What's invisible? More than you think - John Lloyd

Kas ir neredzams? Vairāk, nekā tev šķiet — Džons Loids

Translator: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar

Translator: Evelina Puzo Reviewer: Kristaps Kadiķis

(Cirka mūzika)

(Circus music)

[Ted N' Ed's Carnival]

[Ted&Ed karnevāls]

[John Lloyd's Inventory of the Invisible]

[Džona Loida visa neredzamā krātuve]

[Džona Loida 2009. gada TED runas adaptējums]

[Adapted from a TEDTalk given by John Lloyd in 2009]

Džūna Koena: Nākamais runātājs pavadījis visu savu karjeru,

June Cohen: Our next speaker has spent his whole career

izvilinot šo brīnuma sajūtu.

eliciting that sense of wonder.

Lūdzu sagaidiet Džonu Loidu! (Aplausi)

Please welcome John Lloyd.

(Applause)

[Greizo spoguļu zāle]

[Hall of Mirrors]

The question is, "What is invisible?"

Jautājums: kas ir neredzams?

There's more of it than you think, actually.

Patiesībā neredzamā ir daudz vairāk, nekā jūs domājat.

Everything, I would say -- everything that matters --

It viss, es teiktu, it viss, kas ir svarīgs,

Except every thing, and except matter.

izņemot visu, kam nav svars.

We can see matter

Mēs redzam lietu,

but we can't see what's the matter.

bet mēs neredzam, kas par lietu.

We can see the stars and the planets but we can't see what holds them apart,

Mēs redzam zvaigznes un planētas, bet mēs neredzam, kas notur tās atstatus

or what draws them together.

vai pievelk vienu pie otras.

With matter as with people, we see only the skin of things,

Lietām tāpat kā cilvēkiem mēs redzam tikai ārējo čaulu,

mēs neredzam, kas lācītim vēderā, mēs neredzam, kas darās cilvēku galvās,

we can't see into the engine room, we can't see what makes people tick,

at least not without difficulty,

vismaz ne bez grūtībām,

and the closer we look at anything, the more it disappears.

un, jo ciešāk mēs kaut ko pētām,

jo vairāk tas izzūd.

In fact, if you look really closely at stuff,

Patiesībā, ja patiešām ieskatāmies lietās, ja ieskatāmies lietu pamata daļiņās,

if you look at the basic substructure of matter,

there isn't anything there.

tur nekā nav.

Elektroni izgaist tādā kā migliņā, un paliek tikai enerģija.

Electrons disappear in a kind of fuzz, and there is only energy.

One of the interesting things about invisibility is,

Viena no interesantākajām neredzamības iezīmēm ir,

the things that we can's see, we also can't understand.

ka to, ko neredzam, mēs nevaram arī izprast.

Gravity is one thing that we can't see, and which we don't understand.

Gravitācija ir viena no lietām, ko neredzam un arī neizprotam.

It's the least understood of all the four fundamental forces,

Tas ir vismazāk izprastais no četriem pamatspēkiem

and the weakest, and nobody really knows what it is or why it's there.

un arī vājākais, un neviens īsti nezina, kas tas ir vai kāpēc tas pastāv.

For what it's worth, Sir Isaac Newton, the greatest scientist who ever lived,

Lai vai kā, Sers Īzaks Ņūtons, dižākais zinātnieks, kāds jelkad dzīvojis,

domāja, ka Jēzus ieradās uz Zemes, tikai lai darbinātu gravitācijas sviras.

he thought Jesus came to Earth specifically

to operate the levers of gravity.

That's what he thought he was there for.

Tāpēc, viņaprāt, Jēzus ieradās.

So, bright guy, could be wrong on that one, I don't know.

Gaišs prāts, bet par šo varbūt kļūdījās, nezinu.

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

Consciousness. I see all your faces; I've no idea what any of you are thinking.

Apziņa.

Es redzu visu jūsu sejas; man nav ne jausmas, ko katrs no jums domā.

Isn't that amazing?

Vai nav apbrīnojami? Vai nav neticami, ka nespējam lasīt viens otra domas,

Isn't it incredible that we can't read each other's minds,

kaut arī varam viens otram pieskarties, pat nogaršot, ja tiekam pietiekami tuvu,

when we can touch each other, taste each other,

perhaps, if we get close enough, but we can't read each other's minds.

bet mēs nespējam lasīt otra domas.

Man tas šķiet gaužām apbrīnojami.

