Questions No One Knows the Answers to (Full Version)

Pitanja na koje niko ne zna odgovor (puna verzija) - Kris Anderson (Chris Anderson)

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Anja Saric

(Muzika)

Uobičajenim danima u školi,

On a typical day at school,

provode se beskonačni sati u učenju odgovora na pitanja,

endless hours are spent learning the answers to questions,

ali sada ćemo uraditi suprotno.

but right now, we'll do the opposite.

Fokusiraćemo se na pitanja za koja ne možete da naučite odgovore,

We're going to focus on questions where you can't learn the answers

jer oni ne postoje.

because they're unknown.

I used to puzzle about a lot of things as a boy, for example:

Kad sam bio dečak, zbunjivalo me je mnogo stvari.

Na primer: kako to izgleda biti pas?

What would it feel like to be a dog?

Da li ribe osećaju bol?

Do fish feel pain?

How about insects?

A insekti?

Was the Big Bang just an accident?

Da li je Veliki prasak samo slučajnost?

Da li postoji Bog?

And is there a God?

And if so, how are we so sure that it's a He and not a She?

I ako postoji, kako smo sigurni da je "on", a ne "ona"?

Zašto toliko nevinih ljudi i životinja trpi užasne patnje?

Why do so many innocent people and animals suffer terrible things?

Da li je moj život deo nekog plana?

Is there really a plan for my life?

Da li budućnost tek treba da bude napisana

Is the future yet to be written,

or is it already written and we just can't see it?

ili je već napisana, samo je ne vidimo?

But then, do I have free will? I mean, who am I anyway?

Ali onda, da li ja imam slobodnu volju? Ko sam, uopšte, ja?

Am I just a biological machine?

Da li sam samo biološka mašina?

But then, why am I conscious? What is consciousness?

Zašto onda imam svest? Šta je svest?

Da li će roboti jednog dana postati svesni?

Will robots become conscious one day?

Pretpostavljao sam da će mi jednog dana

I mean, I kind of assumed that some day

reći odgovore na sva ova pitanja.

I would be told the answers to all these questions.

Neko mora da ih zna, zar ne?

Someone must know, right?

Znate šta? Ne zna ih niko.

Guess what? No one knows.

Većina ovih stvari me sada zbunjuje više nego ikad.

Most of those questions puzzle me more now than ever.

Ali, uroniti u njih je uzbudljivo

But diving into them is exciting

jer vas vode na ivicu znanja i nikad ne znate šta ćete tamo naći.

because it takes you to the edge of knowledge,

and you never know what you'll find there.

Evo dva pitanja -

So, two questions that no one on Earth knows the answer to.

pitanja na koja niko na Zemlji ne zna odgovor.

(Muzika) Koliko svemira postoji?

(Music)

[How many universes are there?]

Sometimes when I'm on a long plane flight,

Ponekad kad sam na dugom putu avionom,

I gaze out at all those mountains and deserts

gledam kroz prozor sve te planine i pustinje

and try to get my head around how vast our Earth is.

i pokušavam da shvatim koliko je ogromna naša Zemlja.

I onda se setim da postoji objekat koji viđamo svakog dana,

And then I remember that there's an object we see every day

unutar koga bi stalo milion Zemlji:

that would literally fit one million Earths inside it:

Sunce. Ono izgleda neverovatno veliko.

the Sun.

It seems impossibly big.

But in the great scheme of things, it's a pinprick,

Ali u velikoj šemi stvari, ono je tačkica,

jedna od oko 400 milijardi zvezda u galaksiji Mlečni put

one of about 400 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy,

koju možete videti u vedroj noći

which you can see on a clear night

kao beličastu maglu koja se proteže nebom.

as a pale white mist stretched across the sky.

I postaje još gore. Postoji možda 100 milijardi galaksija

And it gets worse.

There are maybe 100 billion galaxies detectable by our telescopes.

koje mogu da se otkriju našim teleskopima.

So if each star was the size of a single grain of sand,

Tako da, ako bi svaka zvezda bila veličine zrna peska,

samo Mlečni put bi imao dovoljno zvezda da se ispuni

just the Milky Way has enough stars

to fill a 30-foot by 30-foot stretch of beach

komad plaže veličine 10x10 metara

three feet deep with sand.

peskom dubine od jednog metra.

