How tsunamis work - Alex Gendler

Kako funkcionišu cunami - Aleks Džendler (Alex Gendler)

8,601,095 views ・ 2014-04-24

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Anca Dimovska
00:07
In 479 BC, when Persian soldiers besieged
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479. godine pre nove ere, kada su persijski vojnici opseli
00:10
the Greek city of Potidaea,
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grčki grad Potideju,
00:12
the tide retreated much farther than usual,
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plima se povukla dosta dalje nego inače,
00:14
leaving a convenient invasion route.
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ostavljajući zgodnu putanju za upad.
00:17
But this wasn't a stroke of luck.
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Ovo nije bila puka sreća.
00:19
Before they had crossed halfway,
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Pre nego što su prešli polovinu,
00:21
the water returned in a wave higher than anyone had ever seen,
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voda se vratila u talasu višem
nego što je iko ikad video
00:24
drowning the attackers.
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i podavila napadače.
00:26
The Potiidaeans believed they had been saved
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Potidejci su bili uvereni da ih je spasio
00:29
by the wrath of Poseidon.
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bes Posejdona.
00:30
But what really saved them
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Ali verovatnije je da ih je spasila
00:32
was likely the same phenomenon that has destroyed countless others:
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ista pojava koja je uništila mnoge druge:
00:35
a tsunami.
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cunami.
00:36
Although tsunamis are commonly known as tidal waves,
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Iako su cunamiji poznatiji kao plimski talasi,
00:39
they're actually unrelated to the tidal activity caused
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zapravo nemaju veze sa aktivnostima plime koje izazivaju
00:42
by the gravitational forces of the Sun and Moon.
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gravitacione sile sunca i meseca.
00:45
In many ways, tsunamis are just larger versions of regular waves.
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Na mnogo načina, cunami su samo uvećane verzije
normalnih talasa.
00:49
They have a trough and a crest,
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Imaju korito i greben,
00:51
and consist not of moving water,
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i ne sastoje se od vode koja se kreće
00:53
but the movement of energy through water.
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već od kretanja energije kroz vodu.
00:56
The difference is in where this energy comes from.
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Razlika je u tome odakle dolazi ova energija.
00:58
For normal ocean waves, it comes from wind.
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Kod normalnih talasa u okeanu,
ona dolazi od vetra.
01:01
Because this only affects the surface, the waves are limited in size and speed.
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Pošto ovo utiče samo na površinu,
talasi su ograničeni u veličini i brzini.
01:05
But tsunamis are caused by energy originating underwater,
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Ali cunamije izaziva energija
koja potiče ispod vode,
01:09
from a volcanic eruption,
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od vulkanske erupcije,
01:10
a submarine landslide,
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podvodnog klizišta
01:12
or most commonly, an earthquake on the ocean floor
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ili najčešće,
podzemnog zemljotresa
01:15
caused when the tectonic plates of the Earth's surface slip,
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koji nastaje kada proklizaju tektonske ploče
01:18
releasing a massive amount of energy into the water.
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i ispuste ogromnu količinu energije u vodu.
01:21
This energy travels up to the surface,
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Ova energija putuje do površine,
01:24
displacing water and raising it above the normal sea level,
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izmešta vodu i diže je iznad
normalnog nivoa mora,
01:27
but gravity pulls it back down,
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ali je gravitacija vuče nadole,
01:29
which makes the energy ripple outwards horizontally.
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zbog čega se energija pretvara u horizontalne talase na površini.
01:32
Thus, the tsunami is born,
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Tako nastaje cunami,
01:34
moving at over 500 miles per hour.
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krećući se brzinom od preko 800 km/h.
01:37
When it's far from shore, a tsunami can be barely detectable
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Kada je daleko od obale,
cunami se jedva može otkriti
01:40
since it moves through the entire depth of the water.
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pošto se kreće celom dubinom vode.
01:43
But when it reaches shallow water, something called wave shoaling occurs.
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Ali kad dođe do plitke vode,
dešava se nešto što se naziva doplivavanje talasa.
01:47
Because there is less water to move through,
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Kako ima manje vode kroz koju može da se kreće,
01:49
this still massive amount of energy is compressed.
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ova ogromna količina energije se sabija.
01:53
The wave's speed slows down,
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Brzina talasa se smanjuje,
01:55
while its height rises to as much as 100 feet.
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dok se visina diže i do preko 30 metara.
01:58
The word tsunami, Japanese for "harbor wave,"
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Reč cunami
na japanskom znači "talas iz luke" i potiče
02:01
comes from the fact that it only seems to appear near the coast.
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od toga što se čini kao da se pojavljuje samo
u blizini obale.
02:04
If the trough of a tsunami reaches shore first,
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Ako korito cunamija prvo dođe do obale,
02:07
the water will withdraw farther than normal
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voda će se povući dalje nego uobičajeno
02:09
before the wave hits,
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pre nego što udari talas, što zna da bude zavaravajuće opasno.
02:11
which can be misleadingly dangerous.
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02:13
A tsunami will not only drown people near the coast,
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Cunami će ne samo podaviti ljude u blizini obale
02:16
but level buildings and trees for a mile inland or more,
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već sravniti i zgrade i drveće kilometrima i više na kopnu,
02:19
especially in low-lying areas.
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naročito u ravnicama.
02:21
As if that weren't enough, the water then retreats,
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Kao da to nije dovoljno,
voda se onda povlači,
02:24
dragging with it the newly created debris,
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i sa sobom vuče novonastale ruševine,
02:27
and anything, or anyone, unfortunate enough
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kao i sve i svakog koji ima tu nesreću
02:29
to be caught in its path.
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da mu se nađe na putu.
02:31
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
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Cunami u Indijskom okeanu 2004.
02:33
was one of the deadliest natural disasters in history,
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bio je jedna od najvećih prirodnih katastrofa u istoriji,
02:36
killing over 200,000 people throughout South Asia.
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ubivši preko 200 000 ljudi u Južnoj Aziji.
02:40
So how can we protect ourselves against this destructive force of nature?
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Kako da se zaštitimo
od ove destruktivne prirodne sile?
02:44
People in some areas have attempted
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Ljudi u nekim područjima su pokušali
02:46
to stop tsunamis with sea walls, flood gates,
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da spreče cunamije sa morskim zidovima, kapijama protiv poplava, kao i
02:49
and channels to divert the water.
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kanalima za preusmeravanje vode.
02:51
But these are not always effective.
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Ali ovo nije uvek efektno.
02:52
In 2011, a tsunami surpassed the flood wall
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Cunami je 2011. prešao preko poplavnog zida
02:56
protecting Japan's Fukushima Power Plant,
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koji je štitio nuklearnu elektranu u Fukušimi, u Japanu,
02:58
causing a nuclear disaster
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uzrokujući nuklearnu katastrofu, kao i gubitak
03:00
in addition to claiming over 18,000 lives.
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preko 18 000 ljudskih života.
03:04
Many scientists and policy makers are instead focusing on early detection,
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Mnogo naučnika i političara se umesto toga
fokusira na rano otkrivanje,
03:08
monitoring underwater pressure and seismic activity,
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osmatranje podvodnog pritiska i seizmičke aktivnosti,
03:11
and establishing global communication networks
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kao i utvrđivanje globanih mreža komunikacije
03:14
for quickly distributing alerts.
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za brzo širenje uzbune.
Kada je priroda previše moćna da bi se zaustavila,
03:16
When nature is too powerful to stop,
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03:18
the safest course is to get out of its way.
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najbolje je skloniti joj se sa puta.
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