How do blood transfusions work? - Bill Schutt

660,590 views ・ 2020-02-18

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Eunjung Choi κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
In 1881, doctor William Halsted rushed to help his sister Minnie,
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1881λ…„, μ˜μ‚¬μΈ μœŒλ¦¬μ—„ ν™€μŠ€ν…Œλ“œλŠ” 동생인 λ―Έλ‹ˆλ₯Ό 돕기 μœ„ν•΄ μ„œλ‘˜λ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:11
who was hemorrhaging after childbirth.
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λ―Έλ‹ˆλŠ” μΆœμ‚° ν›„ μΆœν˜ˆμ„ κ²ͺκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:14
He quickly inserted a needle into his arm,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 재빨리 μ£Όμ‚¬λ°”λŠ˜μ„ μžμ‹ μ˜ νŒ”μ— κ½ƒμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
withdrew his own blood, and transferred it to her.
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μžμ‹ μ˜ ν”Όλ₯Ό 뽑아 λ―Έλ‹ˆμ—κ²Œ μˆ˜ν˜ˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
After a few uncertain minutes, she began to recover.
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λΆˆμ•ˆν•œ μ±„λ‘œ λͺ‡ 뢄이 흐λ₯΄κ³  λ―Έλ‹ˆκ°€ νšŒλ³΅ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
Halsted didn’t know how lucky they’d gotten.
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ν™€μŠ€ν…Œλ“œλŠ” μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 운이 μ’‹μ•˜λŠ”μ§€ λͺ°λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
His transfusion only worked because he and his sister
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λ―Έλ‹ˆμ™€ κ·Έκ°€ 같은 ν˜ˆμ•‘ν˜•μ΄μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 수혈이 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
00:30
happened to have the same blood typeβ€”
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00:33
something that isn’t guaranteed, even among close relatives.
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κ°€κΉŒμš΄ μΉœμ²™ 간에도 ν˜ˆμ•‘ν˜•μ΄ κ°™λ‹€κ³  보μž₯λ˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
Blood types hadn’t been discovered by Halsted’s time,
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ν™€μŠ€ν…Œλ“œκ°€ μ‚΄λ˜ μ‹œλŒ€μ—λŠ” ν˜ˆμ•‘ν˜•μ΄ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
though people had been experimenting with transfusions for centuriesβ€”
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수 μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ μˆ˜ν˜ˆμ„ μ‹œλ„ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:43
mostly unsuccessfully.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ„±κ³΅ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
In 1667, a French physician named Jean-Baptiste Denis
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1667λ…„, ν”„λž‘μŠ€ λ‚΄κ³Όμ˜μ‚¬μΈ μž₯ λ°”ν‹°μŠ€νŠΈ λ“œλ‹ˆκ°€
00:50
became the first to try the technique on a human.
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처음으둜 μΈκ°„μ—κ²Œ μˆ˜ν˜ˆμ„ μ‹œλ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
Denis transfused sheep’s blood into Antoine Mauroy,
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λ“œλ‹ˆλŠ” μ–‘μ˜ ν”Όλ₯Ό μ•™νˆ¬μ•ˆλŠ λͺ¨λ£¨μ•„μ—κ²Œ μˆ˜ν˜ˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
a man likely suffering from psychosis,
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μ •μ‹ λ³‘μœΌλ‘œ μ§μž‘λ˜λŠ” 병을 μ•“κ³  있던 λͺ¨λ£¨μ•„μ˜
01:00
in the hopes that it would reduce his symptoms.
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증세λ₯Ό μ™„ν™”μ‹œν‚€λ €λŠ” ν¬λ§μ—μ„œμ˜€μ£ .
01:02
Afterward, Mauroy was in good spirits.
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이후 λͺ¨λ£¨μ•„λŠ” μƒνƒœκ°€ ν˜Έμ „λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
But after a second transfusion, he developed a fever,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 두 번째 수혈 이후 λͺ¨λ£¨μ•„λŠ” 열이 났고
01:08
severe pain in his lower back, intense burning in his arm,
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ν—ˆλ¦¬μ— μ‹¬ν•œ 톡증을 느꼈고, νŒ”μ΄ μ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ ν™”λˆκ±°λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
and he urinated a thick, black liquid.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹€ λˆμ ν•œ 검은 앑체λ₯Ό μ†Œλ³€μœΌλ‘œ μŸμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
Though nobody knew it at the time,
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κ·Έλ•ŒλŠ” λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ μ•Œ 수 μ—†μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
01:19
these were the signs of a dangerous immune response unfolding inside hisΒ body.
