What causes cavities? - Mel Rosenberg

6,619,767 views ใƒป 2016-10-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Evgeny Fabia ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
When a team of archaeologists recently came across
0
7121
2625
ื›ืฉืฆื•ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
00:09
some 15,000 year-old human remains,
1
9746
3250
ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื 15,000 ืฉื ื”,
00:12
they made an interesting discovery.
2
12996
2292
ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
00:15
The teeth of those ancient humans were riddled with holes.
3
15288
3833
ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื.
00:19
Their cavities were caused by the same thing that still plagues us today,
4
19121
4833
ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื• ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:23
specific tiny microbes that live in our mouths.
5
23954
4167
ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:28
These microbes are with us soon after birth.
6
28121
2375
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืื™ืชื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”
00:30
We typically pick them up as babies from our mothers' mouths.
7
30496
3833
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:34
And as our teeth erupt,
8
34329
1583
ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช,
00:35
they naturally begin to accumulate communities of bacteria.
9
35912
4042
ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
00:39
Depending on what we eat,
10
39954
1250
ื›ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื,
00:41
and specifically how much sugar we consume,
11
41204
2417
ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื,
00:43
certain microbes can overpopulate and cause cavities.
12
43621
4875
ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
00:48
Diets high in sugary foods cause an explosion of bacteria
13
48496
3833
ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืคื”
00:52
called mutans streptococci in our mouths.
14
52329
3667
ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืกื˜ืจืคื˜ื•ืงื•ืงื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื.
00:55
Like humans, these microorganisms love sugar,
15
55996
2875
ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื›ืจ
00:58
using it as a molecular building block and energy source.
16
58871
4416
ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ื•ื›ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:03
As they consume it,
17
63287
1376
ื›ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
01:04
the bacteria generate byproducts in the form of acids,
18
64663
3291
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช,
01:07
such as lactic acid.
19
67954
1917
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืœืงื˜ื™ืช.
01:09
Mutans streptococci are resistant to this acid,
20
69871
3250
ืกื˜ืจืคื˜ื•ืงื•ืงื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช,
01:13
but unfortunately, our teeth aren't.
21
73121
3208
ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื.
01:16
While each human tooth is coated in a hardy, protective layer of enamel,
22
76329
4084
ื›ืœ ืฉืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืืžื ื ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืืžื™ื™ืœ ืงืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื”,
01:20
it's no match for acid.
23
80413
2375
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื”.
01:22
That degrades the armor over time, leaching away its calcium minerals.
24
82788
5375
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื ื”ืจืกืช, ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืคื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
01:28
Gradually, acid wears down a pathway for bacteria
25
88163
3416
ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ืฉื•ื—ืงืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
01:31
into the tooth's secondary layer called the dentin.
26
91579
4000
ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืŸ, ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื“ื ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:35
Since blood vessels and nerves in our teeth are enclosed deep within,
27
95579
4625
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื•ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:40
at this stage, the expanding cavity doesn't hurt.
28
100204
3667
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืœื ืžื›ืื™ื‘.
01:43
But if the damage extends beyond the dentin,
29
103871
2167
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื ื–ืง ื™ืชืžืฉืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื ื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:46
the bacterial invasion progresses
30
106038
2333
ืคืœื™ืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืชืชืงื“ื,
01:48
causing excruciating pain as the nerves become exposed.
31
108371
4500
ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ืฉืคื• ื•ื™ื’ืจื ื›ืื‘ ืขื–.
01:52
Without treatment, the whole tooth may become infected
32
112871
2792
ืœืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื
01:55
and require removal
33
115663
1666
ื•ืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ืขืงื™ืจื”,
01:57
all due to those sugar-loving bacteria.
34
117329
3250
ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืืฉืžืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช-ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ.
02:00
The more sugar our food contains,
35
120579
1917
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื•ื›ืจ,
02:02
the more our teeth are put at risk.
36
122496
2375
ื›ืš ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื“ืœ.
02:04
Those cavemen would hardly have indulged in sugary treats, however,
37
124871
4958
ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื–ืœืœื• ืžืžืชืงื™ื,
02:09
so what caused their cavities?
38
129829
2125
ืื– ืžื” ื’ืจื ืืฆืœื ืœื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื?
02:11
In meat-heavy diets, there would have been a low-risk of cavities developing
39
131954
4167
ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืฉืจ, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ืš
02:16
because lean meat contains very little sugar,
40
136121
3125
ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ืจื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืกื•ื›ืจ.
02:19
but that's not all our early human ancestors ate.
41
139246
3042
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืื›ืœื•.
