Iceland's secret power - Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl

483,319 views ・ 2021-07-29

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Mohammad Al Abdul Rahman Reviewer: Daban Q. Jaff
00:07
While the weather in Iceland is often cold, wet, and windy,
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Dema ku hewa li Iceland e pir caran sar, şil û ba,
00:12
a nearly endless supply of heat bubbles away below the surface.
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hema hema bêdawî ya pêlên germê dûrî binê erdê
00:17
In fact, almost every building in the country is heated by geothermal energy,
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Bi rastî, hema hema her avahiya li welat bi enerjiya geotermal germ dibe,
00:22
in a process with virtually no carbon emissions.
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di pêvajoyek bi hema hema gazên karbonê tune.
00:26
So how exactly does this renewable energy work?
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ber vê yekê ev enerjiya nûvekirî çawa dike kar?
00:30
Between the Earth’s core and its crust is a mixed layer
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Di navbera bingeha Erdê û qalikê wê de tebeqeke tevlihev e
00:34
of solid and partially molten rock called the mantle.
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ji kevirê hişk û qismî helandî manto tê gotin.
00:38
Temperatures here range from 1,000 to 3,500 degrees Celsius.
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Germahiya li vir diguhere ji 1.000 heta 3.500 pileya Celsius.
00:44
Some of this heat comes from the radioactive decay of metals.
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Hinek ji vê germê ji sermayê tê hilweşîna radyoaktîf a metalan.
00:49
But much of it comes from Earth’s core,
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Lê pir jê ji bingeha Erdê tê,
00:52
which has been radiating energy since the planet formed
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ku enerjiyê belav dike ji ber ku gerstêrk çêbûye
00:55
over four billion years ago.
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zêdetirî çar mîlyar sal berê.
00:57
While the mantle moves slowly,
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Dema ku mantel hêdî hêdî dimeşe,
00:59
circulating roughly 40 kilometers below the Earth’s crust,
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bi qasî 40 kîlometreyan diherike li binê qalikê Erdê,
01:03
there are places where it surges closer to the surface.
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cihên ku hene hene ew nêzîkî rûberê dibe.
01:07
Here, the magma forms pockets and veins in the ground,
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Li vir, magma kîsikan çêdike û damarên li erdê,
01:11
heating underground rivers and pools to temperatures reaching 300 degrees.
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germkirina çem û hewzên binerd heya germahiya ku digihîje 300 pileyî.
01:17
Controlling heated water is at the heart of harnessing geothermal energy,
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Kontrolkirina ava germkirî di dil de ye karanîna enerjiya geotermîkî,
01:22
and there are two primary models for how to do it.
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û du modelên bingehîn hene ji bo ku çawa bikin.
01:25
One is to build a geothermal power plant
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Yek jê çêkirina santrala jeotermalê ye
01:29
which uses these hot, deep pools to produce electricity.
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ku van hewzên germ û kûr bikar tîne ji bo hilberîna elektrîkê.
01:33
First, engineers drill a well several kilometers into permeable rock
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Pêşîn, endezyar çend bîran dikolin kîlometre nav zinarê permeable
01:38
like sandstone or basalt.
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mîna kevirê sand an bazalt.
01:40
As the hot, highly pressurized groundwater flows into the well,
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Wek ava binerd a germ, pir bi zext diherike nav kaniyê,
01:45
the rapid change in pressure and temperature
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guherîna bilez a zextê û germahî
01:47
produces huge amounts of steam.
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miqdarek mezin ji buharê çêdike.
01:49
This steam then turns the blades of a turbine to generate electricity.
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Vê buharê dûvre pelan dizivirîne ya turbînek ku elektrîkê hilberîne.
01:55
Finally, the remaining cooled water and condensed steam
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Di dawiyê de, ava sar a mayî û hilmijandî
01:58
are injected back into the ground to create an open loop
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dîsa li erdê têne derzî kirin ji bo çêkirina loopek vekirî
02:02
that provides electricity without losing water.
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ku elektrîkê peyda dike bêyî ku avê winda bike.
02:06
However, we don't have to drill this deep to take advantage of the planet's heat.
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Lê ne hewce ye ku em wiya kûr bimeşînin ku ji germahiya gerstêrkê sûd werbigirin.
02:11
Thanks to solar radiation,
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Bi xêra tîrêjên rojê,
02:13
dirt just 1.5 meters deep can reach temperatures over 20 degrees Celsius.
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qirêjiya tenê 1,5 metre dikare bigihîje germahiya ji 20 pileyan zêdetir.
02:19
Geothermal heat pumps pipe water or antifreeze liquid
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Germahiya jeotermal ava boriyê pompe dike an şilek antifriz
02:23
through this layer of earth to siphon its energy.
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bi riya vê tebeqeya erdê ku enerjiya xwe bişo.
02:26
These liquids are then pumped through local infrastructure,
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Van şilek paşê têne pompe kirin bi riya binesaziya herêmî
02:30
dispersing their heat before moving back through the ground
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berê germahiya wan belav dike bi erdê re vedigere
02:33
to absorb more energy.
