Are all of your memories real? - Daniel L. Schacter

2,017,532 views ・ 2020-09-08

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Vojnić Tunić Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:06
In a study in the 1990s,
0
6545
2440
U istraživanju iz 1990-ih,
00:08
participants recalled getting lost in a shopping mall as children.
1
8985
4902
ispitanici su se prisetili da su se kao deca izgubili u tržnom centru.
00:13
Some shared these memories in vivid detail—
2
13887
3320
Neki su vrlo živopisno opisali to sećanje -
00:17
one even remembered that the old man who rescued him
3
17207
3680
neko se čak setio da je starac koji ga je spasao
00:20
was wearing a flannel shirt.
4
20887
2976
nosio flanelsku košulju.
00:23
But none of these people had actually gotten lost in a mall.
5
23863
4285
Međutim, niko od ovih ljudi se nije zapravo izgubio u tržnom centru.
00:28
They produced these false memories
6
28148
2230
Oni su stvorili lažna sećanja
00:30
when the psychologists conducting the study told them they’d gotten lost,
7
30378
4718
kada su im psiholozi koji su vodili istraživanje rekli da su se izgubili
00:35
and although they might not remember the incident,
8
35096
2600
i da iako se oni ne sećaju tog događaja,
00:37
their parents had confirmed it.
9
37696
2760
njihovi roditelji su ga potvrdili.
00:40
And it wasn’t just one or two people who thought they remembered getting lost—
10
40456
4855
Nisu samo jedan ili dva čoveka mislili da su se izgubili -
00:45
a quarter of the participants did.
11
45311
2850
jedna četvrtina ispitanika mislila je isto.
00:48
These findings may sound unbelievable,
12
48161
2760
Ovi rezultati možda zvuče neverovatno,
00:50
but they actually reflect a very common experience.
13
50921
3650
ali oni zapravo odražavaju veoma čest fenomen.
00:54
Our memories are sometimes unreliable.
14
54571
3250
Naša sećanja su ponekad nepouzdana.
00:57
And though we still don’t know precisely what causes this fallibility
15
57821
4000
Iako ne znamo šta tačno uzrokuje ovu manu
01:01
on a neurological level,
16
61821
1770
sa neurološkog gledišta,
01:03
research has highlighted some of the most common ways our memories
17
63591
4000
istraživanje je istaklo jedan od najčešćih načina na koje se naša sećanja
01:07
diverge from what actually happened.
18
67591
3000
razlikuju od onoga što se zaista desilo.
01:10
The mall study highlights how we can incorporate information
19
70591
3840
Istraživanje o tržnom centru pokazuje kako možemo da povežemo informaciju
01:14
from outside sources,
20
74431
1730
dobijenu iz spoljašnjih izvora,
01:16
like other people or the news,
21
76161
2230
drugih ljudi ili vesti na primer,
01:18
into our personal recollections without realizing it.
22
78391
4175
sa našim ličnim sećanjima, bez da to i primetimo.
01:22
This kind of suggestibility is just one influence on our memories.
23
82566
4563
Ta podložnost je samo jedan od faktora koji utiču na naše sećanje.
01:27
Take another study,
24
87129
1120
U jednom istraživanju
01:28
in which researchers briefly showed a random collection of photographs
25
88249
4325
naučnici su na kratko pokazali nasumičnu kolekciju fotografija
01:32
to a group of participants,
26
92574
1600
grupi ispitanika,
01:34
including images of a university campus none of them had ever visited.
27
94174
5643
uključujući slike univerzitetskog kampusa kojeg niko od ispitanika nije posetio.
01:39
When shown the images three weeks later,
28
99817
2550
Kada su im pokazali slike tri nedelje kasnije,
01:42
a majority of participants said that they had probably or definitely
29
102367
4879
većina ispitanika je rekla da je verovatno ili definitivno
01:47
visited the campus in the past.
30
107246
2830
posetila kampus u prošlosti.
01:50
The participants misattributed information from one context— an image they’d seen—
31
110076
5593
Ispitanici su pripisali informaciju iz jednog konteksta - sliku koju su videli -
01:55
onto another— a memory of something they believed they actually experienced.
32
115669
5398
na drugi - sećanje na nešto što su mislili da su zaista doživeli.
02:01
In another experiment, people were shown an image of a magnifying glass,
33
121067
4478
U drugom eksperimentu, ljudima su pokazali sliku lupe,
02:05
and then told to imagine a lollipop.
34
125545
3520
a zatim im rekli da zamisle lizalicu.
02:09
They frequently recalled that they saw the magnifying glass and the lollipop.
35
129065
4929
Ljudi su često zamislili i lupu i lizalicu zajedno.
02:13
They struggled to link the objects to the correct context—
36
133994
3470
Mučili su se da povežu objekte sa ispravnim kontekstom -
02:17
whether they actually saw them, or simply imagined them.
37
137464
4000
bez obzira da li su ih zapravo videli ili jednostavno zamislili.
02:21
Another study, where a psychologist questioned over 2,000 people
38
141464
4000
Drugo istraživanje, u kom je psiholog ispitivao preko 2.000 ljudi
02:25
on their views about the legalization of marijuana,
39
145464
3580
o njihovom stavu po pitanju legalizacije marihuane,
02:29
highlights yet another kind of influence on memory.
