What's invisible? More than you think - John Lloyd

3,022,142 views ใƒป 2012-09-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
0
0
7000
ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Orr Schlesinger
(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
00:15
(Circus music)
1
15012
2397
00:21
[Ted N' Ed's Carnival]
2
21725
2801
[ื”ืงืจื ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื“ ื•ืื“; ืคืชื•ื— ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื - ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื; ื‘ื•ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื” - ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืื•ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื“ืช ื’ื•ื’ืœ]
00:24
[John Lloyd's Inventory of the Invisible]
3
24550
3925
[ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื“]
00:39
[Adapted from a TEDTalk given by John Lloyd in 2009]
4
39124
2454
[ืžื•ืชืื ืžื”ืจืฆืืช TED ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื“ ื‘ 2009 ]
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืœื’ืจื•ืช ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืคืœื™ืื”.
00:41
June Cohen: Our next speaker has spent his whole career
5
41602
2640
00:44
eliciting that sense of wonder.
6
44266
1500
ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื“.(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
00:45
Please welcome John Lloyd.
7
45790
1352
00:47
(Applause)
8
47166
1076
ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืžื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”?
00:48
[Hall of Mirrors]
9
48266
1156
00:50
The question is, "What is invisible?"
10
50871
2330
ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
00:53
There's more of it than you think, actually.
11
53225
2429
00:55
Everything, I would say -- everything that matters --
12
55678
2711
ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ -- ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื ื” --
00:58
Except every thing, and except matter.
13
58413
4207
ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื—ื•ืžืจ.
01:02
We can see matter
14
62644
1422
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ
01:04
but we can't see what's the matter.
15
64090
2628
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
01:06
We can see the stars and the planets but we can't see what holds them apart,
16
66742
5108
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื”ื,
01:11
or what draws them together.
17
71874
1374
ืื• ืžื” ืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชื.
01:14
With matter as with people, we see only the skin of things,
18
74191
2810
ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืžื• ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืชืงืชืง,
01:17
we can't see into the engine room, we can't see what makes people tick,
19
77025
3781
01:20
at least not without difficulty,
20
80830
1524
ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
01:22
and the closer we look at anything, the more it disappears.
21
82378
3620
ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืขืœืžื™ื.
01:26
In fact, if you look really closely at stuff,
22
86022
2201
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ,
01:28
if you look at the basic substructure of matter,
23
88247
2343
01:30
there isn't anything there.
24
90614
1412
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื›ืœื•ื. ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:32
Electrons disappear in a kind of fuzz, and there is only energy.
25
92050
3146
01:35
One of the interesting things about invisibility is,
26
95220
2504
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
01:37
the things that we can's see, we also can't understand.
27
97748
2922
ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
01:40
Gravity is one thing that we can't see, and which we don't understand.
28
100694
4150
ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื•ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื.
01:44
It's the least understood of all the four fundamental forces,
29
104868
2905
ื–ื” ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื,
01:47
and the weakest, and nobody really knows what it is or why it's there.
30
107797
3543
ื•ื”ื—ืœืฉ ืฉื‘ื”ื, ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืื• ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื.
01:51
For what it's worth, Sir Isaac Newton, the greatest scientist who ever lived,
31
111364
3667
ื›ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ, ืกืจ ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื—ื™,
ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคืขืœ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
01:55
he thought Jesus came to Earth specifically
32
115055
2438
01:57
to operate the levers of gravity.
33
117517
1858
01:59
That's what he thought he was there for.
34
119399
1905
ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ืคื”.
02:01
So, bright guy, could be wrong on that one, I don't know.
35
121328
2723
ืื–, ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื—ื›ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื” ื‘ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:04
(Laughter)
36
124075
1014
02:05
Consciousness. I see all your faces; I've no idea what any of you are thinking.
37
125113
4645
ื”ื›ืจื”. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื›ื; ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
02:09
Isn't that amazing?
38
129782
1068
ื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ื”ื™ื? ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
02:10
Isn't it incredible that we can't read each other's minds,
39
130874
2762
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™, ืœื˜ืขื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™, ืื•ืœื™, ืื ื ืชืงืจื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ.
02:13
when we can touch each other, taste each other,
40
133660
2392
02:16
perhaps, if we get close enough, but we can't read each other's minds.
41
136076
3334
ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
02:19
I find that quite astonishing.
