Are all of your memories real? - Daniel L. Schacter

1,956,195 views ・ 2020-09-08

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Vojnić Tunić Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:06
In a study in the 1990s,
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U istraživanju iz 1990-ih,
00:08
participants recalled getting lost in a shopping mall as children.
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ispitanici su se prisetili da su se kao deca izgubili u tržnom centru.
00:13
Some shared these memories in vivid detail—
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Neki su vrlo živopisno opisali to sećanje -
00:17
one even remembered that the old man who rescued him
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neko se čak setio da je starac koji ga je spasao
00:20
was wearing a flannel shirt.
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nosio flanelsku košulju.
00:23
But none of these people had actually gotten lost in a mall.
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Međutim, niko od ovih ljudi se nije zapravo izgubio u tržnom centru.
00:28
They produced these false memories
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Oni su stvorili lažna sećanja
00:30
when the psychologists conducting the study told them they’d gotten lost,
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kada su im psiholozi koji su vodili istraživanje rekli da su se izgubili
00:35
and although they might not remember the incident,
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i da iako se oni ne sećaju tog događaja,
00:37
their parents had confirmed it.
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njihovi roditelji su ga potvrdili.
00:40
And it wasn’t just one or two people who thought they remembered getting lost—
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Nisu samo jedan ili dva čoveka mislili da su se izgubili -
00:45
a quarter of the participants did.
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jedna četvrtina ispitanika mislila je isto.
00:48
These findings may sound unbelievable,
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Ovi rezultati možda zvuče neverovatno,
00:50
but they actually reflect a very common experience.
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ali oni zapravo odražavaju veoma čest fenomen.
00:54
Our memories are sometimes unreliable.
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Naša sećanja su ponekad nepouzdana.
00:57
And though we still don’t know precisely what causes this fallibility
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Iako ne znamo šta tačno uzrokuje ovu manu
01:01
on a neurological level,
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sa neurološkog gledišta,
01:03
research has highlighted some of the most common ways our memories
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istraživanje je istaklo jedan od najčešćih načina na koje se naša sećanja
01:07
diverge from what actually happened.
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razlikuju od onoga što se zaista desilo.
01:10
The mall study highlights how we can incorporate information
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Istraživanje o tržnom centru pokazuje kako možemo da povežemo informaciju
01:14
from outside sources,
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dobijenu iz spoljašnjih izvora,
01:16
like other people or the news,
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drugih ljudi ili vesti na primer,
01:18
into our personal recollections without realizing it.
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sa našim ličnim sećanjima, bez da to i primetimo.
01:22
This kind of suggestibility is just one influence on our memories.
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Ta podložnost je samo jedan od faktora koji utiču na naše sećanje.
01:27
Take another study,
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U jednom istraživanju
01:28
in which researchers briefly showed a random collection of photographs
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naučnici su na kratko pokazali nasumičnu kolekciju fotografija
01:32
to a group of participants,
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grupi ispitanika,
01:34
including images of a university campus none of them had ever visited.
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uključujući slike univerzitetskog kampusa kojeg niko od ispitanika nije posetio.
01:39
When shown the images three weeks later,
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Kada su im pokazali slike tri nedelje kasnije,
01:42
a majority of participants said that they had probably or definitely
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većina ispitanika je rekla da je verovatno ili definitivno
01:47
visited the campus in the past.
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posetila kampus u prošlosti.
01:50
The participants misattributed information from one context— an image they’d seen—
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Ispitanici su pripisali informaciju iz jednog konteksta - sliku koju su videli -
01:55
onto another— a memory of something they believed they actually experienced.
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na drugi - sećanje na nešto što su mislili da su zaista doživeli.
02:01
In another experiment, people were shown an image of a magnifying glass,
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U drugom eksperimentu, ljudima su pokazali sliku lupe,
02:05
and then told to imagine a lollipop.
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a zatim im rekli da zamisle lizalicu.
02:09
They frequently recalled that they saw the magnifying glass and the lollipop.
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Ljudi su često zamislili i lupu i lizalicu zajedno.
02:13
They struggled to link the objects to the correct context—
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Mučili su se da povežu objekte sa ispravnim kontekstom -
02:17
whether they actually saw them, or simply imagined them.
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bez obzira da li su ih zapravo videli ili jednostavno zamislili.
02:21
Another study, where a psychologist questioned over 2,000 people
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Drugo istraživanje, u kom je psiholog ispitivao preko 2.000 ljudi
02:25
on their views about the legalization of marijuana,
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o njihovom stavu po pitanju legalizacije marihuane,
02:29
highlights yet another kind of influence on memory.
