How can you change someone's mind? (hint: facts aren't always enough) - Hugo Mercier

2,187,508 views

2018-07-26 ใƒป TED-Ed


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How can you change someone's mind? (hint: facts aren't always enough) - Hugo Mercier

2,187,508 views ใƒป 2018-07-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Three people are at a dinner party.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘.
00:09
Paul, whoโ€™s married, is looking at Linda.
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ืคื•ืœ, ืื“ื ื ืฉื•ื™, ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื”.
00:12
Meanwhile, Linda is looking at John, whoโ€™s not married.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืœื™ื ื“ื” ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื’'ื•ืŸ, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืฉื•ื™.
00:17
Is someone whoโ€™s married looking at someone whoโ€™s not married?
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ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ืฉื•ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื ื ืฉื•ื™?
00:20
Take a moment to think about it.
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ืงื—ื• ืจื’ืข ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
00:24
Most people answer that thereโ€™s not enough information to tell.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช.
00:28
And most people are wrong.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
00:30
Linda must be either married or not marriedโ€”there are no other options.
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ืœื™ื ื“ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื ืฉื•ืื” ืื• ืœื ื ืฉื•ืื” -- ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
00:34
So in either scenario, someone married is looking at someone whoโ€™s not married.
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ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ืฉื•ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื ื ืฉื•ื™.
00:40
When presented with the explanation, most people change their minds
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ื›ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื“ืขืชื
00:43
and accept the correct answer,
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ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
00:44
despite being very confident in their first responses.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
00:48
Now letโ€™s look at another case.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ืจ.
00:49
A 2005 study by Brendan Nyhan and Jason Reifler
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืž-2005 ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ื“ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ ืจื™ื™ืคืœืจ
00:53
examined American attitudes regarding the justifications for the Iraq War.
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ื‘ื—ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืฆื“ืงืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง.
00:58
Researchers presented participants with a news article
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืžืืžืจ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
01:01
that showed no weapons of mass destruction had been found.
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ืฉื”ืจืื• ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆืื• ื ืฉืงื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช.
01:05
Yet many participants not only continued to believe that WMDs had been found,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื• ื ืฉืงื™ื,
01:10
but they even became more convinced of their original views.
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ืืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:14
So why do arguments change peopleโ€™s minds in some cases and backfire in others?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื?
01:20
Arguments are more convincing when they rest on a good knowledge of the audience,
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ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื›ื ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ,
01:25
taking into account what the audience believes,
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ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ,
01:27
who they trust,
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ื‘ืžื™ ื”ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื,
01:28
and what they value.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:31
Mathematical and logical arguments like the dinner party brainteaser work
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ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ื“ืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
01:35
because even when people reach different conclusions,
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ื›ื™ ื’ื ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:38
theyโ€™re starting from the same set of shared beliefs.
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
01:41
In 1931, a young, unknown mathematician named Kurt Gรถdel presented a proof
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ื‘-1931, ืžืžืชื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ืจื˜ ื’ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”
01:47
that a logically complete system of mathematics was impossible.
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ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
01:51
Despite upending decades of work by brilliant mathematicians
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
01:54
like Bertrand Russell and David Hilbert,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื˜ืจื ื“ ืจืืกืœ ื•ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜,
01:56
the proof was accepted
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ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื”,
01:58
because it relied on axioms that everyone in the field already agreed on.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืชืžื›ื” ืขืœ ืืงืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
02:02
Of course, many disagreements involve different beliefs
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื™ ื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช,
02:06
that canโ€™t simply be reconciled through logic.
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ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
02:08
When these beliefs involve outside information,
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ื›ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
02:11
the issue often comes down to what sources and authorities people trust.
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ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื.
02:16
One study asked people to estimate several statistics
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช
02:19
related to the scope of climate change.
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
02:22
Participants were asked questions,
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ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื ืฉืืœื• ืฉืืœื•ืช,
02:24
such as โ€œhow many of the years between 1995 and 2006
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ื›ืžื• "ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1995 ื•-2006
02:29
were one of the hottest 12 years since 1850?โ€
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ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืช ืž-12 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืžื•ืช ืžืื– 1850?"
02:33
After providing their answers,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืกื™ืคืงื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
02:35
they were presented with data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
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ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืœื”ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
02:39
in this case showing that the answer was 11 of the 12 years.
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื 11 ืžืชื•ืš 12 ืฉื ื™ื.
02:44
Being provided with these reliable statistics from a trusted official source
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืืžื™ืŸ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ,
02:48
made people more likely to accept the reality that the earth is warming.
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ืขืœื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชื—ืžื.
02:52
Finally, for disagreements that canโ€™t be definitively settled
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ืื•ืช
02:56
with statistics or evidence,
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ืขื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
02:58
making a convincing argument
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ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ
03:00
may depend on engaging the audienceโ€™s values.
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ.
03:03
For example, researchers have conducted a number of studies
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืจื›ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
03:07
where theyโ€™ve asked people of different political backgrounds
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ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจืงืข ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”
03:10
to rank their values.
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ืœื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:12
Liberals in these studies, on average, rank fairnessโ€”
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื, ื“ืจื’ื• ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช --
03:15
here meaning whether everyone is treated in the same wayโ€”above loyalty.
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” -- ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื ืืžื ื•ืช.
03:20
In later studies, researchers attempted to convince liberals
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื
03:24
to support military spending with a variety of arguments.
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ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื.
03:28
Arguments based on fairnessโ€”
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ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช --
03:30
like that the military provides employment
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ืžืกืคืง ืชืขืกื•ืงื”
03:32
and education to people from disadvantaged backgroundsโ€”
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ื•ืžื—ื ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช --
03:35
were more convincing than arguments based on loyaltyโ€”
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ืฉื›ื ืขื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืช --
03:39
such as that the military unifies a nation.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ืžืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื”.
03:41
These three elementsโ€”
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
03:44
beliefs, trusted sources, and valuesโ€”
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ืืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื, ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื --
03:47
may seem like a simple formula for finding agreement and consensus.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื•ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก.
03:51
The problem is that our initial inclination is to think of arguments
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื
03:55
that rely on our own beliefs, trusted sources, and values.
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ืฉืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:59
And even when we donโ€™t,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื”,
04:00
it can be challenging to correctly identify whatโ€™s held dear
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ื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืžื”ื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:04
by people who donโ€™t already agree with us.
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ืฉืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื ื•.
04:07
The best way to find out is simply to talk to them.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื.
04:10
In the course of discussion,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”,
04:11
youโ€™ll be exposed to counter-arguments and rebuttals.
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ืืชื ืชื™ื—ืฉืคื• ืœื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:14
These can help you make your own arguments and reasoning more convincing
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ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื›ื ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:19
and sometimes, you may even end up being the one changing your mind.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืฉื ื• ืืชื ืืช ื“ืขืชื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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