How do your hormones work? - Emma Bryce

Prevodilac: Dragana Radmanovic Lektor: Ivana Korom

Over the course of our lifetimes,

Tokom našeg životnog veka,

our bodies undergo a series of extraordinary metamorphoses:

naša tela prolaze kroz niz neverovatnih promena:

we grow,

rastemo,

experience puberty,

prolazimo kroz pubertet,

and many of us reproduce.

i mnogi se razmnožavaju.

Behind the scenes,

Iza scene,

the endocrine system works constantly to orchestrate these changes.

endokrini sistem neprestano diriguje ovim promenama.

Alongside growth and sexual maturity,

Pored rasta i seksualne zrelosti,

this system regulates everything from your sleep

ovaj sistem reguliše sve, od spavanja

to the rhythm of your beating heart,

do ritma otkucaja srca,

exerting its influence over each and every one of your cells.

utičući tako na sve i jednu ćeliju.

The endocrine system relies on interactions

Endokrini sistem se oslanja na interakciju tri elementa

between three features to do its job:

kako bi obavio svoj posao:

glands,

žlezda,

hormones,

hormona,

and trillions of cell receptors.

i biliona ćelijskih receptora.

Firstly, there are several hormone-producing glands:

Prvo, postoji više žlezda koje proizvode hormone:

three in your brain,

3 u mozgu,

and seven in the rest of your body.

i 7 u ostatku tela.

Each is surrounded by a network of blood vessels,

Svaka je okružena mrežom krvnih sudova,

from which they extract ingredients to manufacture dozens of hormones.

odakle crpe sastojke putem kojih stvaraju desetine hormona.

Those hormones are then pumped out in tiny amounts,

Ovi hormoni se onda u malim količinama ispumpavaju,

usually into the bloodstream.

obično u krvotok.

From there, each hormone needs to locate a set of target cells

Odatle, svaki hormon mora da locira grupu ciljanih ćelija,

in order to bring about a specific change.

kako bi načinio određenu promenu.

To find its targets, it’s helped along by receptors,

U pronalaženju svojih ciljeva pomažu mu receptori,

which are special proteins inside or on the cell’s surface.

koji su posebni proteini unutar ili na površini ćelije.

Those receptors recognise specific hormones as they waft by,

Ovi receptori prepoznaju specifične hormone dok plove okolo,

and bind to them.

i vežu se za njih.

When this happens,

Kada se ovo dogodi,

that hormone-receptor combination triggers a range of effects

ta hormon-receptor kombinacija deluje kao okidač za niz efekata

that either increase or decrease specific processes inside the cell

koji ili povišavaju ili snižavaju određene procese unutar ćelije,

to change the way that cell behaves.

da bi promenili način na koji se ta ćelija ponaša.

By exposing millions of cells at a time

Izlaganjem miliona ćelija blagovremeno

to hormones in carefully-regulated quantities,

hormonima u pažljivo regulisanim količinama,

the endocrine system drives large-scale changes across the body.

endokrini sistem predvodi masovne promene unutar tela.

Take, for instance, the thyroid and the two hormones it produces,

Uzmimo, na primer tiroidnu žlezdu i dva hormona koja proizvodi,

triiodothyronine and thyroxine.

triodotironin i tiroksin.

These hormones travel to most of the body’s cells,

Ovi hormoni putuju do većine ćelija tela,

where they influence how quickly those cells use energy

gde utiču na to kojom brzinom ćelije troše energiju

and how rapidly they work.

i kojom brzinom rade.

In turn, that regulates everything from breathing rate

Povratno, to reguliše sve od brzine disanja

to heartbeat,

do otkucaja srca,

body temperature,

temperature tela,

and digestion.

i varenja.

Hormones also have some of their most visible—and familiar—effects

Hormoni takođe prave neke od svojih najvidljivijih - i poznatih - efekata

during puberty.

tokom puberteta.

In men, puberty begins when the testes start secreting testosterone.

Kod muškaraca, pubertet počinje kada testisi počinju da izlučuju testosteron.

That triggers the gradual development of the sexual organs,

To deluje kao okidač za postepeni razvoj seksualnih organa,

makes facial hair sprout,

deluje na rast brade,

and causes the voice to deepen

uzrokuje da se glas produbi

and height to increase.

i da se uveća visina.