And the entire Earth doesn't have enough beaches

A cela Zemlja nema dovoljno plaža

to represent the stars in the overall universe.

da se predstave zvezde iz celog svemira.

Takva plaža bi se protezala bukvalno stotinama miliona kilometara.

Such a beach would continue for literally hundreds of millions of miles.

Stivena mu Hokinga, to je mnogo zvezda.

Holy Stephen Hawking, that is a lot of stars.

But he and other physicists now believe in a reality

Ali, on i drugi fizičari danas veruju

that is unimaginably bigger still.

u stvarnost nezamislivo veću od toga.

Kao prvo, 100 milijardi galaksija u dometu naših teleskopa

I mean, first of all, the 100 billion galaxies

within range of our telescopes

are probably a minuscule fraction of the total.

su verovatno majušni deo od ukupnog broja.

Space itself is expanding at an accelerating pace.

Sam svemir se širi ubrzanim tempom.

Ogromna većina galaksija udaljava se od nas tako brzo

The vast majority of the galaxies

are separating from us so fast that light from them may never reach us.

da svetlost sa nijh možda nikad neće stići do nas.

Pa ipak, naša fizička realnost ovde na Zemlji

Still, our physical reality here on Earth

je u bliskoj vezi sa tim udaljenim, nevidljivim galaksijama.

is intimately connected to those distant, invisible galaxies.

We can think of them as part of our universe.

Možemo misliti o njima kao o delu našeg svemira.

They make up a single, giant edifice

One čine jednu ogromnu građevinu, pokoravaju se istim

obeying the same physical laws and all made from the same types of atoms,

fizičkim zakonima i napravljene su od istih atoma - elektrona, protona,

electrons, protons, quarks, neutrinos, that make up you and me.

kvarkova, neutrina - od kojih smo sačinjeni i vi i ja.

Ali, nedavne teorije u fizici, uključujući i teoriju struna,

However, recent theories in physics, including one called string theory,

are now telling us there could be countless other universes

govore nam da bi moglo postojati bezbroj drugih svemira

built on different types of particles,

sačinjenih od drugih vrsta čestica

sa drugačijim osobinama i koje se podvrgavaju drugim zakonima.

with different properties, obeying different laws.

Most of these universes could never support life,

Većina ovih svemira ne bi nikada mogli da podrže život

and might flash in and out of existence in a nanosecond.

i mogli bi da se pojave i nestanu u jednoj nanosekundi.

Ali bez obzira na to, u kombinaciji čine ogroman multiverzum

But nonetheless, combined, they make up a vast multiverse

mogućih svemira do u 11 dimenzija

of possible universes in up to 11 dimensions,

featuring wonders beyond our wildest imagination.

i sadrže čuda koja nadmašuju našu najluđu maštu.

Vodeća verzija teorije struna predviđa multiverzum

The leading version of string theory predicts a multiverse

sačinjen od 10 na 500-ti svemira.

made up of 10 to the 500 universes.

That's a one followed by 500 zeros,

To je jedinica sa 500 nula,

a number so vast that if every atom

broj tako ogroman da ako bi svaki atom

in our observable universe had its own universe,

u našem vidljivom svemiru, imao svoj sopstveni svemir

i svi ostali atomi u svim tim svemirima,

and all of the atoms in all those universes each had

their own universe,

imali svoj svemir i kad biste to ponovili

and you repeated that for two more cycles,

još dva kruga, još uvek biste imali

you'd still be at a tiny fraction of the total,

mali deo od ukupnog broja,

namely, one trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion

odnosno milijardu milijardi milijardi milijardi milijardi milijardi milijardi milijardi milijardi milijardi milijardi milijardi milijardi milijardi triliona.

trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillionth.

(Laughter)

Ali čak i taj broj

But even that number is minuscule compared to another number:

je majušan u poređenju sa drugim brojem:

večnošću.

infinity.

Neki fizičari misle da je prostor-vreme kontinuum bukvalno beskonačan

Some physicists think the space-time continuum is literally infinite

and that it contains an infinite number of so-called pocket universes

i da sadrži beskonačan broj takozvanih džepnih univerzuma

sa osobinama koje variraju.

with varying properties.

