The Greek myth of Talos, the first robot - Adrienne Mayor

3,133,678 views ใƒป 2019-10-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
Hephaestus, god of technology, was hard at work on his most ingenious invention yet.
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ื”ื™ืคืกื˜ื•ืก, ืืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืขื‘ื“ ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื“ ืื–.
00:12
He was creating a new defense system for King Minos,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืžืœืš ืžื™ื ื•ืก,
00:15
who wanted fewer intruders on his island kingdom of Crete.
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ืฉืจืฆื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืื™ ืฉืœื• ื›ืจืชื™ื.
00:19
But mortal guards and ordinary weapons wouldnโ€™t suffice,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืงื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื•,
00:23
so the visionary god devised an indomitable new defender.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืชื— ืžื’ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ืกื”.
00:27
In the fires of his forge,
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ื‘ืืฉ ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
00:29
Hephaestus cast his invention in the shape of a giant man.
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ื”ื™ืคืกื˜ื•ืก ื™ืฆืง ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื™ืฉ ืขื ืง.
00:33
Made of gleaming bronze; endowed with superhuman strength,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”; ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
00:37
and powered by ichor, the life fluid of the gods,
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ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื,
00:40
this automaton was unlike anything Hephaestus had forged before.
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ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื“ืžื” ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ืคืกื˜ื•ืก ื™ืฆืง ืื™ ืคืขื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
00:44
The god named his creation Talos: the first robot.
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ื”ืืœ ืงืจื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืชืืœื•ืก: ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
00:49
Three times a day, the bronze guardian marched around the island's perimeter
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ืžื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ืฆืขื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื™
00:53
searching for interlopers.
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ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื.
00:55
When he identified ships approaching the coast,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื™ื”ื” ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฃ,
00:57
he hurled massive boulders into their path.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืกืœืขื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื ืœืžืกืœื•ืœืŸ.
01:00
If any survivors made it ashore,
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ืื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืฃ,
01:02
he would heat his metal body red-hot and crush victims to his chest.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืžื ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ืื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืกืง ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื–ื”ื•.
01:08
Talos was intended to fulfill his duties day after day, with no variation.
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ืชืืœื•ืก, ื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืœื ืืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื• ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื, ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
01:12
But despite his robotic behavior,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื•,
01:15
he possessed an internal life his victims could scarcely imagine.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืงืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืชืืจ.
01:19
And soon,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื”,
01:20
the behemoth would encounter a ship of invaders that would test his mettle.
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ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ืช ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืชื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•.
01:24
The bedraggled crew of Jason, Medea, and the Argonauts
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื“ืื” ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื
01:28
were returning from their hard-won quest to retrieve the Golden Fleece.
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ื—ื–ืจ ืžื”ืžืกืข ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื’ื™ื–ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘.
01:32
Their adventure had taken many dark turns,
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ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื” ืฉืœื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืคื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื›ื•ืช,
01:34
and the weary sailors were desperate to rest in a safe harbor.
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ื•ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื”ืขื™ื™ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืืฉื™ื ืœื ื•ื— ื‘ื ืžืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
01:38
Theyโ€™d heard tales of Creteโ€™s invulnerable bronze colossus,
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ื”ื ืฉืžืขื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืกื•ืก ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ืกื” ืฉืœ ื›ืจืชื™ื,
01:42
and made for a sheltered cove.
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ื•ืฉื˜ื• ืœืžืคืจืฅ ืžื•ื’ืŸ.
01:44
But before they could even drop anchor, Talos spotted them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืขื•ื’ืŸ, ืชืืœื•ืก ื–ื™ื”ื” ืื•ืชื.
01:49
While the Argonauts cowered at the approach of the awesome automaton,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื ืจืชืขื• ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื•ืŸ,
01:53
the sorceress Medea spotted a glinting bolt on the robotโ€™s ankleโ€”
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ื”ืžื›ืฉืคื” ืžื“ื™ืื” ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืžื ืฆื ืฅ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ --
01:58
and devised a clever gambit.
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ื•ื”ืขืœืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ื›ืžืช.
02:00
Medea offered Talos a bargain:
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ืžื“ื™ืื” ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœืชืืœื•ืก ืขืกืงื”:
02:02
she claimed that she could make Talos immortal
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ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืชืืœื•ืก ืœื‘ืŸ ืืœืžื•ื•ืช
02:05
in exchange for removing the bolt.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืกืจืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’.
02:08
Medea's promise resonated deep within his core.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ืื” ื”ื“ื”ื“ื” ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•.
02:11
Unaware of his own mechanical nature,
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ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžื›ืื ื™ ืฉืœื•,
02:13
and human enough to long for eternal life, Talos agreed.
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ื•ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื›ืžื•ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื—, ืชืืœื•ืก ื”ืกื›ื™ื.
02:18
While Medea muttered incantations, Jason removed the bolt.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ืื” ืžืœืžืœื” ื›ืฉืคื™ื, ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’.
02:22
As Medea suspected, the bolt was a weak point in Hephaestusโ€™ design.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื“ื™ืื” ื—ืฉื“ื”, ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคืกื˜ื•ืก.
02:27
The ichor flowed out like molten lead, draining Talos of his power source.
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ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืจ ื–ืจื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืคืจืช ืžื•ืชื›ืช, ื•ื ื™ืงื– ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืžืชืืœื•ืก.
02:33
The robot collapsed with a thunderous crash,
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ืจื•ืขืžืช,
02:36
and the Argonauts were free to travel home.
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ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื™ืชื.
02:40
This story, first recorded in roughly 700 BCE,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืชื•ืขื“ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ 700 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:44
raises some familiar anxieties about artificial intelligenceโ€”
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ืžืขืœื” ื›ืžื” ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช --
02:48
and even provides an ancient blueprint for science fiction.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืกืคืง ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ืœืžื“ืข ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™.
02:52
But according to historians, ancient robots were more than just myths.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื.
02:56
By the 4th century BCE,
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ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื” 4 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:58
Greek engineers began making actual automatons
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ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื•ื ื™ื
03:01
including robotic servants and flying models of birds.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
03:05
None of these creations were as famous as Talos,
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ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื›ืžื• ืชืืœื•ืก,
03:08
who appeared on Greek coins, vase paintings, public frescoes,
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืื’ืจื˜ืœื™ื, ืคืจืกืงื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
03:12
and in theatrical performances.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืชืื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช.
03:14
Even 2,500 years ago,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ 2500 ืฉื ื”,
03:16
Greeks had already begun to investigate the uncertain line
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ
03:20
between human and machine.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื”.
03:22
And like many modern myths about artificial intelligence,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
03:25
Talosโ€™ tale is as much about his robotic heart as it is about his robotic brain.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชืืœื•ืก ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœืœื™ื‘ื• ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ืžื• ืœืžื•ื—ื• ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™.
03:31
Illustrating the demise of Talos on a vase of the fifth century BCE,
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ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืชืืœื•ืก ืขืœ ืื’ืจื˜ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
03:36
one painter captured the dying automatonโ€™s despair
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ืืžืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœื›ื“ ืืช ื™ืื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืชื•
03:39
with a tear rolling down his bronze cheek.
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ืขื ื“ืžืขื” ืžืชื’ืœื’ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ืœื—ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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