I find that quite astonishing.

In the Sufi faith, this great Middle Eastern religion

Sūfiju ticībā,

šajā lieliskajā Tuvo Austrumu reliģijā, kuru daži uzskata par visu reliģiju sakni,

which some claim is the root of all religions,

Sufi masters are all telepaths, so they say,

visi sūfiju meistari ir telepāti, vismaz tā viņi apgalvo,

but their main exercise of telepathy

bet viņu galvenais telepātijas uzdevums ir izsūtīt spēcīgus signālus mums pārējiem,

is to send out powerful signals to the rest of us that it doesn't exist.

ka tā nepastāv.

So that's why we don't think it exists; the Sufi masters working on us.

Tāpēc arī mēs domājam, ka tās nav; sūfiju meistari mūs apstrādā.

In the question of consciousness and artificial intelligence,

Jautājumā par apziņu un mākslīgo saprātu

artificial intelligence has really, like the study of consciousness,

mākslīgais saprāts tāpat kā apziņas pētījumi

gotten nowhere, we have no idea how consciousness works.

nekur tālu nav tikuši — mums nav ne jausmas, kā darbojas apziņa.

Not only have they not created artificial intelligence,

Viņi ne vien nav radījuši mākslīgo saprātu,

they haven't yet created artificial stupidity.

viņi nav pat radījuši mākslīgo stulbumu.

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

The laws of physics: invisible, eternal, omnipresent, all powerful.

Fizikas likumi — neredzami, mūžīgi, visuresoši, visvareni.

Remind you of anyone?

Kādu neatgādina?

Interesting.

Interesanti.

I'm, as you can guess, not a materialist, I'm an immaterialist.

Es, kā nojaušat, neesmu materiālists, es esmu nemateriālists,

And I've found a very useful new word -- ignostic.

un esmu atradis ļoti noderīgu jaunu vārdu — ignostiķis.

Okay? I'm an ignostic.

Es esmu ignostiķis.

[God?]

I refuse to be drawn on the question on whether God exists

Es atsakos pievērsties jautājumam par to, vai Dievs pastāv,

until somebody properly defines the terms.

līdz kāds atbilstoši definēs terminus.

Another thing we can't see is the human genome.

Vēl kas, ko neredzam, ir cilvēka genoms.

And this is increasingly peculiar, because about 20 years ago

Tas ir ārkārtīgi dīvaini,

jo apmēram pirms 20 gadiem, kad pievērsās genoma izpētei,

when they started delving into the genome, they thought it would probably contain

uzskatīja, ka tajā varētu būt ap 100 tūkstošiem gēnu.

around 100 thousand genes.

Every year since, it's been revised downwards.

Kopš tā laika katru gadu to precizē uz leju.

We now think there are likely to be just over 20 thousand genes

Nu mēs domājam, ka cilvēka genomā ir drusku vairāk nekā 20 tūkstoši gēnu.

in the human genome.

This is extraordinary, because rice -- get this --

Tas ir ārkārtīgi neparasti, jo rīsos — uzminiet nu! —

rice is known to have 38 thousand genes.

rīsos ir atklāti 38 tūkstoši gēnu.

Potatoes have 48 chromosomes, two more than people,

Kartupeļiem ir 48 hromosomas —

par divām vairāk nekā cilvēkiem

and the same as a gorilla.

un tikpat, cik gorillai.

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

You can't see these things, but they are very strange.

Jūs tās neredzat, bet tās ir ļoti dīvainas.

The stars by day, I always think that's fascinating.

Zvaigznes dienas laikā — man tas vienmēr šķiet apbrīnojami.

The universe disappears.

Visums pazūd.

The more light there is, the less you can see.

Jo vairāk ir gaismas, jo mazāk mēs redzam.

Time. Nobody can see time.

Laiks. Neviens neredz laiku.

I don't know if you know this.

Nezinu, vai zinājāt. Mūsdienu fizikā ir liela kustība,

There's a big movement in modern physics

to decide that time doesn't really exist,

kas nolēmusi, ka laiks patiesībā nepastāv,

because it's too inconvenient for the figures.

jo tas pārāk apgrūtina aprēķinus.

It's much easier if it's not really there.

Daudz vieglāk ir, ja laika tur īsti nav.

You can't see the future, obviously,

Jūs, protams, nevarat redzēt nākotni

and you can't see the past, except in your memory.

un neredzat arī pagātni, izņemot savās atmiņās.