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이 증상듀은 그의 λͺΈ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λŠ” μœ„ν—˜ν•œ λ©΄μ—­λ°˜μ‘μ˜ μ‹ ν˜Έμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
ThisΒ immune response startsΒ  withΒ the production of proteins
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이 λ©΄μ—­λ°˜μ‘μ€ 항체라 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ μƒμ‚°μœΌλ‘œ μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
calledΒ antibodies,
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01:29
which distinguish the body’s own cells from intruders.
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ν•­μ²΄λŠ” μžμ‹ κ³Ό μ™ΈλΆ€ μΉ¨μž… 세포λ₯Ό κ΅¬λ³„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
They do so by recognizing the foreign proteins, or antigens,
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μΉ¨μž…μžμ˜ 세포막에 μžˆλŠ” 이질 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ,
01:37
embedded in an intruder’s cell membrane.
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즉 항원을 μ•Œμ•„λ΄„μœΌλ‘œμ¨ κ΅¬λ³„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
Antibodies latch onto the antigens,
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ν•­μ²΄λŠ” 항원에 λΆ™μ–΄μ„œ
01:42
signaling other immune cells to attack and destroy the foreign cells.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ©΄μ—­μ„Έν¬μ—κ²Œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 보내 이질 세포λ₯Ό κ³΅κ²©ν•˜κ³  νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
The destroyed cells are flushed from the body in urine.
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파괴된 μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ†Œλ³€μ„ 톡해 λͺΈλ°–μœΌλ‘œ λ°°μΆœλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
In extreme cases, the massive break down of cells
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극단적인 κ²½μš°μ—, μ„Έν¬μ˜ λŒ€λŸ‰ νŒŒκ΄΄λŠ” ν˜ˆμ•‘μ‘κ³ λ₯Ό 일으켜
01:54
causes clots in the bloodstream that disrupt the flow of blood to vital organs,
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ν•„μˆ˜ μž₯기둜 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ΄ 흐λ₯΄λŠ” 것을 막고,
01:59
overload the kidneys, and cause organ failure.
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μ‹ μž₯에 κ³ΌλΆ€ν•˜λ₯Ό μ£Όμ–΄ μž₯기뢀전을 μ΄ˆλž˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
Fortunately, Denis’s patient survived the transfusion.
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„ λ“œλ‹ˆμ˜ ν™˜μžλŠ” κ·Έ μˆ˜ν˜ˆμ„ λ²„ν…¨λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
But, after other cross-species transfusions proved fatal,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이쒅 κ°„ 수혈이 치λͺ…μ μ΄λΌλŠ” 사싀이 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚˜λ©΄μ„œ
02:10
the procedure was outlawed across Europe,
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이 방법은 유럽 μ „μ—­μ—μ„œ λ²•μœΌλ‘œ κΈˆμ§€λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
02:13
falling out of favor for several centuries.
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λͺ‡λ°± λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 쓰이지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
It wasn’t until 1901 that Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner
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1901년이 λ˜μ–΄μ„œμ•Ό
호주의 μ˜μ‚¬ μΉΌ λž€λ“œμŠ€νƒ€μ΄λ„ˆκ°€ ν˜ˆμ•‘ν˜•μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
discovered blood types,
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02:22
the crucial step in the success of human to human blood transfusions.
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ν˜ˆμ•‘ν˜• λ°œκ²¬μ€ 인간 κ°„ 수혈의 성곡에 μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ‹¨κ³„μ˜€μ£ .
02:27
He noticed that when different types were mixed together, they formed clots.
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κ·ΈλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜ˆμ•‘ν˜•μ΄ μ„žμ΄λ©΄ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ΄ μ‘κ³ λœλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
This happens when antibodies latch on to cells with foreign antigens,
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이 ν˜„μƒμ€ 이질 항원을 가진 세포에 항체가 뢙을 λ•Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λ©°
02:36
causing blood cells to clump together.
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혈ꡬλ₯Ό λ­‰μΉ˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
But if the donor cells are the same blood type as the recipient’s cells,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ ν—Œν˜ˆμžμ˜ 세포가 ν™˜μžμ˜ 세포와 같은 ν˜ˆμ•‘ν˜•μ΄λ©΄
02:43
the donor cells won’t be flagged for destruction, and won’t form clumps.
