How can you change someone's mind? (hint: facts aren't always enough) - Hugo Mercier

2,156,892 views ・ 2018-07-26

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović
00:06
Three people are at a dinner party.
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Troje ljudi je na večeri.
00:09
Paul, who’s married, is looking at Linda.
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Pol, koji je oženjen, gleda Lindu.
00:12
Meanwhile, Linda is looking at John, who’s not married.
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Za to vreme Linda gleda u Džona, koji nije oženjen.
00:17
Is someone who’s married looking at someone who’s not married?
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Da li neko ko je u braku gleda u nekog ko nije u braku?
00:20
Take a moment to think about it.
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Razmislite o tome na trenutak.
00:24
Most people answer that there’s not enough information to tell.
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Većina ljudi odgovara da nema dovoljno informacija da bi se zaključilo.
00:28
And most people are wrong.
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I većina nije u pravu.
00:30
Linda must be either married or not married—there are no other options.
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Linda mora biti udata ili neudata - nema drugih opcija.
00:34
So in either scenario, someone married is looking at someone who’s not married.
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Dakle, u bilo kom scenariju, neko ko je u braku gleda nekog ko nije.
Kada im se iznese ovo objašnjenje, većina ljudi se predomisli
00:40
When presented with the explanation, most people change their minds
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00:43
and accept the correct answer,
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i prihvati tačan odgovor,
00:44
despite being very confident in their first responses.
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uprkos tome što su bili vrlo sigurni u svoj prvi odgovor.
00:48
Now let’s look at another case.
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Hajde da sada pogledamo drugi slučaj.
00:49
A 2005 study by Brendan Nyhan and Jason Reifler
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Studija iz 2005. godine koju su sproveli Brendan Najan i Džejson Rajfler
00:53
examined American attitudes regarding the justifications for the Iraq War.
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ispitivala je stavove Amerikanaca povodom opravdanosti raka u Iraku.
00:58
Researchers presented participants with a news article
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Istraživači su ispitanicima predstavili novinarski članak
01:01
that showed no weapons of mass destruction had been found.
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koji pokazuje da nije pronađeno nikakvo oružje za masovno uništenje.
01:05
Yet many participants not only continued to believe that WMDs had been found,
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Ipak, mnogi učesnici ne samo da su nastavili da veruju
da je oružje masovnog uništenja pronađeno,
01:10
but they even became more convinced of their original views.
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već su postali još više uvereni u svoje prvobitno stanovište.
01:14
So why do arguments change people’s minds in some cases and backfire in others?
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Pa, zašto argumenti promene mišljenje ljudima u nekim slučajevima,
a u drugim imaju kontraefekat?
01:20
Arguments are more convincing when they rest on a good knowledge of the audience,
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Argumenti su ubedljiviji kada počivaju na učvršćenom znanju slušalaca,
01:25
taking into account what the audience believes,
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uzimajući u obzir šta je ono u šta slušaoci veruju,
01:27
who they trust,
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kome veruju
01:28
and what they value.
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i šta je to što je za njih vredno.
01:31
Mathematical and logical arguments like the dinner party brainteaser work
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Matematički i logički argumenti poput mozgalice o večeri deluju
01:35
because even when people reach different conclusions,
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jer, čak i kada ljudi donesu različite zaključke,
01:38
they’re starting from the same set of shared beliefs.
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oni kreću od istog skupa zajedničkih uverenja.
01:41
In 1931, a young, unknown mathematician named Kurt Gödel presented a proof
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Godine 1931, mladi i nepoznati matematičar po imenu Kurt Gedel izneo je dokaz
01:47
that a logically complete system of mathematics was impossible.
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da je logički kompletan sistem matematike nemoguć.
01:51
Despite upending decades of work by brilliant mathematicians
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Uprkos tome što je poništio decenije rada briljantnih matematičara
01:54
like Bertrand Russell and David Hilbert,
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kao što su Bertrand Rasel i Dejvid Hilbert,
01:56
the proof was accepted
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dokaz je prihvaćen
01:58
because it relied on axioms that everyone in the field already agreed on.
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jer se zasnivao na aksiomima oko kojih su se svi u polju već slagali.
02:02
Of course, many disagreements involve different beliefs
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Naravno, mnoga neslaganja podrazumevaju različita uverenja
02:06
that can’t simply be reconciled through logic.
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koja se ne mogu jednostavno izmiriti pomoću logike.
02:08
When these beliefs involve outside information,
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Kada se na ta uverenja nadovežu spoljašnje informacije,
02:11
the issue often comes down to what sources and authorities people trust.