42
139434
1510
02:20
In the Sufi faith, this great Middle Eastern religion
43
140968
2940
ื‘ื“ืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื”ื“ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืื—ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช,
02:23
which some claim is the root of all religions,
44
143932
2309
02:26
Sufi masters are all telepaths, so they say,
45
146265
4756
ืžืืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื˜ืœืคื˜ื™ื, ื›ืš ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
02:31
but their main exercise of telepathy
46
151045
2503
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื˜ืœืคื˜ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
02:33
is to send out powerful signals to the rest of us that it doesn't exist.
47
153572
4102
02:37
So that's why we don't think it exists; the Sufi masters working on us.
48
157698
3334
ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช; ืžืืกื˜ืจื™ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•.
02:41
In the question of consciousness and artificial intelligence,
49
161818
3399
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
02:45
artificial intelligence has really, like the study of consciousness,
50
165241
3221
ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช, ื›ืžื• ื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื›ืจื”,
02:48
gotten nowhere, we have no idea how consciousness works.
51
168486
2629
ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
02:51
Not only have they not created artificial intelligence,
52
171139
2625
ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
02:53
they haven't yet created artificial stupidity.
53
173788
2405
ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆืจื• ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
02:56
(Laughter)
54
176217
1752
02:57
The laws of physics: invisible, eternal, omnipresent, all powerful.
55
177993
4092
ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”: ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื•ืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžื›ืœ.
03:02
Remind you of anyone?
56
182109
1142
ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•?
03:04
Interesting.
57
184052
1344
ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื ื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ, ืœื ืžื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜, ืื ื™ ื-ืžื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜.
03:05
I'm, as you can guess, not a materialist, I'm an immaterialist.
58
185420
3166
03:08
And I've found a very useful new word -- ignostic.
59
188610
2748
ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืžื™ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” -- ืื™ื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™. ืื•ืงื™ื™? ืื ื™ ืื™ื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™, [ืืœื•ื”ื™ื?]
03:11
Okay? I'm an ignostic.
60
191382
1258
03:12
[God?]
61
192664
1057
03:13
I refuse to be drawn on the question on whether God exists
62
193745
2715
ืื ื™ ืžืกืจื‘ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืœืฉืืœื” ืื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื
03:16
until somebody properly defines the terms.
63
196484
2124
ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืื•ืชื”.
03:18
Another thing we can't see is the human genome.
64
198632
2625
ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
03:21
And this is increasingly peculiar, because about 20 years ago
65
201281
4994
ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ืฉื ื”
03:26
when they started delving into the genome, they thought it would probably contain
66
206299
3858
ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื›ื™ืœ
ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืืœืฃ ื’ื ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžืื–,
03:30
around 100 thousand genes.
67
210181
1308
03:31
Every year since, it's been revised downwards.
68
211513
3361
ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื ืจืื” ืจืง 20 ืืœืฃ ื’ื ื™ื
03:34
We now think there are likely to be just over 20 thousand genes
69
214898
3393
03:38
in the human genome.
70
218315
1216
ื‘ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
03:39
This is extraordinary, because rice -- get this --
71
219555
3254
ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืจื– -- ืชืงืœื˜ื• ืืช ื–ื” --
03:42
rice is known to have 38 thousand genes.
72
222833
2942
ืื•ืจื– ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• 38 ืืœืฃ ื’ื ื™ื.
03:45
Potatoes have 48 chromosomes, two more than people,
73
225799
5001
ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” -- ืœืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื™ืฉ 48 ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืื“ื,
03:50
and the same as a gorilla.
74
230824
1560
ื•ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ืœื’ื•ืจื™ืœื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:52
(Laughter)
75
232408
1470
03:55
You can't see these things, but they are very strange.
76
235365
2976
ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
03:58
The stars by day, I always think that's fascinating.
77
238365
2693
ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืจืชืง.
04:01
The universe disappears.
78
241082
1305
ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ืขืœื. ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืจ, ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช.
04:02
The more light there is, the less you can see.
79
242411
2276
04:05
Time. Nobody can see time.
80
245811
2369
ื–ืžืŸ. ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ.
04:08
I don't know if you know this.
81
248204
1469
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”. ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื -- ื™ืฉ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
04:09
There's a big movement in modern physics
82
249697
2727
04:12
to decide that time doesn't really exist,
83
252448
2010
ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืงื™ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
04:14
because it's too inconvenient for the figures.
84
254482
2307
04:16
It's much easier if it's not really there.
85
256813
2026
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื.
04:18
You can't see the future, obviously,
86
258863
2360
ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
04:21
and you can't see the past, except in your memory.
87
261247
2696
ื•ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:23
One of the interesting things about the past
88
263967
2063
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช --
04:26
is you particularly can't see --
89
266054
1619
04:27
my son asked me this the other day,
90
267697
1676
ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืื‘ื, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื?
