What happens if you're injected with the wrong blood type? - Bill Schutt

696,277 views ใƒป 2020-02-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Alsa Saal
00:06
In 1881, doctor William Halsted rushed to help his sister Minnie,
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ื‘ 1881, ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ืœืกื˜ื“ ืžื™ื”ืจ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ื•ืชื• ืžื™ื ื™,
00:11
who was hemorrhaging after childbirth.
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ืฉื“ื™ืžืžื” ืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ื“ื”.
00:14
He quickly inserted a needle into his arm,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื”ืจ ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื˜ ืœื–ืจื•ืขื•,
00:17
withdrew his own blood, and transferred it to her.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื, ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืืœื™ื”.
00:21
After a few uncertain minutes, she began to recover.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ.
00:25
Halsted didnโ€™t know how lucky theyโ€™d gotten.
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ื”ืœืกื˜ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื•.
00:27
His transfusion only worked because he and his sister
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ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื™ ืฉืœื• ืขื‘ื“ ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื• ื•ืœืื—ื•ืชื•
00:30
happened to have the same blood typeโ€”
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ื“ื --
00:33
something that isnโ€™t guaranteed, even among close relatives.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
00:36
Blood types hadnโ€™t been discovered by Halstedโ€™s time,
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ืกื•ื’ื™ ื“ื ืœื ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืกื˜ื“,
00:39
though people had been experimenting with transfusions for centuriesโ€”
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื ืกื• ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื™ื™ ื“ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื --
00:43
mostly unsuccessfully.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
00:46
In 1667, a French physician named Jean-Baptiste Denis
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ื‘ 1667, ืจื•ืคื ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื–'ืืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื ื™
00:50
became the first to try the technique on a human.
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ื”ืคืš ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืื“ื.
00:53
Denis transfused sheepโ€™s blood into Antoine Mauroy,
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ื“ื ื™ ืขื™ืจื” ื“ื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืœื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื•ืืŸ ืžืจื•ืื”,
00:57
a man likely suffering from psychosis,
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ืื“ื ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืกื‘ืœ ืžืคืกื™ื›ื•ื–ื”,
01:00
in the hopes that it would reduce his symptoms.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
01:02
Afterward, Mauroy was in good spirits.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืžืจื•ืื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:05
But after a second transfusion, he developed a fever,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื™ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ื—ื•ื,
01:08
severe pain in his lower back, intense burning in his arm,
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ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช,
01:13
and he urinated a thick, black liquid.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชื™ืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืกืžื™ืš.
01:17
Though nobody knew it at the time,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื–ืืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื•,
01:19
these were the signs of a dangerous immune response unfolding inside hisย body.
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื•.
01:24
Thisย immune response startsย  withย the production of proteins
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื” ืขื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
01:28
calledย antibodies,
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื,
01:29
which distinguish the bodyโ€™s own cells from intruders.
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ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื.
01:33
They do so by recognizing the foreign proteins, or antigens,
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ืื• ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื,
01:37
embedded in an intruderโ€™s cell membrane.
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ืฉืžื•ื˜ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื.
01:40
Antibodies latch onto the antigens,
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ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื,
01:42
signaling other immune cells to attack and destroy the foreign cells.
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ื•ืžืื•ืชืชื™ื ืœืชืื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื.
01:47
The destroyed cells are flushed from the body in urine.
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื ืฉื˜ืคื™ื ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืฉืชืŸ.
01:50
In extreme cases, the massive break down of cells
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื
01:54
causes clots in the bloodstream that disrupt the flow of blood to vital organs,
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืงืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ืœืื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
01:59
overload the kidneys, and cause organ failure.
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ืžืขืžื™ืกื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื™ื.
02:02
Fortunately, Denisโ€™s patient survived the transfusion.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ ืฉืจื“ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื™.
02:06
But, after other cross-species transfusions proved fatal,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ืžื” ืขื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื• ื›ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื,
02:10
the procedure was outlawed across Europe,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืฆื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
02:13
falling out of favor for several centuries.
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ื•ื ืขืœื ืœื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช.
02:16
It wasnโ€™t until 1901 that Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner
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ืจืง ื‘- 1901 ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ืงืืจืœ ืœื ื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
02:21
discovered blood types,
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ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื,
02:22
the crucial step in the success of human to human blood transfusions.
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื.
02:27
He noticed that when different types were mixed together, they formed clots.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉืกื•ื’ื™ ื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•, ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืงืจื™ืฉื™ื.
02:32
This happens when antibodies latch on to cells with foreign antigens,
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ืขื ืื ื™ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื,
02:36
causing blood cells to clump together.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืฅ.
02:38
But if the donor cells are the same blood type as the recipientโ€™s cells,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื ื”ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ,
02:43
the donor cells wonโ€™t be flagged for destruction, and wonโ€™t form clumps.
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ืชืื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื ืœื ื™ืกื•ืžื ื• ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื”, ื•ืœื ื™ืฆืจื• ืงืจื™ืฉื™ื.
02:48
By 1907,
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ืขื“ 1907,
02:49
doctors were mixing together small amounts of blood before transfusing it.
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืขืจื‘ื‘ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื•.
02:54
If there were no clumps, the types were a match.
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืฉื™ื, ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื ืžืชืื™ื.
02:56
This enabled them to save thousands of lives,
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ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืœืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:59
laying the foundation for modern transfusions.
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ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
03:03
Up to this point, all transfusions had occurred in real time,
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ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช,
03:07
directly between two individuals.
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ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:10
Thatโ€™s because blood begins to clot almost immediately
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื“ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชืงืจืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช
03:13
after coming into contact with airโ€”
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื’ืข ืขื ืื•ื™ืจ --
03:15
a defense mechanism to prevent excessive blood loss after injury.
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ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืคืฆื™ืขื”.
03:20
In 1914, researchers discovered that the chemical sodium citrate
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ื‘ 1914, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ื ืฆื™ื˜ืจื˜
03:25
stopped blood coagulating by removing the calcium necessary for clot formation.
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ืžื•ื ืข ื”ืชืงืจืฉื•ืช ื“ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืฉ.
03:31
Citrated blood could be stored for later useโ€”
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ื“ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื’ื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ --
03:34
the first step in making large scale blood transfusions possible.
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉื•ืจ ืขื™ืจื•ื™ื™ ื“ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:39
In 1916, a pair of American scientists found an even more effective anticoagulant
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ื‘ 1916, ื–ื•ื’ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื“ืจืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืงืจื™ืฉื”
03:46
called heparin, which works by deactivating enzymes that enable clotting.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ืคืจื™ืŸ, ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืชืช ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืงืจื™ืฉื”.
03:51
We still use heparin today.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:54
At the same time,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
03:55
American and British researchers developed portable machines
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช
03:59
that could transport donor blood onto the battlefields of World War I.
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ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื“ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
04:04
Combined with the newly-discovered heparin,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ื”ืคืจื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืืš ื”ืชื’ืœื”,
04:07
medics safely stored and preserved liters of blood,
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ื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ืœืฉืžืจ ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื,
04:10
wheeling it directly onto the battlefield to transfuse wounded soldiers.
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื.
04:15
After the war, this crude portable box would become the inspiration
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ื”ื’ืกื” ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ืฉืจืื”
04:20
for the modern-day blood bank, a fixture of hospitals around the world.
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ืœื‘ื ืง ื”ื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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