Questions No One Knows the Answers to (Full Version)

Pitanja na koja nitko ne zna odgovor (Puna verzija)

Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Senzos Osijek

(Glazba)

Za tipičnog školskog dana,

On a typical day at school,

bezbrojni sati provedeni su učeći odgovore na pitanja,

endless hours are spent learning the answers to questions,

ali sada, napravit ćemo suprotno.

but right now, we'll do the opposite.

Usredotočit ćemo se na pitanja gdje ne možete naučiti odgovor

We're going to focus on questions where you can't learn the answers

jer je nepoznat.

because they're unknown.

I used to puzzle about a lot of things as a boy, for example:

Mnogo stvari u životu me zanimalo,

na primjer: Kako bih se osjećao da sam pas?

What would it feel like to be a dog?

Osjećaju li ribe bol?

Do fish feel pain?

How about insects?

A insekti?

Was the Big Bang just an accident?

Je li Veliki prasak bio samo nezgoda?

Postoji li Bog?

And is there a God?

And if so, how are we so sure that it's a He and not a She?

I ako postoji, kako smo sigurni da je to On a ne Ona?

Zašto toliko nevinih ljudi i životinja trpi užasne stvari?

Why do so many innocent people and animals suffer terrible things?

Postoji li zaista plan za moj život?

Is there really a plan for my life?

Treba li budućnost tek biti napisana,

Is the future yet to be written,

or is it already written and we just can't see it?

ili je već napisana i ne možemo ju vidjeti?

But then, do I have free will? I mean, who am I anyway?

Ali onda, imam li slobodnu volju? Mislim tko sam ja zapravo?

Am I just a biological machine?

Jesam li samo biološki stroj?

But then, why am I conscious? What is consciousness?

Ali onda, zašto sam svjestan? Što je svijest?

Hoće li roboti jednog dana postati svjesni?

Will robots become conscious one day?

Mislim, pretpostavio sam da ću jednog dana

I mean, I kind of assumed that some day

dobiti odgovore na sva ova pitanja.

I would be told the answers to all these questions.

Netko sigurno mora znati, zar ne?

Someone must know, right?

Znate što? Nitko ne zna.

Guess what? No one knows.

Većina ovih pitanja muči me sada više no ikad.

Most of those questions puzzle me more now than ever.

Ali uhvatiti se u koštac s njima je uzbudljivo

But diving into them is exciting

jer vas vodi na rub znanja, i nikad ne znate što ćete tamo naći.

because it takes you to the edge of knowledge,

and you never know what you'll find there.

Dakle, dva pitanja --

So, two questions that no one on Earth knows the answer to.

pitanja na koja nitko na Zemlji ne zna odgovor.

(Glazba)

(Music)

[How many universes are there?]

Sometimes when I'm on a long plane flight,

Nekad, kada dugo letim avionom,

I gaze out at all those mountains and deserts

gledam sve te planine i pustinje

and try to get my head around how vast our Earth is.

i pokušavam shvatiti kako je velika Zemlja.

I onda se sjetim da postoji predmet koji vidimo svakog dana

And then I remember that there's an object we see every day

u koji može stati milijun planeta Zemlji:

that would literally fit one million Earths inside it:

sunce. Čini se nemoguće velikim.

the Sun.

It seems impossibly big.

But in the great scheme of things, it's a pinprick,

Ali gledajući veliku sliku, to je tek točkica,

jedna od 400 milijardi zvijezda u galaksiji Mliječni put,

one of about 400 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy,

koje možete vidjeti u vedroj noći

which you can see on a clear night

kao blijedu, bijelu izmaglicu na nebu.

as a pale white mist stretched across the sky.

I postaje gore. Možda postoji sto milijardi galaksija

And it gets worse.

There are maybe 100 billion galaxies detectable by our telescopes.

koje možemo vidjeti teleskopom.

So if each star was the size of a single grain of sand,

Ako je svaka zvijezda veličine zrna pijeska,

samo Mliječna staza ima dovoljno zvijezda da napuni

just the Milky Way has enough stars

to fill a 30-foot by 30-foot stretch of beach

10 puta 10 metara plaže

three feet deep with sand.

sa metar dubokim pijeskom.