One of the interesting things about the past

Interesanta pagātnes iezīme ir tā, ka jūs jo īpaši nevarat ieraudzīt...

is you particularly can't see --

my son asked me this the other day,

Dēls viendien man jautāja: „Tēt, vai atceries, kāds es biju 2 gados?”

"Dad, can you remember what I was like when I was two?

And I said, "Yes." He said, "Why can't I?"

„Jā,” es atbildēju. Viņš: „Kāpēc tad es neatceros?”

Isn't that extraordinary?

Vai nav neparasti?

Jūs neatceraties, kas ar jums notika pirms 2—3 gadu vecuma.

You cannot remember what happened to you earlier than the age of two or three.

Which is great news for psychoanalysts, because otherwise they'd be out of a job.

Kas ir laba ziņa psihoanalītiķiem, jo citādi viņi paliktu bez darba,

jo tieši tad notiek viss,

Because that's where all the stuff happens

(Laughter)

(Smiekli) (Aplausi)

that makes you who you are.

kas tevi padara par to, kas esi.

Another thing you can't see is the grid on which we hang.

Vēl viena lieta, ko neredzam, ir režģis, uz kā balstāmies.

This is fascinating.

Tas ir apbrīnojami.

You probably know, some of you, that cells are continually renewed.

Daži no jums gan jau zina, ka šūnas nepārtraukti atjaunojas.

Skin flakes off, hairs grow, nails, that kind of stuff --

Āda nolobās, aug mati, nagi un tamlīdzīgi,

but every cell in your body is replaced at some point.

bet katra šūna tavā ķermenī kādā brīdī tiek aizstāta ar jaunu.

Taste buds, every ten days or so.

Garšas kārpiņas ik pēc aptuveni 10 dienām.

Livers and internal organs take a bit longer.

Aknām un iekšējiem orgāniem vajag nedaudz vairāk laika.

Spine takes several years.

Mugurkaulam vajadzīgi vairāk gadi.

But at the end of seven years, not one cell in your body

Taču pēc septiņiem gadiem neviena šūna tavā ķermenī

remains from what was there seven years ago.

nav tā pati, kas pirms septiņiem gadiem.

The question is: who then are we? What are we?

Jautājums ir — kas tad mēs esam?

No kā esam veidoti? Kas ir tas, uz kā mēs turamies, kas mēs esam?

What is this thing that we hang on?

That is actually us?

Atoms, can't see them. Nobody ever will.

Atomi — neredzam tos un arī neredzēsim. Tie ir mazāki nekā gaismas viļņa garums.

They're smaller than the wavelength of light.

Gas, can't see that.

Gāzes — neredzam arī tās. Interesanti, kāds nesen minēja 1600. gadu.

Interesting, somebody mentioned 1600 recently.

Gas was invented in 1600 by a Dutch chemist called van Helmont.

Gāzi 1600. gadā izdomāja nīderlandiešu ķīmiķis vārdā van Helmonts.

It's said to be the most successful ever invention of a word by a known individual.

To uzskata par visveiksmīgāko vārda jaunradi,

ko paveikusi zināma persona. Diezgan labi!

Quite good. He also invented a word called "blas," meaning astral radiation.

Viņš izdomāja arī vārdu „blāze”, ar to domājot zvaigžņu starojumu.

Didn't catch on, unfortunately.

Diemžēl neiegājās tautā.

(Smiekli)

(Laughter)

But well done, him.

Bet malacis!

Light -- you can't see light.

Gaisma — jūs neredzat gaismu.

When it's dark, in a vacuum,

Kad vakuumā ir tumšs,

if a person shines a beam of light

ja kāds spīdina gaismas staru tieši gar tavām acīm, tu to neredzēsi.

straight across your eyes, you won't see it.

Slightly technical, some physicists will disagree with this.

Tīri tehniski daži fiziķi nepiekritīs,

bet tas, ka neredzam gaismas staru, ir dīvaini.

But it's odd that you can't see the beam of light,

Mēs redzam tikai to, pret ko tā atduras.

you can only see what it hits.

Electricity, can't see that.

Elektrība — arī to mēs neredzam.

Don't let anyone tell you they understand electricity, they don't.

Neļauj nevienam tev iestāstīt, ka viņi izprot elektrību, tā nav.

Nobody knows what it is.