Kako vam je mozak?

How's your brain doing?

Kvantna teorija dodaje novu začkoljicu.

Quantum theory adds a whole new wrinkle.

I mean, the theory's been proven true beyond all doubt,

Mislim, teorija je potvrđena bez sumnje,

but interpreting it is baffling,

ali njena interpretacija je zbunjujuća

and some physicists think you can only un-baffle it

i neki fizičari misle da možete da je odgonetnete

jedino ako zamislite taj ogromni broj paralelnih univerzuma

if you imagine that huge numbers of parallel universes

are being spawned every moment,

kako se množe u svakom trenutku

i svaki od njih bi bio kao svet u kome se nalazimo

and many of these universes would actually be very like the world we're in,

would include multiple copies of you.

sa višestrukim kopijama vas.

In one such universe, you'd graduate with honors

U jednom od tih univerzuma biste diplomirali

and marry the person of your dreams, and in another, not so much.

i oženili se osobom svojih snova,

a u drugom ne bi bilo tako.

Well, there are still some scientists who would say, hogwash.

A ima i drugih naučnika koji bi rekli: besmislica.

The only meaningful answer to the question of how many universes there are is one.

Jedini smislen odgovor na pitanje koliko ima univerzuma je jedan.

Samo jedan univerzum.

Only one universe.

And a few philosophers and mystics might argue

A nekoliko filozofa i mistika

that even our own universe is an illusion.

bi reklo da je čak i naš univerzum iluzija.

Tako da, kao što vidite,

So, as you can see, right now

there is no agreement on this question, not even close.

ne postoji slaganje kod ovog pitanja, čak ni blizu.

All we know is the answer is somewhere between zero and infinity.

Sve što znamo je da je odgovor negde između nule i beskonačnosti.

Pa, pretpostavljam da znamo još jednu stvar.

Well, I guess we know one other thing.

This is a pretty cool time to be studying physics.

Da je ovo super vreme da se studira fizika.

We just might be undergoing the biggest paradigm shift in knowledge

Možda upravo prolazimo kroz najveću promenu paradigme u znanju

that humanity has ever seen.

koju je čovečanstvo ikada videlo.

(Music)

(Muzika)

[Why can't we see evidence of alien life?]

Somewhere out there in that vast universe

Negde u tom ogromnom svemiru

there must surely be countless other planets teeming with life.

mora da postoje bezbrojne druge planete koje bujaju životom.

But why don't we see any evidence of it?

Ali zašto mi ne vidimo dokaze za to?

Ovo je čuveno pitanje Enrikea Fermija iz 1950:

Well, this is the famous question asked by Enrico Fermi in 1950:

Gde su svi?

Where is everybody?

Teoretičari zavere tvrde da nas vanzemaljci stalno posećuju

Conspiracy theorists claim that UFOs are visiting all the time

and the reports are just being covered up,

i da se izveštaji samo zataškavaju, ali iskreno, ovo nije veoma uverljivo.

but honestly, they aren't very convincing.

But that leaves a real riddle.

Ali to ostavlja pravu zagonetku.

U toku prošle godine, u svemirskoj opservatoriji Kepler

In the past year, the Kepler space observatory

pronašli su stotine planeta, samo oko okolnih zvezda.

has found hundreds of planets just around nearby stars.

Ako izvedemo vrednosti za te podatke,

And if you extrapolate that data,

it looks like there could be half a trillion planets

čini se kao da može da postoji pola triliona planeta

just in our own galaxy.

samo u našoj galaksiji.

Ako bilo koja u 10 000 ima uslove

If any one in 10,000 has conditions

that might support a form of life,

koji mogu da podrže neki oblik života,

that's still 50 million possible life-harboring planets

to je još uvek mogućih 50 miliona planeta koje imaju živi svet

right here in the Milky Way.

blizu nas na Mlečnom putu.

So here's the riddle:

Evo zagonetke: naša Zemlja se nije stvorila

our Earth didn't form

until about nine billion years after the Big Bang.

sve do oko 9 milijardi godina nakon Velikog praska.