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ν—Œν˜ˆμž μ„Έν¬λŠ” νŒŒκ΄΄μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 받지 μ•Šκ³ , ν˜ˆμ•‘μ‘κ³ κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
By 1907,
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1907λ…„ κ²½μ—λŠ” μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ 수혈 전에 ν”Όλ₯Ό 쑰금 μ„žμ–΄ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
doctors were mixing together small amounts of blood before transfusing it.
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02:54
If there were no clumps, the types were a match.
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응집이 μ•ˆ 생기면 λ§žλŠ” ν˜ˆμ•‘ν˜•μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:56
This enabled them to save thousands of lives,
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덕뢄에 μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€ 수천 λͺ…μ˜ λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ κ΅¬ν–ˆκ³ ,
02:59
laying the foundation for modern transfusions.
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ν˜„λŒ€μ  수혈의 기초λ₯Ό λ‹¦μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
Up to this point, all transfusions had occurred in real time,
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μ΄μ „κΉŒμ§€λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  수혈이 두 μ‚¬λžŒ 간에 직접,
03:07
directly between two individuals.
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μ‹€μ‹œκ°„μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
That’s because blood begins to clot almost immediately
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ΄ 곡기에 λ…ΈμΆœλ˜μžλ§ˆμž μ‘κ³ λ˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
after coming into contact with airβ€”
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03:15
a defense mechanism to prevent excessive blood loss after injury.
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뢀상 ν›„ κ³Όλ‹€ 좜혈둜 μΈν•œ 손싀을 λ°©μ§€ν•˜λŠ” λͺΈμ˜ λ°©μ–΄κΈ°μ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
In 1914, researchers discovered that the chemical sodium citrate
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1914λ…„, μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ κ΅¬μ—°μ‚°λ‚˜νŠΈλ₯¨μ΄ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ‘κ³ λ₯Ό λ©ˆμΆ˜λ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 λ°œκ²¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
stopped blood coagulating by removing the calcium necessary for clot formation.
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κ΅¬μ—°μ‚°λ‚˜νŠΈλ₯¨μ΄ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ‘κ³ μ— μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” μΉΌμŠ˜μ„ μ œκ±°ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
Citrated blood could be stored for later useβ€”
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μ°¨ν›„ μ‚¬μš©μ„ μœ„ν•΄ κ΅¬μ—°μ‚°λ‚˜νŠΈλ₯¨μ΄ μ²¨κ°€λœ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ„ μ €μž₯ν•  수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
the first step in making large scale blood transfusions possible.
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λŒ€λŸ‰ μˆ˜ν˜ˆμ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•œ 첫 λ‹¨κ³„μ˜€μ£ .
03:39
In 1916, a pair of American scientists found an even more effective anticoagulant
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1916년에 κ³Όν•™μž 두 λͺ…이 ν•­μ‘κ³ μ œλ‘œ 더 큰 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆλŠ” ν—€νŒŒλ¦°μ„ μ°ΎμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
called heparin, which works by deactivating enzymes that enable clotting.
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ν—€νŒŒλ¦°μ€ ν˜ˆμ•‘ 응고 νš¨μ†Œλ₯Ό λΉ„ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
We still use heparin today.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λ„ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν—€νŒŒλ¦°μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
At the same time,
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λ™μ‹œμ— λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό 영ꡭ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ ν˜ˆμ•‘ 이솑 μž₯치λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•΄μ„œ
03:55
American and British researchers developed portable machines
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03:59
that could transport donor blood onto the battlefields of World War I.
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ν˜ˆμ•‘μ„ 제1μ°¨ 세계 λŒ€μ „μ˜ μ „μž₯으둜 μ΄μ†‘ν•˜λŠ” 것이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
Combined with the newly-discovered heparin,
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μ˜λ£Œμ§„μ€ μƒˆλ‘œ 발견된 ν—€νŒŒλ¦°μ„ λ„£μ–΄
04:07
medics safely stored and preserved liters of blood,
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μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ μ–‘μ˜ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ„ μ €μž₯ν•΄μ„œ
04:10
wheeling it directly onto the battlefield to transfuse wounded soldiers.
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μ „μž₯에 μžˆλŠ” λΆ€μƒλ³‘λ“€μ—κ²Œ μˆ˜ν˜ˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
After the war, this crude portable box would become the inspiration
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μ „μŸμ΄ λλ‚˜κ³  이 μ‘°μž‘ν•œ νœ΄λŒ€μš© μƒμžλŠ” ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ€ν–‰μœΌλ‘œ λ°œμ „ν•΄
04:20
for the modern-day blood bank, a fixture of hospitals around the world.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  전세계 병원에 ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ μž₯μΉ˜κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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