And the entire Earth doesn't have enough beaches

I čitava Zemlja nema dovoljno plaža

to represent the stars in the overall universe.

koje bi predstavljale zvijezde u čitavom svemiru.

Takva plaža bila bi duga doslovno stotine milijuna milja.

Such a beach would continue for literally hundreds of millions of miles.

Sveti Stephen Hawking, to je puno zvijezda.

Holy Stephen Hawking, that is a lot of stars.

But he and other physicists now believe in a reality

Ali on i drugi fizičari vjeruju u stvarnost.

that is unimaginably bigger still.

koja je nezamislivo veća.

Mislim, prvo, svih 100 milijardi galaksija u dometu naših teleskopa

I mean, first of all, the 100 billion galaxies

within range of our telescopes

are probably a minuscule fraction of the total.

su zapravo mali dio ukupnog broja.

Space itself is expanding at an accelerating pace.

Sam svemir se sve brže širi.

Velika većina galaksija

The vast majority of the galaxies

are separating from us so fast that light from them may never reach us.

odvaja se od nas se takvom brzinom da njihova svjetlost nikad neće doći do nas.

Ali ipak, naša fizička stvarnost ovdje na Zemlji

Still, our physical reality here on Earth

je intimno povezana sa tim udaljenim, nevidljivim galaksijama.

is intimately connected to those distant, invisible galaxies.

We can think of them as part of our universe.

Možemo ih smatrati dijelom našeg svemira.

They make up a single, giant edifice

Stvaraju jednu, veliku građevinu

obeying the same physical laws and all made from the same types of atoms,

koja sluša iste fizičke zakone, od istih vrsta atoma -- elektrona, protona,

electrons, protons, quarks, neutrinos, that make up you and me.

kvarkova, neutrina -- koji čine tebe i mene.

No ipak, nove teorije u fizici, uključujući i teoriju struna,

However, recent theories in physics, including one called string theory,

are now telling us there could be countless other universes

sada nam govore da bi ovdje moglo biti nebrojeno mnogo univerzuma

built on different types of particles,

izgrađenih od različitih tipova tvari,

with different properties, obeying different laws.

sa različitim svojstvima, poštujući druge zakone.

Most of these universes could never support life,

Većina ovih univerzuma nikad ne bi mogla podržati život,

and might flash in and out of existence in a nanosecond.

i mogla bi postojati i prestati postojati u nanosekundi.

Ali ipak, kombinirani, čine multiverzum

But nonetheless, combined, they make up a vast multiverse

mogućih univerzuma do 11 dimenzija,

of possible universes in up to 11 dimensions,

featuring wonders beyond our wildest imagination.

koji sadrže čuda koja ne možemo zamisliti.

Vodeća verzija teorije struna predviđa multiverzum

The leading version of string theory predicts a multiverse

sastavljen od 10 na 500-tu univerzuma.

made up of 10 to the 500 universes.

That's a one followed by 500 zeros,

To je jedinica koju slijedi 500 nula,

a number so vast that if every atom

broj tako velik da kada bi svaki atom

in our observable universe had its own universe,

u našem vidljivom svemiru imao vlastiti univerzum,

i svi atomi u svakom tom univerzumu imaju

and all of the atoms in all those universes each had

their own universe,

vlastite univerzume, i to sve ponovite

and you repeated that for two more cycles,

još dva puta, još uvijek bi imali

you'd still be at a tiny fraction of the total,

malen djelić ukupnog broja,

namely, one trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion

imenom, jedan trilijun trilijun trilijun trilijun trilijun trilijun trilijun trilijun trilijun...

trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillionth.

(Laughter)

Ali čak ni taj broj

But even that number is minuscule compared to another number:

nije značajan u odnosu na drugi broj:

beskonačnost.

infinity.

Some physicists think the space-time continuum is literally infinite

Neki fizičari misle da je kontinuum prostor vrijeme doslovno beskonačan

and that it contains an infinite number of so-called pocket universes

i da sadrži beskonačan broj takozvanih džepnih univerzuma

sa varirajućim svojstvima.

with varying properties.