Nebrojene druge planete u našoj galaksiji bi trebalo da su se formirale ranije

Countless other planets in our galaxy should have formed earlier,

i dale priliku da se razvije život

and given life a chance to get underway

billions, or certainly many millions of years earlier than happened on Earth.

milijardama, ili svakako brojnim milionima godina

pre nego što se to desilo na Zemlji.

If just a few of them had spawned intelligent life

Ako je samo nekoliko od njih stvorilo inteligentne oblike života

and started creating technologies,

i počelo da stvara tehnologije,

those technologies would have had millions of years

te tehnologije bi imale milione godina

to grow in complexity and power.

da postanu kompleksne i moćne.

Na Zemlji,

On Earth,

we've seen how dramatically technology can accelerate

videli smo koliko dramatično tehnologija može da se ubrza

in just 100 years.

za samo 100 godina.

In millions of years, an intelligent alien civilization

Tokom miliona godina, inteligentna vanzemaljska civilizacija

je veoma lako mogla da se raširi galaksijom,

could easily have spread out across the galaxy,

perhaps creating giant energy-harvesting artifacts

stvarajući možda ogromne artefakte za stvaranje energije

ili flote svemirskih brodova za kolonizaciju

or fleets of colonizing spaceships

ili veličanstvena umetnička dela koja ispunjavaju noćno nebo.

or glorious works of art that fill the night sky.

U najmanju ruku pomislili biste da bi oni

At the very least, you'd think they'd be revealing their presence,

otkrili svoje prisustvo, namerno ili ne,

deliberately or otherwise,

through electromagnetic signals of one kind or another.

kroz elektromagnetne signale ili nešto slično.

Ipak, ne vidimo nikakve ubedljive dokaze za ovo.

And yet we see no convincing evidence of any of it.

Why?

Zašto?

Well, there are numerous possible answers, some of them quite dark.

Pa, postoje brojni mogući odgovori,

a neki od njih su prilično zloslutni.

Maybe a single, superintelligent civilization

Možda je jedna ultrainteligentna civilizacija

has indeed taken over the galaxy

zaista osvojila galaksiju i naredila strogu radijsku tišinu

and has imposed strict radio silence

because it's paranoid of any potential competitors.

zato što se boji potencijalnih suparnika.

It's just sitting there ready to obliterate

Samo sedi tamo, sprema da uništi

anything that becomes a threat.

bilo šta što joj postane pretnja.

Ili možda nisu toliko inteligentni,

Or maybe they're not that intelligent,

ili je možda razvitak inteligentnih bića

or perhaps the evolution of an intelligence

capable of creating sophisticated technology

sposobnih da stvore sofisticiranu tehnologiju

is far rarer than we've assumed.

dosta ređi nego što smo pretpostavljali.

After all, it's only happened once on Earth in four billion years.

Uostalom, to se desilo samo jednom na Zemlji za četiri milijarde godina.

Maybe even that was incredibly lucky.

Možda je i to bila puka slučajnost.

Maybe we are the first such civilization in our galaxy.

Možda smo mi prva takva civilizacija u našoj galaksiji.

Ili civilizacija možda

Or, perhaps civilization carries with it the seeds of its own destruction

sa sobom nosi seme sopstvenog uništenja

kroz nesposobnost da kontroliše tehnologije koje stvara.

through the inability to control the technologies it creates.

Ali postoje drugi brojni odgovori koji nose nadu.

But there are numerous more hopeful answers.

For a start, we're not looking that hard,

Za početak, ne tražimo baš detaljno, i trošimo mizerne sume novca na to.

and we're spending a pitiful amount of money on it.

Samo delić zvezda u našoj galaksiji

Only a tiny fraction of the stars in our galaxy

have really been looked at closely for signs of interesting signals.

je detaljno proučeno i pretraženo za znakove ili zanimljive signale.

Možda ne gledamo na pravi način.

And perhaps we're not looking the right way.

Kako se civilizacije razvijaju,

Maybe as civilizations develop,

možda brzo otkrivaju tehnologije komunikacije

they quickly discover communication technologies

far more sophisticated and useful than electromagnetic waves.

daleko sofisticiranije i korisnije od elektromagnetnih talasa.

