The science of spiciness - Rose Eveleth

4,621,992 views ใƒป 2014-03-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Why does your mouth feel like it's on fire
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ืœืžื” ื”ืคื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ืขืจ
00:08
when you eat a spicy pepper?
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืคืœืคืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ?
00:10
And how do you soothe the burn?
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘?
00:12
Why does wasabi make your eyes water?
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ืœืžื” ื•ื•ืืกื‘ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื“ืžื•ืข?
00:14
And how spicy is the spiciest spice?
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื”ืชื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฃ?
00:18
Let's back up a bit.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืจื’ืข.
00:19
First, what is spiciness?
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช?
00:21
Even though we often say that something tastes spicy,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ื—ืจื™ืฃ,
00:24
it's not actually a taste,
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื˜ืขื,
00:26
like sweet or salty or sour.
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ื›ืžื• ืžืชื•ืง ืื• ืžืœื•ื— ืื• ืžืจ.
00:28
Instead, what's really happening
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”,ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื”
00:30
is that certain compounds in spicy foods
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ื–ื” ืฉืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ
00:31
activate the type of sensory neurons
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ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื
00:33
called polymodal nociceptors.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ืœ ื ื•ืกื™ืกืคื˜ื•ืจืก.
00:36
You have these all over your body,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
00:38
including your mouth and nose,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืคื” ื•ื‘ืืฃ,
00:40
and they're the same receptors
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ืชื ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื
00:41
that are activated by extreme heat.
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ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
00:44
So, when you eat a chili pepper,
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ืื–, ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืคืœืคืœ ืฆ'ื™ืœื™,
00:45
your mouth feels like it's burning
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ื”ืคื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ืขืจ
00:47
because your brain actually thinks it's burning.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ืขืจ.
00:50
The opposite happens when you eat something
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ื”ื”ืคืš ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•
00:51
with menthol in it.
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ืขื ืžื ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
00:53
The cool, minty compound
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ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ืžื ื˜ื”
00:54
is activating your cold receptors.
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ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
00:56
When these heat-sensitive receptors are activated,
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ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื,
00:58
your body thinks it's in contact
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข
01:00
with a dangerous heat source
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ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ
01:01
and reacts accordingly.
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ื•ืžื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืื.
01:03
This is why you start to sweat,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืข,
01:04
and your heart starts beating faster.
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ื•ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:06
The peppers have elicited
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ื”ืคืœืคืœื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•
01:07
the same fight-or-flight response
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ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—
01:08
with which your body reacts to most threats.
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ืื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
01:11
But you may have noticed that
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘
01:12
not all spicy foods are spicy in the same way.
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ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื”ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ.
01:15
And the difference lies in the types of compounds involved.
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
01:18
The capsaicin and piperine,
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ื”ืงืคืกืฆื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื™ืคืจื™ืŸ,
01:20
found in black pepper and chili peppers,
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืคืœืคืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืคืœืคืœ ืฆ'ื™ืœื™,
01:21
are made up of larger, heavier molecules
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:23
called alkylamides,
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ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืืœืงื™ืœืžื“ื™ื,
01:25
and those mostly stay in your mouth.
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ื•ืืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื” ืฉืœื›ื.
01:27
Mustard, horseradish, and wasabi
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ื—ืจื“ืœ, ื—ื–ืจืช, ื•ื•ืืกื‘ื™
01:29
are made up of smaller molecules,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:31
called isothiocyanates,
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ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืชื™ื•ืกื™ืื ื˜ื™ื,
01:33
that easily float up into your sinuses.
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ืฉืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
01:36
This is why chili peppers burn your mouth,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืคืœืคืœื™ ืฆ'ื™ืœื™ ื‘ื•ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืคื”,
01:38
and wasabi burns your nose.
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ื•ื•ืืกื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืืฃ.