Kako je vaš mozak?

How's your brain doing?

Kvantna teorija dodaje dodatnu boru.

Quantum theory adds a whole new wrinkle.

I mean, the theory's been proven true beyond all doubt,

Mislim, teorija je dokazana bez sumnje,

but interpreting it is baffling,

ali interpretacija je zbunjujuća,

and some physicists think you can only un-baffle it

i neki fizičari misle da ju možete od-zbuniti

if you imagine that huge numbers of parallel universes

ako to zamislite tako da se paralelni univerzumi

are being spawned every moment,

stvaraju svakog trenutka,

velik broj ovih univerzuma bi zapravo bio poput svijeta u kojem smo,

and many of these universes would actually be very like the world we're in,

would include multiple copies of you.

i sadržavao bi nekoliko kopija vas.

In one such universe, you'd graduate with honors

U takvom univerzumu bili bi najbolji student

and marry the person of your dreams, and in another, not so much.

i oženili osobu svojih snova,

a u drugom, ne toliko.

Well, there are still some scientists who would say, hogwash.

Pa, još uvijek postoje neki znanstvenici bi rekli, gluposti.

The only meaningful answer to the question of how many universes there are is one.

Jedini značajni odgovor na pitanje koliko je univerzuma je da postoji jedan.

Samo jedan univerzum.

Only one universe.

And a few philosophers and mystics might argue

I nekoliko filozofa i mistika

that even our own universe is an illusion.

reklo bi da je čak i naš univerzum iluzija.

Pa, kao što vidite, trenutno

So, as you can see, right now

there is no agreement on this question, not even close.

ne postoji slaganje oko ovog pitanja, čak ni blizu.

All we know is the answer is somewhere between zero and infinity.

Sve što znamo da je odgovor negdje između nule i beskonačno.

Pa, mislim da znamo još jednu stvar.

Well, I guess we know one other thing.

This is a pretty cool time to be studying physics.

Ovo je stvarno dobro vrijeme za bavljenje fizikom.

We just might be undergoing the biggest paradigm shift in knowledge

Možda prolazimo kroz najveću promjenu paradigme u znanju

that humanity has ever seen.

koje je čovječanstvo ikad vidjelo.

(Music)

(Glazba)

[Why can't we see evidence of alien life?]

Somewhere out there in that vast universe

Negdje u tom ogromnom svemiru

there must surely be countless other planets teeming with life.

sigurno mora biti beskonačno mnogo planeta punih života.

But why don't we see any evidence of it?

No zašto ne vidimo nikakav dokaz toga?

Ovo je slavno pitanje koje je postavio Enrico Fermi 1950.:

Well, this is the famous question asked by Enrico Fermi in 1950:

Gdje su svi?

Where is everybody?

Teoretičari zavjera tvrde da nas NLO-i posjećuju cijelo vrijeme

Conspiracy theorists claim that UFOs are visiting all the time

and the reports are just being covered up,

i da se izvještaji zataškavaju, ali iskreno, nisu baš uvjerljivi.

but honestly, they aren't very convincing.

But that leaves a real riddle.

Ali to ostavlja pravu zagonetku.

Prošle godine, Kepler opservatorij

In the past year, the Kepler space observatory

našao je stotine planeta oko okolnih zvijezda.

has found hundreds of planets just around nearby stars.

I ako ekstrapoliramo te podatke,

And if you extrapolate that data,

it looks like there could be half a trillion planets

izgleda da bi moglo biti pola trilijuna planeta

just in our own galaxy.

samo u našoj galaksiji.

Ako jedan u 10000 ima uvjete

If any one in 10,000 has conditions

that might support a form of life,

koji bi mogli podržati oblik života, to je još uvijek

that's still 50 million possible life-harboring planets

50 milijuna planeta na kojima je moguć život

right here in the Milky Way.

ovdje u Mliječnoj Stazi.

So here's the riddle:

Evo zagonetke: naša Zemlja nije formirana

our Earth didn't form

until about nine billion years after the Big Bang.

do otprilike devet milijardi godina prije Velikog praska.