In women, estrogen secreted from the ovaries signals the start of adulthood.

Kod žena, estrogen koji se luči iz jajnika ukazuje na početak odraslog života.

It helps the body develop,

Pomaže telu da se razvije,

makes the hips widen,

čini da se kukovi prošire,

and thickens the womb’s lining,

i da se materica podeblja,

preparing the body for menstruation or pregnancy.

pripremajući telo tako za menstruaciju ili trudnoću.

An enduring misconception around the endocrine system

Istrajna zabluda u vezi sa endokrinim sistemom

is that there are exclusively male and female hormones.

je da postoje isključivo muški i ženski hormoni.

In fact, men and women have estrogen and testosterone,

U stvari, i muškarci i žene imaju estrogen i testosteron,

just in different amounts.

samo u drugačijim količinama.

Both hormones play a role in pregnancy, as well,

Oba hormona imaju ulogu u trudnoći takođe,

alongside more than 10 other hormones that ensure the growth of the fetus,

pored više od 10 drugih hormona koji garantuju razvoj fetusa,

enable birth,

osiguravaju rođenje,

and help the mother feed her child.

i pomažu majci da prehrani svoje dete.

Such periods of hormonal change are also associated with fluctuations in mood.

Takvi periodi hormonalnih promena se dovode u vezu sa promenama u raspoloženju.

That’s because hormones can influence

To je zato što hormoni mogu da utiču

the production of certain chemicals in the brain, like serotonin.

na proizvodnju određenih hemikalija u mozgu, kao što je serotonin.

When chemical levels shift, they may cause changes in mood, as well.

Kada se poremeti nivo hemikalija, može doći do promena u raspoloženju, takođe.

But that’s not to say that hormones have unlimited power over us.

Ali ne treba zaključiti da hormoni imaju neograničenu vlast nad nama.

They’re frequently viewed as the main drivers of our behavior,

Oni se obično smatraju glavnim pokretačima ponašanja,

making us slaves to their effects, especially during puberty.

praveći od nas robove pod njihovim uticajima, naročito tokom puberteta.

But research shows that our behavior is collectively shaped

Ali istraživanje pokazuje da je naše ponašanje kolektivno oblikovano

by a variety of influences,

skupinom raznih uticaja,

including the brain and its neurotransmitters,

uključujući i mozak i njegove neurotransmitere,

our hormones,

naše hormone,

and various social factors.

i mnoge druge društvene faktore.

The primary function of the endocrine system

Primarna funkcija endokrinog sistema

is to regulate our bodily processes, not control us.

je da reguliše naše telesne procese, ne da nas kontroliše.

Sometimes disease,

Ponekad, međutim, bolest,

stress,

stres,

and even diet can disrupt that regulatory function, however,

čak i ishrana mogu da poremete te regulatorne funkcije,

altering the quantity of hormones that glands secrete

menjajući količinu hormona koju žlezde luče

or changing the way that cells respond.

ili menjajući način na koji ćelije reaguju.

Diabetes is one of the most common hormonal disorders,

Dijabetes je jedan od najčešćih hormonalnih poremećaja,

occurring when the pancreas secretes too little insulin,

i dešava se kada pankreas luči premalo insulina,

a hormone that manages blood sugar levels.

hormona koji reguliše nivo šećera u krvi.

And hypo- and hyperthyroidism

I hipo- i hipertiroidizam

occur when the thyroid gland makes too little or too much thyroid hormone.

se dešavaju kada tiroidna žlezda proizvodi premalo ili suviše tiroidnih hormona.

When there’s too little thyroid hormone, that results in a slowed heart rate,

Kada ima premalo tiroidnih hormona, to rezultira usporenim radom srca,

fatigue,

umorom

and depression,

i depresijom,

and when there’s too much thyroid hormone,

a kada ima suviše tiroidnih hormona,

weight loss,

gubitkom kilograma,

sleeplessness,

pospanošću,

and irritability.

i razdražljivošću.

But most of the time,

Ali većinu vremena,

the endocrine system manages to keep our bodies in a state of balance.

endokrini sistem uspeva da održava naša tela u ravnoteži.

And through its constant regulation,

I putem njegove stalne regulacije,

it drives the changes that ultimately help us become who we are.

predvodi promene koje nam na kraju krajeva pomažu da postanemo ono što smo.