The psychology of post-traumatic stress disorder - Joelle Rabow Maletis

3,076,902 views ใƒป 2018-06-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Many of us will experience some kind of trauma during our lifetime.
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00:10
Sometimes, we escape with no long-term effects.
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00:14
But for millions of us, those experiences linger,
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00:18
causing symptoms like flashbacks,
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00:19
nightmares,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื—ื•ื• ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
00:20
and negative thoughts that interfere with everyday life.
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00:23
This phenomenon, called post-traumatic stress disorder,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื• ื ื—ืœืฆื™ื ืœืœื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
00:27
or PTSD,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื,
00:28
isnโ€™t a personal failing;
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00:30
rather, itโ€™s a treatable malfunction of certain biological mechanisms
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืœืืฉื‘ืงื™ื,
ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื”ื”,
ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื.
00:34
that allow us to cope with dangerous experiences.
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ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื•, ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ืคืจืขืช ื“ื—ืง ืคื•ืกื˜ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช,
00:39
To understand PTSD,
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00:40
we first need to understand how the brain processes a wide range of ordeals,
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ืื• PTSD,
ืื™ื ื” ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™;
ืืœื, ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
00:45
including the death of a loved one,
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00:47
domestic violence,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช.
00:48
injury or illness,
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00:50
abuse,
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00:51
rape,
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00:52
war,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ PTSD,
00:53
car accidents,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืขื‘ื“ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช,
00:54
and natural disasters.
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00:55
These events can bring on feelings of danger and helplessness,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื”ื•ื‘,
00:59
which activate the brainโ€™s alarm system,
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ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
01:01
known as the โ€œfight-flight-freezeโ€ response.
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ืคืฆื™ืขื” ืื• ืžื—ืœื”,
ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช,
01:04
When this alarm sounds,
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ืื•ื ืก,
ืžึดืœื—ึธืžึธื”,
01:06
the hypothalamic, pituitary, and adrenal systems,
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ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
ื•ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข.
ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื,
01:09
known as the HPA axis,
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01:11
work together to send signals to the autonomic nervous system.
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ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื–ืขืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช "ื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—".
01:15
Thatโ€™s the network that communicates with adrenal glands and internal organs
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืจืื” ื–ื• ื ืฉืžืขืช,
01:19
to help regulate functions like heart rate,
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ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก, ื™ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžื•ื—, ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื™ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื”
01:21
digestion, and respiration.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฆื™ืจ ื”-HPA,
01:24
These signals start a chemical cascade
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืืจืืกื™ืžืคืชื˜ื™ืช.
01:26
that floods the body with several different stress hormones,
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ื–ื• ื”ืจืฉืช ืฉืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื” ื•ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื
01:30
causing physiological changes that prepare the body to defend itself.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘,
01:34
Our heart rate speeds up,
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01:35
breathing quickens,
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ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ,
ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
01:36
and muscles tense.
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ืื•ืชื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืคืœ ื›ื™ืžื™
01:38
Even after a crisis is over,
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ืฉืžืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:41
escalated levels of stress hormones may last for days,
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ืชื•ืš ื’ืจื™ืžืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
01:44
contributing to jittery feelings,
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01:46
nightmares,
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01:47
and other symptoms.
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ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืื™ืฅ,
01:48
For most people, these experiences disappear within a few days to two weeks
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ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืžื•ืืฆืช,
ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื ืžืชื—ื™ื.
ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื ื’ืžืจ,
01:53
as their hormone levels stabilize.
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ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ื,
01:55
But a small percentage of those who experience trauma
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ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื™ื,
01:58
have persistent problems
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ืกื™ื•ื˜ื™ื
02:00
โ€”sometimes vanishing temporarily only to resurface months later.
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ื•ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืขืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื
02:04
We donโ€™t completely understand whatโ€™s happening in the brain,
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ื›ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช.
02:07
but one theory is that the stress hormone cortisol
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืืœื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”
02:10
may be continuously activating the โ€œfight-flight-freezeโ€ response
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ืขืœืžื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืขืœื•ืช ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื .
