How false news can spread - Noah Tavlin

2,286,635 views ใƒป 2015-08-27

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ori Sinai ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
There's a quote usually attributed to the writer Mark Twain that goes,
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ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœืกื•ืคืจ ืžืืจืง ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ:
00:10
"A lie can travel halfway around the world
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"ืฉืงืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืฆื™ ื“ืจืš ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
00:14
while the truth is putting on its shoes."
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืืžืช ื ื•ืขืœืช ืืช ื ืขืœื™ื™ื”"
00:17
Funny thing about that.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”:
00:18
There's reason to doubt that Mark Twain ever said this at all,
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ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ืžืืจืง ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ ืคืขื ืืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
00:22
thus, ironically, proving the point.
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
00:26
And today, the quote, whoever said it, is truer than ever before.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื.
00:31
In previous decades, most media with global reach
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
00:35
consisted of several major newspapers and networks
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
00:38
which had the resources to gather information directly.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื“ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
00:43
Outlets like Reuters and the Associated Press
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ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจืก ื•ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช,
00:45
that aggregate or rereport stories were relatively rare compared to today.
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ืฉืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื•, ื”ื™ื• ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื.
00:51
The speed with which information spreads now
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ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืคืฅ ื”ื™ื•ื
00:54
has created the ideal conditions for a phenomenon known as circular reporting.
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ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืื™ื“ืืœื™ื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืžืขื’ืœื™".
01:00
This is when publication A publishes misinformation,
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื' ืžืคืจืกื ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื’ื•ื™,
01:04
publication B reprints it,
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ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘' ืžื“ืคื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
01:06
and publication A then cites B as the source for the information.
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ื•ืื– ืžืงื•ืจ ื' ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘' ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื™ื“ืข.
01:12
It's also considered a form of circular reporting
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ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืžืขื’ืœื™
01:15
when multiple publications
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ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื
01:17
report on the same initial piece of false information,
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ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ืคื™ืกื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื’ื•ื™,
01:21
which then appears to another author as having been verified by multiple sources.
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ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื“ืžื™ืช ืœืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ืื—ืช ืฉืื•ืžืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื.
01:27
For instance, the 1998 publication of a single pseudoscientific paper
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998 ืคื•ืจืกื ืžืืžืจ ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืขื™ ืื—ื“
01:32
arguing that routine vaccination of children causes autism
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ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื.
01:36
inspired an entire antivaccination movement,
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ื”ืžืืžืจ ื ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื,
01:40
despite the fact that the original paper has repeatedly been discredited
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ืคืจืš ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
01:44
by the scientific community.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
01:47
Deliberately unvaccinated children are now contracting contagious diseases
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืœื ื—ื™ืกื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช
01:52
that had been virtually eradicated in the United States,
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ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
01:56
with some infections proving fatal.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื.
01:58
In a slightly less dire example,
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ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื”,
02:00
satirical articles that are formatted to resemble real ones
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ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™
02:04
can also be picked up by outlets not in on the joke.
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ืžืื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ื—ื”.
02:09
For example, a joke article in the reputable British Medical Journal entitled
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ BMJ
02:14
"Energy Expenditure in Adolescents Playing New Generation Computer Games,"
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ื‘ืฉื: "ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ,"
02:19
has been referenced in serious science publications over 400 times.
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ื–ื›ื” ืœืžืขืœ 400 ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื.
02:25
User-generated content, such as wikis,
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ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืขืจื›ื™ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”,
02:27
are also a common contributer to circular reporting.
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ื’ื ืชื•ืจื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืžืขื’ืœื™.
02:31
As more writers come to rely on such pages for quick information,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื™ืจ,
02:35
an unverified fact in a wiki page can make its way into a published article
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืœื ืžืื•ืžืชืช ื‘ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ืงื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืืžืจ ืฉืžืชืคืจืกื,
02:41
that may later be added as a citation for the very same wiki information,
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืฉืžืฉ ืื—"ื› ื›ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”,
02:46
making it much harder to debunk.
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ื•ื›ืš - ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘.
02:49
Recent advances in communication technology
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ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
02:51
have had immeasurable benefits
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื™ืชื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื
02:53
in breaking down the barriers between information and people.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
02:57
But our desire for quick answers
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
02:59
may overpower the desire to be certain of their validity.
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ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชืงืคื•ืช.
03:03
And when this bias can be multiplied by billions of people around the world,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื•ื›ืคืœืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
03:07
nearly instantaneously, more caution is in order.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื“, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:11
Avoiding sensationalist media,
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ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืกื ืกืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
03:13
searching for criticisms of suspicious information,
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื—ืฉื•ื“,
03:16
and tracing the original source of a report can help slow down a lie,
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ื•ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉืงืจ,
03:22
giving the truth more time to put on its shoes.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš, ืœืชืช ืœืืžืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืขื•ืœ ืืช ื ืขืœื™ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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