How taking a bath led to Archimedes' principle - Mark Salata

1,662,852 views ใƒป 2012-09-06

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Yifat Adler
00:14
Some of the best opportunities to learn
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“
00:16
are the moments in which we are perplexed.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืขืฆื•ืช.
00:18
Those moments in which you begin to wonder and question.
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ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื”ื ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชื”ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ.
00:21
These moments have happened throughout history.
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ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
00:23
and have led to some truly amazing discoveries.
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ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช.
00:25
Take this story, for example.
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
00:27
There once was a fellow named Archimedes.
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ืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก.
00:29
He was born in 287 B.C. in the city of Syracuse in Sicily.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 287 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืกื™ืจืงื•ื–ื” ื‘ืกื™ืฆื™ืœื™ื”.
00:32
He was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™, ืžื”ื ื“ืก,
00:35
inventor, and astronomer.
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ืžืžืฆื™ื ื•ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™.
00:37
One day, Archimedes was summoned by the king of Sicily
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœืš ืกื™ืฆื™ืœื™ื”
00:40
to investigate if he had been cheated by a goldsmith.
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฆื•ืจืฃ ืจื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื•.
00:43
The king said he had given a goldsmith the exact amount of gold
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ื”ืžืœืš ืืžืจ ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืฃ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘
00:46
needed to make a crown.
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ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืชืจ.
00:48
However, when the crown was ready, the king suspected that the goldsmith cheated
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉื”ื›ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืœืš ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจืฃ ืจื™ืžื”
00:52
and slipped some silver into the crown,
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืงืฆืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืชืจ,
00:54
keeping some of the gold for himself.
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ื•ืฉืžืจ ืงืฆืช ืžื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื•.
00:56
The king asked Archimedes to solve the problem.
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ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
00:59
But there was a catch: he couldn't do any damage to the crown.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืงืืฅ': ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืชืจ.
01:04
One day, while taking his bath,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื˜ื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”,
01:06
Archimedes noticed that the water level in the bathtub rose
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ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ืฉื ืœื‘ ืฉืžืคืœืก ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœื”
01:09
and overflowed as he immersed himself into the tub.
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ื•ื’ืœืฉ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืงืข ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜.
01:12
He suddenly realized that how much water was displaced
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืชืื•ื ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื’ืœืฉื”
01:15
depended on how much of his body was immersed.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื•ืคื• ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ.
01:18
This discovery excited him so much that he jumped out of the tub
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ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืจื™ื’ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืคืฅ ืžื”ืืžื‘ื˜
01:21
and ran through the streets naked, shouting "Eureka!"
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ื•ืจืฅ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื, ื•ืฆืขืง "ืืื•ืจืงื”!"
01:24
Which comes from the ancient Greek meaning "I found it."
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื” "ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”."
01:27
What did he find?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื?
01:29
Well, he found a way to solve the king's problem.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš.
01:31
You see, Archimedes needed to check the crown's density
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื›ืชืจ
01:34
to see if it was the same as the density of pure gold.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ.
01:37
Density is a measure of an object's mass divided by its volume.
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ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื ืžื“ื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื ืคื— ืฉืœื•.
01:40
Pure gold is very dense, while silver is less dense.
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ื–ื”ื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ืฃ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ืกืฃ ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืคื—ื•ืช.
01:43
So if there was silver in the crown, it would be less dense than if it were made of pure gold.
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ืื– ืื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืžืืฉืจ ืื ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื–ื”ื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ.
01:48
But no matter what it was made of, the crown would be the same shape,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™, ื”ื›ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”,
01:51
which means the same volume.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื ืคื—.
01:53
So if Archimedes could measure the mass of the crown first,
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ืื– ืื ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
01:55
and then measure its volume,
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ื•ืื– ืืช ื”ื ืคื— ืฉืœื•,
01:57
he could find out how dense it was.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื•ืฃ.
01:59
But it is not easy to measure a crown's volume - it has an irregular shape,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื ืคื— ื”ื›ืชืจ - ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช,
02:02
that's different from a simple box or ball.
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ืฉืœื ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื•ืคืกื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ.
02:04
You can't measure its size and multiply like you might for other shapes.
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื•ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:08
The solution, Archimedes realized,
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก,
02:11
was to give the crown a bath.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื›ืชืจ ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”.
02:13
by placing it in water and seeing how much water was displaced,
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ืื ื™ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื›ืชืจ ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื’ืœืฉื•,
02:16
he could measure the volume,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื ืคื—ื•,
02:18
and he'd calculate the density of the crown.
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื›ืชืจ.
02:21
If the crown was less dense than pure gold,
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ืื ื”ื›ืชืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืฃ ืžื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ,
02:23
then the goldsmith most definitely cheated the king.
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจืฃ ืจื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืš.
02:26
When Archimedes went back to the king and did his test,
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ื›ืฉืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืœืš ื•ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื•,
02:29
the story says, he found that the goldsmith had indeed cheated the king,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืืžืช ืจื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืš,
02:33
and slipped some silver in. These days,
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืงืฆืช ื›ืกืฃ ืคื ื™ืžื”. ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
02:36
using the way an object displaces water to measure volume is called
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืขืฆื ื“ื•ื—ืง ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื ืคื— ื ืงืจื
02:39
Archimedes' principle. The next time you take a bath,
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ื—ื•ืง ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก. ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชืขืฉื• ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”,
02:42
you can see Archimedes' principle in action,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืืจื›ื™ืžื“ืก ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”,
02:45
and maybe you'll have a genius idea of your own.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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