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ku bêtir enerjiyê bigire.
02:34
While external electricity is needed to operate the pumps,
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Dema ku elektrîkê derveyî hewce ye xebitandina pompeyan,
02:38
the energy provided is far greater than the energy used,
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enerjiya ku tê dayîn pir zêdetir e ji enerjiya ku tê bikar anîn,
02:42
meaning this process is also a sustainable loop.
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wateya vê pêvajoyê jî ev e loopek domdar.
02:46
In fact, geothermal heat pumps are both cheaper to operate
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Bi rastî, pompên germê yên geotermîkî hem erzantir in ku kar bikin
02:50
and at least two times more energy efficient than fossil fuel equivalents.
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bikêmî ve du car zêdetir enerjî jihevsengiyên sotemeniya fosîl bikêrtir e.
02:55
Whether geothermal energy is radiating just below our feet,
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Ma enerjiya geotermal radibe tenê di bin lingên me de,
02:59
or heating water several kilometers deep,
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an germkirina avê çend kîlometre kûr,
03:01
the planet is constantly radiating heat.
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gerstêrk bi berdewamî germê radike.
03:04
Averaged across one year,
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Bi navînî di nav salekê de,
03:06
Earth gives off roughly three times more energy than humanity consumes.
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Erd bi texmînî sê qat zêdetir dide der enerjiya ku mirovahî bikar tîne.
03:12
So why does geothermal only account for 0.2% of humanity’s energy production?
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ber vê yekê çima geotermal tenê hesab dike ji bo 0.2% hilberîna enerjiya mirovahiyê?
03:18
The answer has to do with heat, location, and cost.
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Bersiv bi germê ve girêdayî ye, cîh, û lêçûn.
03:22
Since geothermal heat pumps rely on the consistent heat
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ber pompeyên germê yên geotermal dispêre li ser germahiya domdar
03:26
found in shallow earth,
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di erdekî kûr de tê dîtin,
03:28
they can be implemented almost anywhere.
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ew hema hema li her derê têne bicîh kirin.
03:31
But geothermal power plants require tapping into
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Lê santralên jeotermal hewce dike tikandina nav
03:34
high-temperature geothermal fields;
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zeviyên geotermîkî yên germahiya bilind;
03:37
regions hotter than 180 degrees and typically several kilometres underground.
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herêmên germtir ji 180 derece û gelemperî kîlometre di binê erdê de ye.
03:43
These high temperature zones are hard to find,
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Ev herêmên germahiya bilind dijwar têne dîtin,
03:46
and drilling this deep for just one of the several wells a plant will need
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û vê yekê tenê ji bo yekê kûr bikin ji çend bîrên ku nebat hewce dike
03:51
can cost up to $20 million.
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dikare heya 20 mîlyon dolar lêçûn bike.
03:54
There are regions with shallower geothermal fields.
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Herêmên bi kûrahî hene qadên geotermal.
03:58
Iceland and Japan are near active volcanoes and tectonic plate boundaries,
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Landzlanda û Japonya nêzî çalak in volkan û sînorên tektonîk,
04:02
where magma rises up through the crust.
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cîhê ku magma di qulikê de radibe.
04:05
But these same factors also make those regions prone to earthquakes,
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Lê ev heman faktor jî dikin wan herêmên ku bi erdhejê ve mijûl in,
04:09
which can also be triggered by intensive drilling.
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ku ew jî dikare were qewirandin bi sondajên dijwar.
04:13
Furthermore, while geothermal energy is clean and renewable,
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Wekî din, dema ku enerjiya geotermîkî paqij û nûvekirî ye,
04:17
it’s not entirely harmless.
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t bi tevahî ne xeternak e.
04:19
Drilling can release vapors containing pollutants
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dikare vaporên ku tê de ne berdide qirêjker
04:22
like methane and hydrogen sulfide.
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like methane and hydrogen sulfide.
04:25
And drilling tools that use pressurized water can contaminate groundwater.
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amûrên sondajê yên ku zextê bikar tînin dikare ava binerd qirêj bike.
04:30
Fortunately, new technologies are emerging to meet these challenges.
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dilşadî, teknolojiyên nû derdikevin holê da ku van dijwariyan pêşwazî bike.
04:34
Emission control systems can capture pollutants,
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Pergalên kontrolkirina emîsyonê dikare qirêjiyan bigire,
04:38
and electromagnetic monitoring can help detect seismic risks.
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şopandin elektromagnetîk dikare alîkariy tespîtkirina xeterey erdhej biki.
04:42
We're also uncovering entirely new sources of geothermal energy,
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Di heman demê de em nû bi tevahî vedibêjin çavkaniyên enerjiya geotermal,
04:47
like pockets of magma in mid-ocean volcanoes.
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mîna kîsikên magmayê di nav volkanên okyanûsa navîn de.
04:51
So if we can safely and responsibly tap into the heat sustaining our planet,
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Ji ber vê yekê ger em karibin di nav germahiya ku gerstêrka me diparêze,
04:56
we might be able to sustain humanity as well.
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dibe ku em bikaribin bidomînin mirovahî jî.
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