04:29
"Dad, can you remember what I was like when I was two?
91
269397
2539
04:31
And I said, "Yes." He said, "Why can't I?"
92
271960
2008
ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ื›ืŸ. ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืœื?
04:33
Isn't that extraordinary?
93
273992
1192
ื–ื” ืœื ืžืจืชืง? ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœื›ื ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ.
04:35
You cannot remember what happened to you earlier than the age of two or three.
94
275208
4086
04:39
Which is great news for psychoanalysts, because otherwise they'd be out of a job.
95
279318
3841
ืฉื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื—ืจืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:43
Because that's where all the stuff happens
96
283183
2412
04:45
(Laughter)
97
285619
2445
04:48
that makes you who you are.
98
288088
1640
ื–ื” ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืชื›ื ืžื™ ืฉืืชื.
04:51
Another thing you can't see is the grid on which we hang.
99
291359
2786
ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ืจื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื.
04:54
This is fascinating.
100
294169
1023
ื–ื” ืžืจืชืง ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื—ืœืงื›ื, ืฉืชืื™ื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:55
You probably know, some of you, that cells are continually renewed.
101
295216
3473
04:58
Skin flakes off, hairs grow, nails, that kind of stuff --
102
298713
3178
ืขื•ืจ ืžืชืงืœืฃ, ืฉื™ืขืจ ื’ื“ืœ, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” --
05:01
but every cell in your body is replaced at some point.
103
301915
3109
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื ืžืชื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
05:05
Taste buds, every ten days or so.
104
305048
2443
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื˜ืขื, ื›ืœ 10 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš.
05:07
Livers and internal organs take a bit longer.
105
307515
2743
ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืื‘ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:10
Spine takes several years.
106
310282
1626
ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ื“ืจื” ืžืชื—ืœืฃ ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
05:11
But at the end of seven years, not one cell in your body
107
311932
3531
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืชื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื
05:15
remains from what was there seven years ago.
108
315487
2788
ื ืฉืืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื.
05:18
The question is: who then are we? What are we?
109
318299
2789
ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืื– ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•? ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื•? ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•?
05:21
What is this thing that we hang on?
110
321112
2011
05:23
That is actually us?
111
323147
1533
ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื—ื ื•?
05:24
Atoms, can't see them. Nobody ever will.
112
324704
3108
ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื. ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืจืื”. ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
05:27
They're smaller than the wavelength of light.
113
327836
2137
05:29
Gas, can't see that.
114
329997
1271
ื’ื–, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ 1600 ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
05:31
Interesting, somebody mentioned 1600 recently.
115
331292
2341
05:33
Gas was invented in 1600 by a Dutch chemist called van Helmont.
116
333657
3777
ื”ื’ื– ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘1600 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืžื•ื ื˜.
05:38
It's said to be the most successful ever invention of a word by a known individual.
117
338448
5377
ื–ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื“ื•ืข.
05:43
Quite good. He also invented a word called "blas," meaning astral radiation.
118
343849
5491
ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืœืืก, ืฉืคืจื•ืฉื” ืงืจื™ื ื” ืืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช.
05:49
Didn't catch on, unfortunately.
119
349364
1889
ืœื ืชืคืก ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:51
(Laughter)
120
351277
1001
05:52
But well done, him.
121
352302
1071
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืœื•. ืื•ืจ -- ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
05:53
Light -- you can't see light.
122
353397
2201
05:55
When it's dark, in a vacuum,
123
355622
1414
ื›ืฉื—ืฉื•ืš, ื‘ื•ื•ืืงื•ื, ืื ืื“ื ืžืื™ืจ ืืœื•ืžืช ืื•ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื™ื›ื, ืœื ืชืจืื• ืื•ืชื”.
05:57
if a person shines a beam of light
124
357060
2165
05:59
straight across your eyes, you won't see it.
125
359249
2231
06:01
Slightly technical, some physicists will disagree with this.
126
361504
2844
ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื›ื ื™, ื›ืžื” ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ื ืœื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื–ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืืœื•ืžืช ื”ืื•ืจ,
06:04
But it's odd that you can't see the beam of light,
127
364372
2341
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืคื’ืขื”.
06:06
you can only see what it hits.
128
366737
1485
06:08
Electricity, can't see that.
129
368246
1357
ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื•. ืืœ ืชืชื ื• ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื”ื ืœื.
06:09
Don't let anyone tell you they understand electricity, they don't.
130
369627
3144
06:12
Nobody knows what it is.
