How false news can spread - Noah Tavlin

2,276,024 views ・ 2015-08-27

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Daban Q. Jaff Reviewer: Rastbêjê Çalî
00:06
There's a quote usually attributed to the writer Mark Twain that goes,
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Gotinek heye ku bi gelemeperî dihête vegotin ji nivîskar Mark Tiwêyin re ku,
00:10
"A lie can travel halfway around the world
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"Derewek dikare nîvco li dora cîhanê bigere
00:14
while the truth is putting on its shoes."
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dema ku rastî pêlavên xwe li xwe dike."
00:17
Funny thing about that.
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tiştê gewz liser wê.
00:18
There's reason to doubt that Mark Twain ever said this at all,
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li vir sedemek heye ku guman bike ku mark tiwêyin çi caran ev tişt negotiye,
00:22
thus, ironically, proving the point.
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bi vî rengî, bi henek, nîqaşê piştrast dikin.
00:26
And today, the quote, whoever said it, is truer than ever before.
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û îro, pêşniyar, kî gotibe, ji her carê rasttir e.
00:31
In previous decades, most media with global reach
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di dehsalên berê de, piraniya medyaya bi gihîştina gerdûnî
00:35
consisted of several major newspapers and networks
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ji çend rojnameyên mezin û toran pêkdihat
00:38
which had the resources to gather information directly.
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ku çavkaniyên wan hebû ku rasterast agehdaryê kom bikin.
00:43
Outlets like Reuters and the Associated Press
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Ajansên weke Royterz û esosyatêd Press (AP)
00:45
that aggregate or rereport stories were relatively rare compared to today.
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ew berhevok an çîrokên ji nû ve rapor kirî bi rêjeyî li gor îro kêmbûn.
00:51
The speed with which information spreads now
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leza ku niha agehdarî pê belav dibe
00:54
has created the ideal conditions for a phenomenon known as circular reporting.
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mercên nimûneyî afirandine ji bo diyardeyek a ku wekî ragihandina dorpêç tê zanîn.
01:00
This is when publication A publishes misinformation,
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ev e ku weşana A yê agehdariyên çewt diweşîne,
01:04
publication B reprints it,
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weşana b yê wê ji nû ve çap dike,
01:06
and publication A then cites B as the source for the information.
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û weşana a yê paşî b yê wekî çavkaniya agehdariyê nîşan dike.
01:12
It's also considered a form of circular reporting
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ew dihête hijmartin wekî şêwazekê nûçedanê yê girrovirr
01:15
when multiple publications
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gava gelek weşan
01:17
report on the same initial piece of false information,
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nûçedan li ser heman perçe ya agehdariya derewîn a destpêkê,
01:21
which then appears to another author as having been verified by multiple sources.
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ku paşî ji nivîskarek din re xuya dike ku ji hêla gelek çavkaniyan ve hatiye rastandin.
01:27
For instance, the 1998 publication of a single pseudoscientific paper
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Wek mînak, weşana 1998-an a yek kaxezî ya ne zanistî
01:32
arguing that routine vaccination of children causes autism
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digotin ku derzîlêdana asayî a zarokan dibe sedemê otîzmê
01:36
inspired an entire antivaccination movement,
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îlhamek da tevahiya tevgera dijî lêdana vaksînê,
01:40
despite the fact that the original paper has repeatedly been discredited
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digel ku kaxeza orjînal bi berdewamî hatiye bêrûmet kirin
01:44
by the scientific community.
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ji hêla civakê zanistî ve.
01:47
Deliberately unvaccinated children are now contracting contagious diseases
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Zarokên bi zanebûn ên ne derzî kirî niha bi nexweşiyên vegirtî dikevin
01:52
that had been virtually eradicated in the United States,
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ku bi rastî hate tune kirin li dewletên yekbûyî,
01:56
with some infections proving fatal.
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digel hin vegirtina êşan mirinê piştrast dikin.
01:58
In a slightly less dire example,
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di mînakek hinekî kêmtir tirsinak de,
02:00
satirical articles that are formatted to resemble real ones
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nivîsarên tinazî yên ku hatine rêxistin ku dişibin yên rastîn
02:04
can also be picked up by outlets not in on the joke.
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herwiha dikare were hildan ji hêla dezgehên ku ne di henekan de ne jî.
02:09
For example, a joke article in the reputable British Medical Journal entitled
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Wek mînak, nivîseka henekî di kovara bijîşkî ya navdar a birîtanî de bi navê
02:14
"Energy Expenditure in Adolescents Playing New Generation Computer Games,"
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"lêçûnên enerjiyê behtir di ciwanan de ku lîstkên kompîterê yên nifşê nû dileyîzin."
02:19
has been referenced in serious science publications over 400 times.
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hatiye jêderkirin di weşanên zanyarî yên cidî de zêdetir ji 400 cara.
02:25
User-generated content, such as wikis,
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naveroka hilberîner a bikarhîner, wekî wîkîpedyayê,
02:27
are also a common contributer to circular reporting.
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herwiha beşdaryek a hevpar a ragihandin a dûrpêçê.
02:31
As more writers come to rely on such pages for quick information,
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her ku bêtir nivîskar têne ser rupelên wisa ji bo agehdariya zûbizû,
02:35
an unverified fact in a wiki page can make its way into a published article
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rastiyek neverastkirî di rûpelek wîkîpedyayê de dikare rê li gotarek a weşandî veke
02:41
that may later be added as a citation for the very same wiki information,
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dibe ku were zêdekirin wekî çavkanî ji bo heman agehdariya wîkîpedyayê,
02:46
making it much harder to debunk.
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pûçkirina wê pir dijwartir dike.
02:49
Recent advances in communication technology
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pêşveçûnên nû yên di teknolojiya ragihhandinê de
02:51
have had immeasurable benefits
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mifayên wan ên bê pîvan hebin
02:53
in breaking down the barriers between information and people.
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di şikandina astengiyên di navbera agehdarî û mirovan.
02:57
But our desire for quick answers
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lê daxwaza me ji bo bersivên bilez
02:59
may overpower the desire to be certain of their validity.
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dibe ku daxwazê zêde bike ji bo ku ji pêbaweriya xwe piştrast bin.
03:03
And when this bias can be multiplied by billions of people around the world,
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û dema ku ev alîgirî dikare zêde bibe li milyaran mirovên li seranserîcîhanê,
03:07
nearly instantaneously, more caution is in order.
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hema di cih de, bêtir hişyarbûn di rêzde ye.
03:11
Avoiding sensationalist media,
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ji medyaya hestiyar dûr bikevin,
03:13
searching for criticisms of suspicious information,
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lêgerîna li rexneyên agehdariya gumanbar,
03:16
and tracing the original source of a report can help slow down a lie,
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û şopandina çavkaniyên orjînal ên ragihandinê dikare bibe alîkar ku derewek hêdî bibe,
03:22
giving the truth more time to put on its shoes.
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ji rastiyê re bêtir dem dide da ku pêlavên xwe li xwe bike.
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