Bezbrojni drugi planeti u našoj galaksiji trebali su nastati prije,

Countless other planets in our galaxy should have formed earlier,

i dati priliku životu da započne

and given life a chance to get underway

billions, or certainly many millions of years earlier than happened on Earth.

milijardama, ili zasigurno milijunima

godina prije nego se dogodio na Zemlji

If just a few of them had spawned intelligent life

Ako je samo nekoliko stvorilo inteligentni život

and started creating technologies,

i započelo stvarati tehologije,

those technologies would have had millions of years

ove tehnologije imale bi milijune godina

to grow in complexity and power.

da rastu u složenosti i snazi.

Na Zemlji,

On Earth,

we've seen how dramatically technology can accelerate

vidjeli smo kako dramatično se tehnologija može ubrzati

in just 100 years.

u samo stotinu godina.

In millions of years, an intelligent alien civilization

U milijunima godina, inteligentna vanzemaljska civilizacija

mogla je lako proširiti se kroz galaksiju,

could easily have spread out across the galaxy,

perhaps creating giant energy-harvesting artifacts

stvarajući ogromne artefakte za prikupljanje energije

ili flote kolonizirajućih svemirskih brodova

or fleets of colonizing spaceships

ili fantastičnih umjetničkih djela koja ispunjavaju noćno nebo.

or glorious works of art that fill the night sky.

U najgorem slučaju, vjerojatno bi

At the very least, you'd think they'd be revealing their presence,

otkrili svoju prisutnost, namjerno ili drugačije

deliberately or otherwise,

through electromagnetic signals of one kind or another.

kroz elektromagnetske signale ove ili one vrste.

A i dalje ne vidimo uvjerljive dokaze toga.

And yet we see no convincing evidence of any of it.

Why?

Zašto?

Well, there are numerous possible answers, some of them quite dark.

Pa postoje mnogi mogući odgovori,

neki od njih poprilično mračni.

Maybe a single, superintelligent civilization

Možda je jedna, superinteligentna civilizacija

has indeed taken over the galaxy

zaista preuzela galaksiju i proglasila potpunu tišinu

and has imposed strict radio silence

because it's paranoid of any potential competitors.

jer je paranoična zbog potencijalne konkurencije.

It's just sitting there ready to obliterate

Samo sjedi ondje spremna uništiti

anything that becomes a threat.

bilo što što postane prijetnja.

Ili nisu tako inteligentni,

Or maybe they're not that intelligent,

ili možda evolucija inteligencije

or perhaps the evolution of an intelligence

capable of creating sophisticated technology

sposobne za stvaranje sofisticirane tehnologije

is far rarer than we've assumed.

je puno rjeđa nego smo mislili. Mislim

After all, it's only happened once on Earth in four billion years.

to se dogodilo na Zemlji samo jednom u četiri milijarde godina.

Maybe even that was incredibly lucky.

Možda je i to bilo nevjerojatno sretno.

Maybe we are the first such civilization in our galaxy.

Možda smo prvi u takvoj civilizaciji u galaksiji.

Ili možda

Or, perhaps civilization carries with it the seeds of its own destruction

civilizacija nosi sa sobom sjeme vlastitog uništenja

kroz nemogućnost kontroliranja tehnologije koju stvara.

through the inability to control the technologies it creates.

Ali postoje mnogi odgovori koji daju nadu.

But there are numerous more hopeful answers.

For a start, we're not looking that hard,

Za početak, ne tražimo tako jako, i trošimo vrlo malo novca na to.

and we're spending a pitiful amount of money on it.

Samo mala frakcija zvijezda u galaksiji

Only a tiny fraction of the stars in our galaxy

have really been looked at closely for signs of interesting signals.

je zaista pogledana dovoljno detaljno u potrazi za interesantnim signalima.

I možda ne tražimo na pravi način.

And perhaps we're not looking the right way.

Možda kako se civilizacija razvija,

Maybe as civilizations develop,

they quickly discover communication technologies

brzo otkriva komunikacijske tehnologije

far more sophisticated and useful than electromagnetic waves.

daleko sofisticiranije i korisnije od elektromagnetskih valova.

