison
to the thirteen types found in dogs.
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但是和狗擁有 13 種血型相比,
就顯得不足為奇了。
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