How do vaccines work? - Kelwalin Dhanasarnsombut

3,176,047 views ใƒป 2015-01-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Boaz Hovav
00:07
In 1796, the scientist Edward Jenner
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ื‘- 1,796, ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื’'ื ืจ,
00:10
injected material from a cowpox virus into an eight-year-old boy
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ื”ื–ืจื™ืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืงืจ ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื”
00:15
with a hunch that this would provide the protection needed
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ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื”
00:17
to save people from deadly outbreaks of the related smallpox virus.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื”.
00:23
It was a success.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
00:24
The eight-year-old was inoculated against the disease
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ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืกืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื”
00:27
and this became the first ever vaccine.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ ืคืขื.
00:30
But why did it work?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“?
00:32
To understand how vaccines function,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
00:34
we need to know how the immune system defends us against contagious diseases
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื ื•
ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
00:39
in the first place.
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00:40
When foreign microbes invade us,
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ื›ืฉื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœื’ื•ืคื ื•,
00:43
the immune system triggers a series of responses
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช
00:46
in an attempt to identify and remove them from our bodies.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:49
The signs that this immune response is working
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ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช
00:52
are the coughing, sneezing, inflammation and fever we experience,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ, ืขื™ื˜ื•ืฉ, ื“ืœืงื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื,
00:57
which work to trap, deter and rid the body of threatening things, like bacteria.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“, ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข ื•ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
01:03
These innate immune responses also trigger our second line of defense,
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื’ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืงื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:07
called adaptive immunity.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ืชืื.
01:10
Special cells called B cells and T cells are recruited to fight microbes,
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ืชืื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืชืื™ B ื•ืชืื™ T ืžื’ื•ื™ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
01:15
and also record information about them,
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ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื,
01:18
creating a memory of what the invaders look like,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื ืจืื™ื,
01:21
and how best to fight them.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื”ื.
01:24
This know-how becomes handy
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ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ
01:25
if the same pathogen invades the body again.
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ืื ืื•ืชื• ืžื–ื”ื (ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ) ืคื•ืœืฉ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื•ื‘.
01:29
But despite this smart response, there's still a risk involved.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื–ื•, ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:33
The body takes time to learn how to respond to pathogens
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฆืจื™ืš ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื
01:36
and to build up these defenses.
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ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
01:38
And even then,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื–,
01:39
if a body is too weak or young to fight back when it's invaded,
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ืื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ืœืฉ ืžื“ื™ ืื• ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคืœืฉ,
01:43
it might face very serious risk if the pathogen is particularly severe.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืื ื”ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:48
But what if we could prepare the body's immune response,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:51
readying it before someone even got ill?
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ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื—ืœื”?
01:55
This is where vaccines come in.
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ืฉื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
01:57
Using the same principles that the body uses to defend itself,
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•
02:00
scientists use vaccines to trigger the body's adaptive immune system,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
02:05
without exposing humans to the full strength disease.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
02:09
This has resulted in many vaccines, which each work uniquely,
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ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช,
02:13
separated into many different types.
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ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:16
First, we have live attenuated vaccines.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื.
02:19
These are made of the pathogen itself but a much weaker and tamer version.
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ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื—ืœืฉื” ื•ืจื’ื•ืขื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
02:24
Next, we have inactive vaccines, in which the pathogens have been killed.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืžืชื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื•.
02:29
The weakening and inactivation in both types of vaccine
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ื”ื”ื—ืœืฉื” ื•ื”ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื
02:32
ensures that pathogens don't develop into the full blown disease.
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ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืžื—ืœื” ืžืœืื”.
02:36
But just like a disease, they trigger an immune response,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ื”ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
02:40
teaching the body to recognize an attack
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ื•ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื”
02:42
by making a profile of pathogens in preparation.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ.
02:46
The downside is that live attenuated vaccines can be difficult to make,
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ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื”,
02:51
and because they're live and quite powerful,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
02:53
people with weaker immune systems can't have them,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื,
02:56
while inactive vaccines don't create long-lasting immunity.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.
03:00
Another type, the subunit vaccine,
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ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืชืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”,
03:03
is only made from one part of the pathogen, called an antigen,
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ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืจืง ืžื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ, ืฉื ืงืจื ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ,
03:08
the ingredient that actually triggers the immune response.
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ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
03:11
By even further isolating specific components of antigens,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ,
03:14
like proteins or polysaccharides,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืคื•ืœื™ืกื›ืจื™ื“ื™ื,
03:17
these vaccines can prompt specific responses.
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ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช.
03:21
Scientists are now building a whole new range of vaccines
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื
03:25
called DNA vaccines.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ DNA.
03:27
For this variety, they isolate the very genes that make the specific antigens
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ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
03:32
the body needs to trigger its immune response to specific pathogens.
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ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
03:36
When injected into the human body,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื–ืจืงื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
03:38
those genes instruct cells in the body to make the antigens.
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ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:42
This causes a stronger immune response,
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:44
and prepares the body for any future threats,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ื™,
03:47
and because the vaccine only includes specific genetic material,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืง ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™,
03:51
it doesn't contain any other ingredients from the rest of the pathogen
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ
03:55
that could develop into the disease and harm the patient.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืžื—ืœื” ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.
03:58
If these vaccines become a success,
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ืื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
04:00
we might be able to build more effective treatments
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
04:03
for invasive pathogens in years to come.
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ืœืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
04:06
Just like Edward Jenner's amazing discovery
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื’'ื ืจ
04:08
spurred on modern medicine all those decades ago,
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ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
04:11
continuing the development of vaccines
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ื”ืžืฉืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื
04:13
might even allow us to treat diseases like HIV,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• HIV,
04:16
malaria,
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ืžืœืจื™ื”,
04:17
or Ebola, one day.
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ืื• ืื‘ื•ืœื”, ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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