Možda se sva radnja dešava u misterioznoj tamnoj materiji

Maybe all the action takes place inside the mysterious

recently discovered dark matter,

koja je nedavno otkrivena,

or dark energy, that appear to account for most of the universe's mass.

ili tamnoj energiji, koje, čine se zauzimaju većinu mase univerzuma.

Ili možda gledamo

Or, maybe we're looking at the wrong scale.

na pogrešnoj skali.

Perhaps intelligent civilizations come to realize

Možda inteligentne civilizacije shvate da život na kraju čine

that life is ultimately just complex patterns of information

samo kompleksni šabloni informacija

interacting with each other in a beautiful way,

koji međusobno deluju na predivan način,

and that that can happen more efficiently at a small scale.

a to može biti efikasnije na manjem obimu.

Isto kao što su se na Zemlji kabasti ogromni radio uređaji smanjili

So, just as on Earth, clunky stereo systems have shrunk

to beautiful, tiny iPods, maybe intelligent life itself,

do predivnih, malih ajpoda, možda je i sam inteligentni život

in order to reduce its footprint on the environment,

postao mikroskopski, kako bi smanjio svoj uticaj na okolinu.

has turned itself microscopic.

So the Solar System might be teeming with aliens,

Sunčev sistem možda vrvi od vanzemaljaca, ali ih mi prosto ne primećujemo.

and we're just not noticing them.

Maybe the very ideas in our heads are a form of alien life.

Možda su same ideje u našim glavama oblik vanzemaljskog života.

U redu, to je luda zamisao.

Well, okay, that's a crazy thought.

Vanzemaljci su me naterali da kažem to.

The aliens made me say it.

But it is cool that ideas do seem to have a life all of their own

Ali super je to što ideje kao da imaju svoj život

i nadživljavaju svoje tvorce.

and that they outlive their creators.

Možda je biološki život samo prolazna faza.

Maybe biological life is just a passing phase.

Pa, u sledećih 15 godina bismo mogli

Well, within the next 15 years,

we could start seeing real spectroscopic information

da počnemo da viđamo prave spektroskopske informacije

od obećavajućih planeta u blizini, koje će otkriti koliko su naklone životu.

from promising nearby planets

that will reveal just how life-friendly they might be.

U međuvremenu, SETI, Potraga za vanzemaljskom inteligencijom,

And meanwhile, SETI, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence,

is now releasing its data to the public

sada javno objavljuje podatke

so that millions of citizen scientists, maybe including you,

tako da milioni građana-naučnika, uključujući možda i vas,

can bring the power of the crowd to join the search.

mogu da doprinesu moći masa i pridruže se potrazi.

A ovde na Zemlji se vrše neverovatni eksperimenti

And here on Earth, amazing experiments

are being done to try to create life from scratch,

u pokušaju da se stvori život ni iz čega,

život koji bi mogao da bude veoma drugačiji od DNK koju poznajemo.

life that might be very different from the DNA forms we know.

Sve ovo će nam pomoći da razumemo

All of this will help us understand whether the universe is teeming with life

da li univerzum buja od života

or whether, indeed, it's just us.

ili smo tu zaista samo mi.

Oba odgovora ulivaju strahopoštovanje

Either answer, in its own way,

na svoj način,

is awe-inspiring,

jer čak i ako smo sami,

because even if we are alone,

the fact that we think and dream and ask these questions

činjenica da mislimo i sanjamo i postavljamo ova pitanja

se može ispostaviti kao jedna od najbitnijih činjenica o univerzumu.

might yet turn out to be

one of the most important facts about the universe.

Imam još jednu dobru vest za vas.

And I have one more piece of good news for you.

Potraga za znanjem i razumevanjem nikada ne posustaje.

The quest for knowledge and understanding never gets dull.

It doesn't. It's actually the opposite.

Nikada. Zapravo je suprotno.

The more you know, the more amazing the world seems.

Što više znate, svet se čini neverovatnijim.

And it's the crazy possibilities, the unanswered questions,

Te lude mogućnosti i pitanja bez odgovora su ono

što nas gura napred.

that pull us forward.

So stay curious.

Stoga ostanite radoznali.