02:22
Cavemen would also have consumed root vegetables, nuts, and grains,
42
142288
5000
ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื• ื’ื ืžื™ืจืงื•ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ, ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื ื™ื,
02:27
all of which contain carbohydrates.
43
147288
2541
ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช.
02:29
When exposed to enzymes in the saliva,
44
149829
2209
ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืง,
02:32
carbohydrates get broken down into simpler sugars,
45
152038
3583
ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืงื•ืช ืœืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:35
which can become the fodder for those ravenous mouth bacteria.
46
155621
4500
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื”ืคื” ื”ืจืขื‘ืชื ื™ื™ื.
02:40
So while ancient humans did eat less sugar compared to us,
47
160121
4250
ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืื›ืœื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืืœื™ื ื•,
02:44
their teeth were still exposed to sugars.
48
164371
3000
ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืกื•ื›ืจื™ื.
02:47
That doesn't mean they were unable to treat their cavities, though.
49
167371
3292
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื.
02:50
Archaeological remains show that about 14,000 years ago,
50
170663
3958
ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ 14,000 ืฉื ื”,
02:54
humans were already using sharpened flint to remove bits of rotten teeth.
51
174621
5917
ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ ืฆื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจืงื•ื‘ื•ืช.
03:00
Ancient humans even made rudimentary drills
52
180538
2375
ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืžืงื“ื—ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช
03:02
to smooth out the rough holes left behind
53
182913
3083
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื•
03:05
and beeswax to plug cavities, like modern-day fillings.
54
185996
4375
ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉืขื•ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœืกืชื™ืžืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกืชื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:10
Today, we have much more sophisticated techniques and tools,
55
190371
3000
ื›ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:13
which is fortunate because we also need to contend with our more damaging,
56
193371
4500
ืžื–ืœ, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื ื–ืงื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:17
sugar-guzzling ways.
57
197871
2292
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ืœืœื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:20
After the Industrial Revolution, the human incidence of cavities surged
58
200163
4375
ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื–ื™ื ืงื•
03:24
because suddenly we had technological advances
59
204538
2750
ื›ื™ ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
03:27
that made refined sugar cheaper and accessible.
60
207288
3916
ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื–ื•ืœ ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉ.
03:31
Today, an incredible 92% of American adults have had cavities in their teeth.
61
211204
5834
ื›ื™ื•ื ืœ-92% ืžื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
03:37
Some people are more susceptible to cavities due to genes
62
217038
2916
ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื•ืจืฉื”
03:39
that may cause certain weaknesses, like softer enamel,
63
219954
3042
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืืžื™ื™ืœ ืจื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:42
but for most, high sugar consumption is to blame.
64
222996
3917
ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘, ื”ืืฉื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
03:46
However, we have developed other ways of minimizing cavities
65
226913
3291
ืขื ื–ืืช, ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื,
03:50
besides reducing our intake of sugar and starch.
66
230204
3542
ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ื•ืขืžื™ืœืŸ.
03:53
In most toothpastes and many water supplies,
67
233746
2875
ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
03:56
we use tiny amounts of fluoride.
68
236621
2708
ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“.
03:59
That strengthens teeth and encourages the growth of enamel crystals
69
239329
3792
ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืืžื™ื™ืœ,
04:03
that build up a tooth's defenses against acid.
70
243121
3333
ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืžืฆื”.
04:06
When cavities do develop,
71
246454
1542
ื›ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
04:07
we use tooth fillings to fill and close off the infected area,
72
247996
3917
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืชื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื˜ื•ื ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื,
04:11
preventing them from getting worse.
73
251913
2083
ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ.
04:13
The best way to avoid a cavity is still cutting down on sugar intake
74
253996
4125
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ
04:18
and practicing good oral hygiene
75
258121
2042
ื•ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื”
04:20
to get rid of the bacteria and their food sources.
76
260163
2875
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
04:23
That includes regular tooth brushing,
77
263038
1875
ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆื—ืฆื•ื— ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื’ืจืชื™,
04:24
flossing,
78
264913
1000
ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื“ื ื˜ืœื™,
04:25
and avoiding sugary,
79
265913
1250
ื•ื”ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœ ืžืชื•ืง,
04:27
starchy,
80
267163
833
04:27
and sticky foods that cling to your teeth between meals.
81
267996
3667
ืขืžื™ืœื ื™,
ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืฉื ืฆืžื“ ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช.
04:31
Gradually, the population of sugar-loving microbes in your mouth will decline.
82
271663
4375
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™, ืชืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™-ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืคื”.
04:36
Unlike the cavemen of yesteryear,
83
276038
2041
ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื,
04:38
today we have the knowledge required to avert a cavity calamity.
84
278079
3875
ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื.
04:41
We just need to use it.
85
281954
1750
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7