How do vaccines work? - Kelwalin Dhanasarnsombut

Kako funkcionišu vakcine? - Kelvalin Danasarnsombut (Kelwalin Dhanasarnsombut)

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Anja Saric

In 1796, the scientist Edward Jenner

Godine 1796, naučnik Edvard Džener

injected material from a cowpox virus into an eight-year-old boy

ubrizgao je materijal iz virusa boginja u osmogodišnjeg dečaka

with a hunch that this would provide the protection needed

naslućujući da će ovo pružiti neophodnu zaštitu

to save people from deadly outbreaks of the related smallpox virus.

da se spase ljudi od smrtonosnih epidemija srodnog virusa malih boginja.

It was a success.

Imao je uspeha.

The eight-year-old was inoculated against the disease

Osmogodišnjak je bio inokuliran od bolesti

and this became the first ever vaccine.

i ovo je postala prva vakcina.

But why did it work?

Ali zašto je to funkcionisalo?

To understand how vaccines function,

Kako bismo razumeli kako funkcionišu vakcine,

we need to know how the immune system defends us against contagious diseases

moramo da znamo kako nas imuni sistem uopšte štiti

in the first place.

od zaraznih bolesti.

When foreign microbes invade us,

Kad nas napadnu strani mikrobi,

the immune system triggers a series of responses

imuni sistem pokreće niz odgovora

in an attempt to identify and remove them from our bodies.

pokušavajući da ih otkrije i eliminiše iz naših tela.

The signs that this immune response is working

Znaci da ovaj imuni odgovor funkcioniše

are the coughing, sneezing, inflammation and fever we experience,

su kašljanje, kijanje, upala kao i temperatura koju iskusimo,

which work to trap, deter and rid the body of threatening things, like bacteria.

koji u telu zaustavljaju, odbijaju i uklanjaju stvari poput bakterija.

These innate immune responses also trigger our second line of defense,

Ovi urođeni imuni odgovori takođe pokreću drugu liniju odbrane,

called adaptive immunity.

adaptivni imunitet.

Special cells called B cells and T cells are recruited to fight microbes,

Posebne ćelije zvane B i T ćelije regrutuju se u borbi protiv mikroba

and also record information about them,

i beleže informacije o njima,

creating a memory of what the invaders look like,

stvarajući memoriju o tome kako izgledaju napadači

and how best to fight them.

i kako se najlakše protiv njih boriti.

This know-how becomes handy

Ovo znanje postaje korisno

if the same pathogen invades the body again.

ako isti patogen ponovo napadne telo.

But despite this smart response, there's still a risk involved.

Ali uprkos ovom pametnom odgovoru, još uvek postoji rizik.

The body takes time to learn how to respond to pathogens

Telu treba vremena da nauči kako da reaguje na patogene

and to build up these defenses.

i pojača ovu odbranu.

And even then,

Ali čak i onda,

if a body is too weak or young to fight back when it's invaded,

ako je telo preslabo ili premlado da se bori kada je napadnuto,

it might face very serious risk if the pathogen is particularly severe.

može se suočiti sa ozbiljnim rizikom ako je patogen naročito ozbiljan.

But what if we could prepare the body's immune response,

Ali šta kada bismo mogli da pripremimo imuni odgovor tela,

readying it before someone even got ill?

spremivši ga pre nego što se razboli?

This is where vaccines come in.

Ovde nastupaju vakcine.

Using the same principles that the body uses to defend itself,

Koristeći iste principe koje telo koristi da se odbrani,

scientists use vaccines to trigger the body's adaptive immune system,

naučnici koriste vakcine da pokrenu adaptivni imuni sistem tela,

without exposing humans to the full strength disease.

a da se ljudi ne izlože bolesti u njenoj punoj snazi.

This has resulted in many vaccines, which each work uniquely,

Ovako je dobijeno mnogo vakcina, od kojih svaka radi na svoj način,

separated into many different types.

i postoji ih mnogo različitih vrsta.

First, we have live attenuated vaccines.

Prvo, postoje žive atenuirane vakcine.

These are made of the pathogen itself but a much weaker and tamer version.

One se sastoje od samog patogena, ali mnogo slabije i pitomije varijante.

Next, we have inactive vaccines, in which the pathogens have been killed.

Onda imamo inaktivisane vakcine, gde su patogeni ubijeni.

The weakening and inactivation in both types of vaccine

Slabljenjem i inaktivisanjem u oba tipa vakcine

ensures that pathogens don't develop into the full blown disease.

osigurava se da se patogeni ne razviju u bolest u punom obliku.

But just like a disease, they trigger an immune response,

Ali baš kao i bolest, oni pokreću imuni odgovor

teaching the body to recognize an attack

i telo uče da prepozna napad

by making a profile of pathogens in preparation.

tako što pravi profil patogena u pripremi.

The downside is that live attenuated vaccines can be difficult to make,

Mana je to što žive atenuirane vakcine mogu biti teške za napraviti,

and because they're live and quite powerful,

a pošto su žive i veoma snažne,

people with weaker immune systems can't have them,

ne mogu se davati ljudima sa slabijim imunim sistemima,

while inactive vaccines don't create long-lasting immunity.

dok inaktivisane vakcine ne pružaju dugotrajan imunitet.

Another type, the subunit vaccine,

Drugi tip vakcina, subjedinične vakcine,

is only made from one part of the pathogen, called an antigen,

prave se od samo jednog dela patogena koji se naziva antigen

the ingredient that actually triggers the immune response.

i koji je sastojak koji zapravo pokreće imuni odgovor.

By even further isolating specific components of antigens,

Tako što se još više izoluju specifične komponente antigena,

like proteins or polysaccharides,

poput proteina ili polisaharida,

these vaccines can prompt specific responses.

ove vakcine mogu izazvati specifične odgovore.

Scientists are now building a whole new range of vaccines

Naučnici sada rade na potpuno novoj vrsti vakcina

called DNA vaccines.

koje se zovu DNK vakcinama.

For this variety, they isolate the very genes that make the specific antigens

Za ovu vrstu, izoluju se geni koji prave specifične antigene

the body needs to trigger its immune response to specific pathogens.

koji su telu potrebni da pokrene svoj imuni sistem na specifične patogene.

When injected into the human body,

Kada se ubrizgaju u ljudsko telo,

those genes instruct cells in the body to make the antigens.

ovi geni daju uputstva ćelijama u telu da prave antigene.

This causes a stronger immune response,

Ovo izaziva jači imuni odgovor

and prepares the body for any future threats,

i priprema telo za buduće pretnje

and because the vaccine only includes specific genetic material,

a pošto vakcina samo sadrži specifični genetski materijal,

it doesn't contain any other ingredients from the rest of the pathogen

ona ne sadrži druge sastojke iz ostatka patogena

that could develop into the disease and harm the patient.

koji bi mogli da se razviju u bolest i naškode pacijentu.

If these vaccines become a success,

Ako ove vakcine budu uspešne,

we might be able to build more effective treatments

možda budemo mogli da stvorimo bolje tretmane za lečenje

for invasive pathogens in years to come.

za invazivne patogene koji će se tek pojaviti.

Just like Edward Jenner's amazing discovery

Poput neverovatnog otkića Edvarda Dženera

spurred on modern medicine all those decades ago,

nastalog uz pomoć moderne medicine pre mnogo decenija,

continuing the development of vaccines

dalji razvoj vakcina

might even allow us to treat diseases like HIV,

možda nam čak dozvoli da lečimo bolesti poput HIV-a,

malaria,

malarije

or Ebola, one day.

ili ebole, jednoga dana.