01:41
The standard measure of a food's spiciness
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ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ
01:42
is its rating on the Scoville scale,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืœ,
01:44
which measures how much its capsaicin content can be diluted
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ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืœืœ ืืช ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืงืคืกื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•
01:47
before the heat is no longer detectable to humans.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ืจื’ืฉืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
01:50
A sweet bell pepper gets 0 Scoville heat units,
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ืคืœืคืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื 0 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืœ,
01:53
while Tabasco sauce clocks in between 1,200-2,400 units.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื˜ื‘ืกืงื• ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 1,200-2,400 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
01:57
The race to create the hottest pepper
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ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืœืคืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฃ
01:59
is a constant battle,
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื‘ ืžืชืžืฉืš,
02:00
but two peppers generally come out on top:
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืคืœืคืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืคืกื’ื”:
02:02
The Trinidad Moruga Scorpion
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ืขืงืจื‘ ื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื“ ืžื•ืจื•ื’ื”
02:05
and the Carolina Reaper.
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ื•ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”.
02:06
These peppers measure
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ื”ืคืœืคืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืžื“ื“ื•
02:08
between 1.5 and 2 million Scoville heat units,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 1.5 ื• 2 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืกืงื•ื‘ืœ,
02:10
which is about half the units found in pepper spray.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื™ ืคืœืคืœ.
02:14
So, why would anyone want to eat something
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ืื–, ืœืžื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
02:16
that causes such high levels of pain?
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ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื–ื• ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘?
02:19
Nobody really knows when or why
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื”
02:21
humans started eating hot peppers.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืคืœืคืœื™ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื.
02:23
Archaeologists have found spices like mustard
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ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืจื“ืœ
02:25
along with human artifacts
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
02:27
dating as far back as 23,000 years ago.
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ืฉืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื ืœืœืคื ื™ 23,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
02:29
But they don't know whether the spices were used
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื”ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
02:30
for food or medication or just decoration.
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ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืื• ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืื• ืœืงื™ืฉื•ื˜.
02:34
More recently, a 6,000 year old crockpot,
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืŸ 6,000 ืฉื ื”,
02:35
lined with charred fish and meat,
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ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืจ ื—ืจื•ื›ื™ื,
02:37
also contained mustard.
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ื”ื›ื™ืœ ื’ื ื—ืจื“ืœ.
02:39
One theory says that humans
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
02:41
starting adding spices to food
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœ
02:42
to kill off bacteria.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:43
And some studies show that spice developed
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
02:46
mostly in warmer climates
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:47
where microbes also happen to be more prevalent.
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ืฉื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.
02:50
But why we continue to subject ourselves
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
02:52
to spicy food today
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ืœืื•ื›ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื
02:53
is still a bit of a mystery.
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ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
02:55
For some people,
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ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:56
eating spicy food
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ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ
02:57
is like riding rollercoasters;
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื;
02:58
they enjoy the ensuing thrill,
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ื”ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉ,
03:00
even if the immediate sensation is unpleasant.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื”,
03:03
Some studies have even shown
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ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจืื•
03:04
that those who like to eat hot stuff
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ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ
03:06
are more likely to enjoy other adrenaline-rich activities,
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ื ื”ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ,
03:08
like gambling.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื.
03:10
The taste for spicy food
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ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืื•ื›ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ
03:11
may even be genetic.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
03:13
And if you're thinking about training a bit,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขื˜ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ,
03:15
to up your tolerance for spice,
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ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœื—ืจื™ืฃ,
03:17
know this:
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ื“ืขื• ืืช ื–ื”:
03:18
According to some studies,
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ืœืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื,
03:19
the pain doesn't get any better.
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ื”ื›ืื‘ ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:21
You just get tougher.
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ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชื—ืฉืœื™ื.
03:22
In fact, researchers have found
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆืื•
03:24
that people who like to eat spicy foods
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื
03:26
don't rate the burn any less painful
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ืœื ืžื“ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:29
than those who don't.
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ืžืืœื” ืฉืœื.
03:30
They just seem to like the pain more.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:33
So, torment your heat receptors all you want,
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ืื–, ืขื ื• ืืช ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•,
03:35
but remember, when it comes to spicy food,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื›ืจื•, ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ื›ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ,
03:37
you're going to get burned.
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ืืชื ืชื‘ืขืจื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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