How do your hormones work? - Emma Bryce

2,285,148 views ใƒป 2018-06-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
Over the course of our lifetimes,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
00:08
our bodies undergo a series of extraordinary metamorphoses:
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ:
00:12
we grow,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื“ืœื™ื,
00:13
experience puberty,
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,
00:14
and many of us reproduce.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื.
00:16
Behind the scenes,
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื,
00:17
the endocrine system works constantly to orchestrate these changes.
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
00:22
Alongside growth and sexual maturity,
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช,
00:24
this system regulates everything from your sleep
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžื ื˜ืจืช ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื
00:27
to the rhythm of your beating heart,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืงืฆื‘ ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื‘,
00:30
exerting its influence over each and every one of your cells.
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ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:34
The endocrine system relies on interactions
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ืช ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช
00:37
between three features to do its job:
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”:
00:39
glands,
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ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช,
00:40
hormones,
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ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื,
00:41
and trillions of cell receptors.
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ื•ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืชืื™ื.
00:44
Firstly, there are several hormone-producing glands:
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื:
00:47
three in your brain,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื—,
00:48
and seven in the rest of your body.
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ื•ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:51
Each is surrounded by a network of blood vessels,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื,
00:54
from which they extract ingredients to manufacture dozens of hormones.
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ืžื”ื ื”ืŸ ืžืžืฆื•ืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื.
00:58
Those hormones are then pumped out in tiny amounts,
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ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืฉืื‘ื™ื ืื– ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช,
01:01
usually into the bloodstream.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืชื•ืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื.
01:04
From there, each hormone needs to locate a set of target cells
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ืžืฉื, ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืชืจ ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืžื˜ืจื”
01:08
in order to bring about a specific change.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
01:10
To find its targets, itโ€™s helped along by receptors,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื”ื ื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื,
01:14
which are special proteins inside or on the cellโ€™s surface.
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ืฉื”ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืชื.
01:18
Those receptors recognise specific hormones as they waft by,
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ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ,
01:22
and bind to them.
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ื•ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื.
01:24
When this happens,
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ,
01:25
that hormone-receptor combination triggers a range of effects
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ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื
01:29
that either increase or decrease specific processes inside the cell
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ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื• ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื
01:34
to change the way that cell behaves.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืชื ืžืชื ื”ื’.
01:36
By exposing millions of cells at a time
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื
01:39
to hormones in carefully-regulated quantities,
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ืœื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”,
01:42
the endocrine system drives large-scale changes across the body.
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ืช ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:47
Take, for instance, the thyroid and the two hormones it produces,
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช,
01:51
triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
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ื˜ืจื™ื•ื“ื•ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืŸ ื•ืชื™ืจื•ืงืกื™ืŸ.
01:54
These hormones travel to most of the bodyโ€™s cells,
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ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืขื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:57
where they influence how quickly those cells use energy
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ืฉื ื”ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
02:01
and how rapidly they work.
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ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
02:03
In turn, that regulates everything from breathing rate
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื–ื” ืžื•ื•ืกืช ื”ื›ืœ, ืžืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”
02:06
to heartbeat,
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ื“ืจืš ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘,
02:07
body temperature,
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
02:08
and digestion.
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ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
02:09
Hormones also have some of their most visibleโ€”and familiarโ€”effects
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ืœื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื ืจืื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
02:14
during puberty.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
02:16
In men, puberty begins when the testes start secreting testosterone.
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ืืฆืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืฉื”ืืฉื›ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ.
02:20
That triggers the gradual development of the sexual organs,
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ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื”,
02:23
makes facial hair sprout,
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
02:25
and causes the voice to deepen
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ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœืงื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง
02:27
and height to increase.
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ื•ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ื”.
02:29
In women, estrogen secreted from the ovaries signals the start of adulthood.
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ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื’ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ืฉื—ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ืชืช ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
02:34
It helps the body develop,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•,
02:36
makes the hips widen,
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ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื,
02:37
and thickens the wombโ€™s lining,
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื,
02:39
preparing the body for menstruation or pregnancy.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืื• ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
02:43
An enduring misconception around the endocrine system
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ื“ืขื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ืช
02:46
is that there are exclusively male and female hormones.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:50
In fact, men and women have estrogen and testosterone,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื’ืŸ ื•ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
02:54
just in different amounts.
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ืจืง ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:56
Both hormones play a role in pregnancy, as well,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื’ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ,
02:59
alongside more than 10 other hormones that ensure the growth of the fetus,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 10 ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื’ื“ื™ืœืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ,
03:03
enable birth,
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ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ื”,
03:04
and help the mother feed her child.
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ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
03:07
Such periods of hormonal change are also associated with fluctuations in mood.
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ื›ืืœื” ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—.
03:12
Thatโ€™s because hormones can influence
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข
03:14
the production of certain chemicals in the brain, like serotonin.
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ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—, ื›ืžื• ืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ.
03:19
When chemical levels shift, they may cause changes in mood, as well.
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ื›ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—.
03:23
But thatโ€™s not to say that hormones have unlimited power over us.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืขืœื™ื ื•.
03:27
Theyโ€™re frequently viewed as the main drivers of our behavior,
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ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ื›ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:31
making us slaves to their effects, especially during puberty.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
03:35
But research shows that our behavior is collectively shaped
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
03:38
by a variety of influences,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช,
03:40
including the brain and its neurotransmitters,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื• ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•,
03:43
our hormones,
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ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
03:44
and various social factors.
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ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
03:46
The primary function of the endocrine system
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ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ืช
03:48
is to regulate our bodily processes, not control us.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœื™ื ื•.
03:53
Sometimes disease,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
03:54
stress,
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ืœื—ืฅ,
03:55
and even diet can disrupt that regulatory function, however,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืช ืžืคืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ, ืขื ื–ืืช,
03:58
altering the quantity of hormones that glands secrete
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช
04:01
or changing the way that cells respond.
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ืื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื.
04:04
Diabetes is one of the most common hormonal disorders,
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ืกื•ื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช,
04:07
occurring when the pancreas secretes too little insulin,
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ื•ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืฉื”ืœื‘ืœื‘ ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ,
04:11
a hormone that manages blood sugar levels.
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ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื.
04:13
And hypo- and hyperthyroidism
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ื•ื”ื™ืคื• ื•ื”ื™ืคืจ ืชื™ืจื•ืื™ื–ื
04:16
occur when the thyroid gland makes too little or too much thyroid hormone.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื.
04:21
When thereโ€™s too little thyroid hormone, that results in a slowed heart rate,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืงืฆื‘ ืœื‘ ืžื•ืื˜,
04:25
fatigue,
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ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช,
04:26
and depression,
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ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
04:27
and when thereโ€™s too much thyroid hormone,
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ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก,
04:29
weight loss,
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ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฉืงืœ,
04:30
sleeplessness,
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ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”,
04:31
and irritability.
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ื•ืขืฆื‘ื ื•ืช.
04:33
But most of the time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
04:34
the endocrine system manages to keep our bodies in a state of balance.
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ.
04:38
And through its constant regulation,
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ื•ืขื ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื”,
04:40
it drives the changes that ultimately help us become who we are.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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