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ističe još jedan od faktora koji utiče na sećanje.
02:32
Participants answered questions in 1973 and 1982.
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Ispitanici su odgovarali na pitanja 1973. i 1982. godine.
02:38
Those who said they had supported marijuana legalization in 1973,
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Oni koji su 1973. izjavili da podržavaju legalizaciju marihuane,
02:43
but reported they were against it in 1982,
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ali su 1982. promenili mišljenje,
02:46
were more likely to recall that they were actually against legalization in 1973—
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su često govorili da su 1973. zapravo bili protiv legalizacije -
02:53
bringing their old views in line with their current ones.
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izjednačavajući nekadašnje stavove sa sadašnjim.
02:57
Our current opinions, feelings, and experiences
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Naša trenutna mišljenja, osećanja i iskustva
03:00
can bias our memories of how we felt in the past.
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mogu da utiču na sećanja ili osećanja u prošlosti.
03:04
In another study,
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U jednom istraživanju,
03:06
researchers gave two groups of participants background information
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naučnici su dvema grupama dali pozadinske informacije
03:10
on a historical war and asked them to rate the likelihood that each side would win.
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o istorijskom ratu i tražili im da procene verovatnoću pobede obe zaraćene strane.
03:16
They gave each group the same information,
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Svaka grupa dobila je istu informaciju,
03:19
except that they only told one group who had actually won the war—
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sem što je samo jednoj grupi rečeno ko je zapravo osvojio rat -
03:23
the other group didn’t know the real world outcome.
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druga grupa nije znala stvarni ishod.
03:27
In theory, both groups’ answers should be similar,
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U teoriji, odgovori obe grupe bi trebalo da budu slični,
03:30
because the likelihood of each side winning
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jer verovatnoća da bilo koja strana pobedi
03:32
isn’t effected by who actually won—
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nije pod uticajem onog ko je zapravo pobedio -
03:35
if there’s a 20% chance of thunderstorms, and a thunderstorm happens,
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ako je verovatnoća oluje 20 posto i do oluje zaista dođe,
03:39
the chance of thunderstorms doesn’t retroactively go up to 100%.
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ta verovatnoća se ne povećava retroaktivno do 100 posto.
03:44
Still, the group that knew how the war ended
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Međutim, grupa koja je znala kako se rat završio
03:48
rated the winning side as more likely to win than the group who did not.
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izabrala je pobedničku stranu, naspram grupe koja nije znala.
03:53
All of these fallibilities of memory can have real-world impacts.
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Sve ove mane pamćenja mogu da imaju uticaj u stvarnom svetu.
03:58
If police interrogations use leading questions with eye witnesses or suspects,
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Ako se u ispitivanjima svedoka ili osumnjičenih koriste sugestivna pitanja,
04:03
suggestibility could result in incorrect identifications or unreliable confessions.
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podložnost može da uzrokuje netačnu identifikaciju ili nepouzdana priznanja.
04:10
Even in the absence of leading questions,
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Čak i kada se sugestivna pitanja ne koriste,
04:13
misattribution can lead to inaccurate eyewitness testimony.
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pogrešna interpretacija može da dovede do netačnog svedočenja.
04:17
In a courtroom,
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Na sudu,
04:18
if a judge rules a piece of evidence inadmissible
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ako sudija proglasi dokaz kao neprihvatljiv
04:21
and tells jurors to disregard it, they may not be able to do so.
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i kaže poroti da ga zanemari, oni to možda neće moći.
04:26
In a medical setting, if a patient seeks a second opinion
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U medicinskom okviru, ako pacijent potraži drugo mišljenje,
04:29
and the second physician is aware of the first one’s diagnosis,
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a drugi doktor zna za dijagnozu koju je postavio prvi,
04:33
that knowledge may bias their conclusion.
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to znanje može da utiče na njegov zaključak.
04:37
Our memories are not ironclad representations of reality,
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Naša sećanja nisu nepokolebljivi prikazi stvarnosti,
04:41
but subjective perceptions.
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već subjektivna opažanja.
04:43
And there’s not necessarily anything wrong with that—
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U suštini, ne postoji ništa loše u tome -
04:46
the problems arise when we treat memory as fact,
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problemi se javljaju kada pamćenje posmatramo kao činjenicu,
04:50
rather than accepting this fundamental truth
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umesto da prihvatimo tu osnovnu istinu
04:53
about the nature of our recollections.
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o prirodi naših sećanja.
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