131
372795
1162
06:13
(Laughter)
132
373981
1007
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื–ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง) ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื–ื–ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ืช
06:15
You probably think the electrons in an electric wire move instantaneously
133
375012
3508
06:18
down a wire, don't you, at the speed of light,
134
378544
2390
ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ื˜, ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
06:20
when you turn the light on, they don't.
135
380958
2072
ื”ื ืœื. ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ื˜, ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืฉ ื ื™ื’ืจ, ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื.
06:23
Electrons bumble down the wire,
136
383054
1643
06:24
about the speed of spreading honey, they say.
137
384721
2388
06:27
Galaxies -- hundred billion of them,
138
387133
1735
ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช -- ืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ, ืžื•ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื. ืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
06:28
estimated in the universe. Hundred billion.
139
388892
2082
06:30
How many can we see?
140
390998
1347
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช? ื—ืžืฉ. ื—ืžืฉ ืžืชื•ืš ืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืช.
06:32
Five. Five, out of a hundred billion galaxies, with the naked eye.
141
392369
3672
06:36
And one of them is quite difficult to see, unless you've got very good eyesight.
142
396065
3763
ื•ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช, ืืœื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืจืื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
06:39
Radio waves. There's another thing.
143
399852
1689
ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื•. ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•. ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื”ืจืฅ, ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื•,
06:41
Heinrich Hertz, when he discovered radio waves, in 1887,
144
401565
3187
ื‘ 1887, ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืงืจื ื•.
06:44
he called them radio waves because they radiated.
145
404776
2382
ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ ืœื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš? ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืืœื”
06:47
Somebody said to him, "What's the point of these, Heinrich?
146
407182
2835
06:50
What's the point of these radio waves that you've found?"
147
410041
2709
ืฉืžืฆืืช? ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืžืฆื ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
06:52
And he said, "Well, I've no idea,
148
412774
1595
06:54
but I guess somebody will find a use for them someday.
149
414393
2583
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•.
06:57
The biggest thing that's invisible to us is what we don't know.
150
417000
3037
07:00
It is incredible how little we know.
151
420061
2913
ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
07:02
Thomas Edison once said,
152
422998
1299
ืชื•ืžืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
07:04
"We don't know one percent of one millionth about anything."
153
424321
4603
07:08
And I've come to the conclusion --
154
428948
3142
ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื” --
07:12
because you ask this other question: "What's another thing we can't see?"
155
432114
3470
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจืช ื”ื–ื•: ืžื”ื• ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช?
ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ืจื•ื‘ื ื•. ืžื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”?
07:15
The point, most of us. What's the point?
156
435608
1949
07:17
The point -- what I've got it down to
157
437581
1762
ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” -- ืžื” ืฉืชืžืฆืชืชื™ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ.
07:19
is there are only two questions really worth asking.
158
439367
2500
07:21
"Why are we here?",
159
441891
1012
ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ื•ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ?
07:22
and "What should we do about it while we are?"
160
442927
2521
07:25
To help you, I've got two things to leave you with, from two great philosophers,
161
445472
4037
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื›ื, ืžืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
07:29
perhaps two of the greatest philosopher thinkers of the 20th century.
162
449533
3286
ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”20.
ืื—ื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืก, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ.
07:32
One a mathematician and engineer, and the other a poet.
163
452843
2766
07:35
The first is Ludwig Wittgenstein,
164
455633
2790
ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื’ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืืžืจ,
07:38
who said, "I don't know why we are here,
165
458447
2782
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื•ืช.
07:41
but I am pretty sure it's not in order to enjoy ourselves."
166
461253
2856
07:44
(Laughter)
167
464133
1032
07:45
He was a cheerful bastard, wasn't he?
168
465189
1903
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื–, ืœื? (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:47
(Laughter)
169
467116
1166
07:48
And secondly, and lastly, W.H. Auden, one of my favorite poets,
170
468306
5498
ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื•ื•. ื”. ืื•ื“ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™
07:53
who said, "We are here on Earth to help others.
171
473828
4611
ืฉืืžืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื. ืœืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืคื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’.
07:58
What the others are here for, I've no idea."
172
478463
3394
08:01
(Laughter)
173
481881
1519
08:03
(Applause)
174
483424
2655
08:06
(Circus music)
175
486103
1171
08:07
[Get your souvenir photo here!]
176
487298
1660
[ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžื–ื›ืจืช ืฉืœื›ื ืคื”! ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื›ื ืืœ ื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข]
08:08
[Continue your journey into the unknown!]
177
488982
2756
08:11
(Circus music)
178
491762
2026
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7