Neviens nezina, kas tas ir. (Smiekli)

(Laughter)

You probably think the electrons in an electric wire move instantaneously

Jūs droši vien domājat, ka, tiklīdz ieslēdzat gaismu,

down a wire, don't you, at the speed of light,

elektroni vados uzreiz sāk kustēties gaismas ātrumā,

when you turn the light on, they don't.

Tā nav. Saka, ka elektroni pa vadu virzās apmēram plūstoša medus ātrumā.

Electrons bumble down the wire,

about the speed of spreading honey, they say.

Galaxies -- hundred billion of them,

Galaktikas... lēš, ka Visumā ir simts miljardi galaktiku, simts miljardi!

estimated in the universe. Hundred billion.

How many can we see?

Cik daudzas mēs redzam?

Five. Five, out of a hundred billion galaxies, with the naked eye.

Piecas. Ar neapbruņotu aci redzam piecas no simts miljardiem galaktiku,

un vienu no tām ir pagrūti saskatīt, ja vien nav ļoti laba redze.

And one of them is quite difficult to see, unless you've got very good eyesight.

Radio waves. There's another thing.

Radioviļņi. Tas ir vēl kas.

Heinrich Hertz, when he discovered radio waves, in 1887,

Henrihs Hercs tos atklāja 1887. gadā un nosauca par radioviļņiem,

he called them radio waves because they radiated.

jo tie tika radiēti.

Kāds jautāja: „Un kāda no tiem ir jēga, Heinrih?

Somebody said to him, "What's the point of these, Heinrich?

Kāda jēga no tiem tevis atklātajiem radioviļņiem?”

What's the point of these radio waves that you've found?"

And he said, "Well, I've no idea,

„Nu, man nav ne jausmas,” viņš atbildēja: „bet gan kādudien tie kādam noderēs.”

but I guess somebody will find a use for them someday.

Vislielākais neredzamais ir tas, ko mēs nezinām.

The biggest thing that's invisible to us is what we don't know.

It is incredible how little we know.

Tas ir neticami, cik maz mēs zinām.

Thomas Edison once said,

Tomass Edisons reiz teica:

"We don't know one percent of one millionth about anything."

„Nav nekā, par ko mēs zinātu kaut 1 procentu no vienas miljonās daļas.”

And I've come to the conclusion --

Es esmu nonācis pie secinājuma...

because you ask this other question: "What's another thing we can't see?"

jo jūs atkal jautājat: „Ko vēl mēs neredzam?”

Lielākā daļa no mums — jēgu. Kāda jēga?

The point, most of us. What's the point?

Jēga. Esmu sapratis, ka ir tikai divi uzdošanas vērti jautājumi.

The point -- what I've got it down to

is there are only two questions really worth asking.

"Why are we here?",

Kāpēc esam šeit?

and "What should we do about it while we are?"

Un kas būtu jādara, kamēr šeit esam?

To help you, I've got two things to leave you with, from two great philosophers,

Lai palīdzētu, man jums ir divas lietas no diviem dižiem filosofiem,

perhaps two of the greatest philosopher thinkers of the 20th century.

iespējams, diviem dižākajiem 20. gadsimta domātājiem —

matemātiķa inženiera un dzejnieka.

One a mathematician and engineer, and the other a poet.

The first is Ludwig Wittgenstein,

Pirmais ir Ludvigs Vitgenšteins,

who said, "I don't know why we are here,

kurš teica: „Es nezinu, kāpēc esam šeit,

but I am pretty sure it's not in order to enjoy ourselves."

bet esmu diezgan drošs, ka ne jau lai izklaidētos.”

(Laughter)

He was a cheerful bastard, wasn't he?

Viņš bija visai jautrs zellis, ne tā?

(Smiekli)

(Laughter)

And secondly, and lastly, W.H. Auden, one of my favorite poets,

Un, otrkārt un visbeidzot, V. H. Audens, viens no maniem mīļākajiem dzejniekiem,

who said, "We are here on Earth to help others.

kurš teica: „Mēs esam šeit, uz Zemes, lai palīdzētu pārējiem.

What the others are here for, I've no idea."

Kāpēc šeit ir pārējie, man nav ne jausmas.”

(Laughter)

(Smiekli) (Aplausi)

(Applause)

(Cirka mūzika)

(Circus music)

[Get your souvenir photo here!]

[Saņem šeit savu suvenīrfoto! Turpini savu ceļojumu nezināmajā!]

[Continue your journey into the unknown!]

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