02:14
while reducing overall brain functioning, leading to a number of negative symptoms.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื—,
02:19
These symptoms often fall into four categories:
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ื•ืœ
02:22
intrusive thoughts, like dreams and flashbacks,
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ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”"ื”ื™ืœื—ื-ืื•-ื‘ืจื—"
02:25
avoiding reminders of the trauma,
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02:27
negative thoughts and feelings, like fear, anger, and guilt,
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื.
02:31
and โ€œreactiveโ€ symptoms like irritability and difficulty sleeping.
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ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืจื‘ืข ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช:
ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืคืœืืฉื‘ืงื™ื,
02:36
Not everyone has all these symptoms,
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02:38
or experiences them to the same extent and intensity.
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ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืชื–ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”,
ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืคื—ื“, ื›ืขืก ื•ืืฉืžื”,
02:41
When problems last more than a month, PTSD is often diagnosed.
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ื•ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืฆื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืงืฉื™ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”.
02:46
Genetics,
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02:47
on-going overwhelming stress,
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02:49
and many risk factors like preexisting mental illnesses
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ืœื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
ืื• ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
02:53
or lack of emotional support,
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02:54
likely play a role in determining who will experience PTSD.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ, PTSD ืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:59
But the underlying cause is still a medical mystery.
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ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”,
ืžืชื— ืžืชืžืฉืš ื—ื–ืง,
ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ
03:04
A major challenge of coping with PTSD is sensitivity to triggers,
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ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช,
ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื—ืงื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ืžืจืืฉ ืžื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช PTSD.
03:09
physical and emotional stimuli
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03:11
that the brain associates with the original trauma.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
03:14
These can be everyday sensations that arenโ€™t inherently dangerous
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ืืชื’ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื PTSD ื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื˜ืจื™ื’ืจื™ื,
03:18
but prompt powerful physical and emotional reactions.
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03:21
For example, the smell of a campfire
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ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื
03:24
could evoke the memory of being trapped in a burning house.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืžืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.
ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขืŸ
03:28
For someone with PTSD,
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03:30
that memory activates the same neurochemical cascade
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช
03:33
as the original event.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ืจื”
03:35
That then stirs up the same feelings of panic and helplessness
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื•ืขืจ.
03:39
as if theyโ€™re experiencing the trauma all over again.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื“ื ืขื PTSD,
03:43
Trying to avoid these triggers, which are sometimes unpredictable,
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืคืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™
ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
03:47
can lead to isolation.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืชื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื
03:49
That can leave people feeling invalidated,
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03:51
ignored,
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03:52
or misunderstood,
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืฉื•ื‘.
03:53
like a pause button has been pushed on their lives
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03:56
while the rest of the world continues around them.
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ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื˜ืจื™ื’ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื,
03:59
But, there are options.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“.
04:01
If you think you might be suffering from PTSD,
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ืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื,
04:04
the first step is an evaluation with a mental health professional
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ืฉืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ื,
ืื• ืฉืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
04:07
who can direct you towards the many resources available.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
04:11
Psychotherapy can be very effective for PTSD,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช.
04:14
helping patients better understand their triggers.
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืืชื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืž - PTSD,
04:17
And certain medications can make symptoms more manageable,
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ
04:20
as can self- care practices, like mindfulness and regular exercise.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ PTSD,
04:25
What if you notice signs of PTSD in a friend or family member?
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ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ื”ื˜ืจื™ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:29
Social support, acceptance, and empathy are key to helping and recovery.
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ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
04:33
Let them know you believe their account of what theyโ€™re experiencing,
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ื•ื’ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื™, ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืคื•ืœื ืก ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืกื“ื™ืจื”.
04:37
and that you donโ€™t blame them for their reactions.
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ืžื” ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ PTSD ืืฆืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืื• ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื”?
04:39
If theyโ€™re open to it,
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04:40
encourage them to seek evaluation and treatment.
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ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื”ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืขื–ืจื” ื•ื”ื—ืœืžื”.
04:43
PTSD has been called โ€œthe hidden woundโ€
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04:46
because it comes without outward physical signs.
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ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื.
04:49
But even if itโ€™s an invisible disorder, it doesnโ€™t have to be a silent one.
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ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ืžืืฉื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
ืื ื”ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœื›ืš,
ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
PTSD ื ืงืจื "ื”ืคืฆืข ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™"
ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืœืœื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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