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često se problem svodi na to
kakvim izvorima i autoritetima ljudi veruju.
02:16
One study asked people to estimate several statistics
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Jedna studija je zatražila od ljudi da procene nekoliko statističkih podataka
02:19
related to the scope of climate change.
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vezanih za opseg klimatskih promena.
02:22
Participants were asked questions,
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Ispitanicima su postavljana pitanja poput:
02:24
such as “how many of the years between 1995 and 2006
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„Koliko godina između 1995. i 2006.
02:29
were one of the hottest 12 years since 1850?”
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su bile među najvrelijih 12 od 1850. godine?“
02:33
After providing their answers,
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Nakon što su dali odgovore, izneti su im podaci
02:35
they were presented with data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
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iz Međuvladine komisije za klimatske promene,
02:39
in this case showing that the answer was 11 of the 12 years.
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koja je u ovom slučaju pokazivala da je odgovor bio 11 od 12 godina.
02:44
Being provided with these reliable statistics from a trusted official source
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Kada su im izneti verodostojni podaci pouzdanog zvaničnog izvora,
02:48
made people more likely to accept the reality that the earth is warming.
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ljudi su bili spremniji da prihvate realnost da se planeta zagreva.
02:52
Finally, for disagreements that can’t be definitively settled
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Konačno, kod neslaganja koja se ne mogu definitivno izmiriti
02:56
with statistics or evidence,
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statističkim podacima i dokazima,
02:58
making a convincing argument
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iznošenje ubedljivog argumenta
03:00
may depend on engaging the audience’s values.
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može zavisiti od uključivanja vrednosti slušalaca.
03:03
For example, researchers have conducted a number of studies
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Na primer, istraživači su sproveli veliki broj istraživanja
03:07
where they’ve asked people of different political backgrounds
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u kojima su zatražili od ljudi sa različitim političkim opredeljenjima
03:10
to rank their values.
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da rangiraju svoje vrednosti.
03:12
Liberals in these studies, on average, rank fairness—
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Liberali u ovim istraživanjima, u proseku, rangiraju pravednost -
03:15
here meaning whether everyone is treated in the same way—above loyalty.
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što ovde znači da se svi tretiraju na isti način - iznad lojalnosti.
03:20
In later studies, researchers attempted to convince liberals
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U kasnijim studijama, istraživači su pokušali da ubede liberale
03:24
to support military spending with a variety of arguments.
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da podrže vojne troškove pomoću raznih argumenata.
03:28
Arguments based on fairness—
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Argumenti zasnovani na pravednosti -
03:30
like that the military provides employment
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na primer, da vojska pruža zaposlenje
03:32
and education to people from disadvantaged backgrounds—
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i obrazovanje ljudima iz nepovoljnih kategorija -
03:35
were more convincing than arguments based on loyalty—
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bili su ubedljiviji od argumenata zasnovanih na lojalnosti -
03:39
such as that the military unifies a nation.
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na primer, da vojska ujedinjuje naciju.
03:41
These three elements—
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Ova tri elementa -
03:44
beliefs, trusted sources, and values—
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uverenja, poverjivi izvori i vrednosti -
03:47
may seem like a simple formula for finding agreement and consensus.
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mogu delovati kao jednostavna formula za dolaženje do sporazuma i saglasnosti.
03:51
The problem is that our initial inclination is to think of arguments
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Problem je u tome što je naša sklonost da se najpre setimo argumenata
03:55
that rely on our own beliefs, trusted sources, and values.
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koji se oslanjaju na naša lična uverenja, poverljive izvore i vrednosti.
03:59
And even when we don’t,
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Čak i kada to ne radimo,
04:00
it can be challenging to correctly identify what’s held dear
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može biti teško tačno ustanoviti šta je ono što je značajno
04:04
by people who don’t already agree with us.
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ljudima koji se nisu već složili sa nama.
04:07
The best way to find out is simply to talk to them.
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Najbolji način da se to sazna je jednostavno razgovarati sa njima.
04:10
In the course of discussion,
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Tokom rasprave,
04:11
you’ll be exposed to counter-arguments and rebuttals.
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bićete izloženi kontraargumentima i pobijanju argumenata.
04:14
These can help you make your own arguments and reasoning more convincing
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To vam može pomoći da vaši argumenti i rasuđivanje postanu ubedljiviji
04:19
and sometimes, you may even end up being the one changing your mind.
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i možda ćete nekad na kraju vi biti osoba koja će promeniti mišljenje.
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