Možda se sva akcija događa unutar neke misteriozne

Maybe all the action takes place inside the mysterious

recently discovered dark matter,

nedavno otkrivene tamne materije,

or dark energy, that appear to account for most of the universe's mass.

ili tamne energije, koja čini većinu mase svemira.

Ili,

Or, maybe we're looking at the wrong scale.

možda tražimo u pogrešnom razmjeru.

Perhaps intelligent civilizations come to realize

Možda su inteligentne civilizacije shvatile

that life is ultimately just complex patterns of information

da je život samo kompleksni uzorak informacija

interacting with each other in a beautiful way,

u interakciji jednih s drugima na prekrasan način,

and that that can happen more efficiently at a small scale.

i da se to može dogoditi u manjem razmjeru.

So, just as on Earth, clunky stereo systems have shrunk

Dakle, kao i na Zemlji, kako su se glomazni audio sustavi smanjili

to beautiful, tiny iPods, maybe intelligent life itself,

u predivne, malene iPodove, možda inteligentni život sam po sebi,

in order to reduce its footprint on the environment,

s ciljem da smanji utjecaj na okoliš, prešao je u mikroskopsku veličinu.

has turned itself microscopic.

So the Solar System might be teeming with aliens,

Možda je Sunčev sustav pun izvanzemaljaca, samo ih ne primjećujemo.

and we're just not noticing them.

Maybe the very ideas in our heads are a form of alien life.

Možda su ideje u našim glavama oblik izvanzemaljskog života.

U redu, to je suluda pomisao.

Well, okay, that's a crazy thought.

Izvanzemaljci su me natjerali da to kažem.

The aliens made me say it.

But it is cool that ideas do seem to have a life all of their own

Ali super je da ideje imaju vlastiti život

i da nadžive svoje tvorce.

and that they outlive their creators.

Možda je biološki život samo prolazna faza.

Maybe biological life is just a passing phase.

Pa, u sljedećih 15 godina,

Well, within the next 15 years,

we could start seeing real spectroscopic information

mogli bi početi viđati spektroskopske informacije

from promising nearby planets

s obećavajućih obližnjih planeta koje će otkriti koliko mogu podržavati život.

that will reveal just how life-friendly they might be.

U međuvremenu, SETI, društvo za potragu za izvanzemaljskom inteligencijom,

And meanwhile, SETI, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence,

is now releasing its data to the public

objavljuje svoje podatke javnosti

so that millions of citizen scientists, maybe including you,

kako bi milijuni građana znanstvenika, možda i vi,

can bring the power of the crowd to join the search.

mogli donijeti snagu gomile u potragu.

I ovdje na Zemlji, zadivljujući eksperimenti

And here on Earth, amazing experiments

are being done to try to create life from scratch,

izvode se kako bi pokušali stvoriti život iz ničega,

life that might be very different from the DNA forms we know.

život koji bi mogao biti puno drugačiji od oblika DNA koje poznajemo.

Sve ovo pomoći će nam da razumijemo

All of this will help us understand whether the universe is teeming with life

da li je svemir prepun života

or whether, indeed, it's just us.

ili smo, zaista, tu samo mi.

Svaki odgovor, na svoj način,

Either answer, in its own way,

izaziva strahopoštovanje,

is awe-inspiring,

jer čak i ako smo sami,

because even if we are alone,

the fact that we think and dream and ask these questions

činjenica da sanjamo i postavljamo ova pitanja

možda bude jedna od najvažnijih činjenica o svemiru.

might yet turn out to be

one of the most important facts about the universe.

I imam još jednu dobru vijest za vas.

And I have one more piece of good news for you.

Potraga za znanjem i razumijevanjem nikad ne postaje dosadna.

The quest for knowledge and understanding never gets dull.

It doesn't. It's actually the opposite.

Ne postaje, zapravo je suprotno.

The more you know, the more amazing the world seems.

Što više znate, svijet postaje zanimljiviji.

And it's the crazy possibilities, the unanswered questions,

I te lude mogućnosti, neodgovorena pitanja,

vuku nas naprijed.

that pull us forward.

So stay curious.

Ostanite znatiželjni.