40
149044
3450
ističe još jedan od faktora koji utiče na sećanje.
02:32
Participants answered questions in 1973 and 1982.
41
152494
5968
Ispitanici su odgovarali na pitanja 1973. i 1982. godine.
02:38
Those who said they had supported marijuana legalization in 1973,
42
158462
4899
Oni koji su 1973. izjavili da podržavaju legalizaciju marihuane,
02:43
but reported they were against it in 1982,
43
163361
3480
ali su 1982. promenili mišljenje,
02:46
were more likely to recall that they were actually against legalization in 1973—
44
166841
6561
su često govorili da su 1973. zapravo bili protiv legalizacije -
02:53
bringing their old views in line with their current ones.
45
173402
4388
izjednačavajući nekadašnje stavove sa sadašnjim.
02:57
Our current opinions, feelings, and experiences
46
177790
3130
Naša trenutna mišljenja, osećanja i iskustva
03:00
can bias our memories of how we felt in the past.
47
180920
4000
mogu da utiču na sećanja ili osećanja u prošlosti.
03:04
In another study,
48
184920
1140
U jednom istraživanju,
03:06
researchers gave two groups of participants background information
49
186060
4202
naučnici su dvema grupama dali pozadinske informacije
03:10
on a historical war and asked them to rate the likelihood that each side would win.
50
190262
6410
o istorijskom ratu i tražili im da procene verovatnoću pobede obe zaraćene strane.
03:16
They gave each group the same information,
51
196672
2560
Svaka grupa dobila je istu informaciju,
03:19
except that they only told one group who had actually won the war—
52
199232
4307
sem što je samo jednoj grupi rečeno ko je zapravo osvojio rat -
03:23
the other group didn’t know the real world outcome.
53
203539
3600
druga grupa nije znala stvarni ishod.
03:27
In theory, both groups’ answers should be similar,
54
207139
3410
U teoriji, odgovori obe grupe bi trebalo da budu slični,
03:30
because the likelihood of each side winning
55
210549
2290
jer verovatnoća da bilo koja strana pobedi
03:32
isn’t effected by who actually won—
56
212839
2680
nije pod uticajem onog ko je zapravo pobedio -
03:35
if there’s a 20% chance of thunderstorms, and a thunderstorm happens,
57
215519
4360
ako je verovatnoća oluje 20 posto i do oluje zaista dođe,
03:39
the chance of thunderstorms doesn’t retroactively go up to 100%.
58
219879
5097
ta verovatnoća se ne povećava retroaktivno do 100 posto.
03:44
Still, the group that knew how the war ended
59
224976
3390
Međutim, grupa koja je znala kako se rat završio
03:48
rated the winning side as more likely to win than the group who did not.
60
228366
5590
izabrala je pobedničku stranu, naspram grupe koja nije znala.
03:53
All of these fallibilities of memory can have real-world impacts.
61
233956
4239
Sve ove mane pamćenja mogu da imaju uticaj u stvarnom svetu.
03:58
If police interrogations use leading questions with eye witnesses or suspects,
62
238195
5307
Ako se u ispitivanjima svedoka ili osumnjičenih koriste sugestivna pitanja,
04:03
suggestibility could result in incorrect identifications or unreliable confessions.
63
243502
7311
podložnost može da uzrokuje netačnu identifikaciju ili nepouzdana priznanja.
04:10
Even in the absence of leading questions,
64
250813
2580
Čak i kada se sugestivna pitanja ne koriste,
04:13
misattribution can lead to inaccurate eyewitness testimony.
65
253393
4382
pogrešna interpretacija može da dovede do netačnog svedočenja.
04:17
In a courtroom,
66
257775
880
Na sudu,
04:18
if a judge rules a piece of evidence inadmissible
67
258655
3030
ako sudija proglasi dokaz kao neprihvatljiv
04:21
and tells jurors to disregard it, they may not be able to do so.
68
261685
4578
i kaže poroti da ga zanemari, oni to možda neće moći.
04:26
In a medical setting, if a patient seeks a second opinion
69
266263
3510
U medicinskom okviru, ako pacijent potraži drugo mišljenje,
04:29
and the second physician is aware of the first one’s diagnosis,
70
269773
4000
a drugi doktor zna za dijagnozu koju je postavio prvi,
04:33
that knowledge may bias their conclusion.
71
273773
3630
to znanje može da utiče na njegov zaključak.
04:37
Our memories are not ironclad representations of reality,
72
277403
4000
Naša sećanja nisu nepokolebljivi prikazi stvarnosti,
04:41
but subjective perceptions.
73
281403
2350
već subjektivna opažanja.
04:43
And there’s not necessarily anything wrong with that—
74
283753
2900
U suštini, ne postoji ništa loše u tome -
04:46
the problems arise when we treat memory as fact,
75
286653
4000
problemi se javljaju kada pamćenje posmatramo kao činjenicu,
04:50
rather than accepting this fundamental truth
76
290653
2370
umesto da prihvatimo tu osnovnu istinu
04:53
about the nature of our recollections.
77
293023
3040
o prirodi naših sećanja.
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7